LIMITS(3) | Library Functions Manual | LIMITS(3)

# NAME

`limits` —
standard limits

# SYNOPSIS

`#include <limits.h>`

# DESCRIPTION

The `<limits.h>` header defines various compile-time and runtime limits. These can be grouped into three categories:

1. Compile-time limits defined in a header file.
2. Runtime system limits that are not associated with a file or directory; see sysconf(3).
3. Runtime limits that are associated with a file or directory; see pathconf(2).

The `<limits.h>` header has been standardized by at least three entities.

## ISO Limits

The limits defined by the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (“ISO C99”) standard are all compile-time limits. The numerical (integer) limits are:

Constant | Type | Minimum value
`CHAR_BIT` | char | 8
`SCHAR_MAX` | signed char | 127
`SCHAR_MIN` | signed char | -127
`UCHAR_MAX` | unsigned char | 255
`INT_MAX` | int | 32767
`INT_MIN` | int | -32767
`UINT_MAX` | unsigned int | 65535
`SHRT_MIN` | short | -32767
`SHRT_MAX` | short | 32767
`USHRT_MAX` | unsigned short | 65535
`LONG_MAX` | long int | 2147483647
`LONG_MIN` | long int | -2147483647
`ULONG_MAX` | unsigned long int | 4294967295
`LLONG_MAX` | long long int | 9223372036854775807
`LLONG_MIN` | long long int | -9223372036854775807
`ULLONG_MAX` | unsigned long long int | 18446744073709551615
`MB_LEN_MAX` | - | 1

All listed limits may vary across machines and operating systems. The standard guarantees only that the implementation-defined values are equal or greater in absolute value to those shown. The values permit a system with 16-bit integers using one's complement arithmetic.

Depending whether the system defines char as signed or unsigned, the maximum and minimum values are:

Constant | Type | Minimum value
`CHAR_MAX` | char | either `SCHAR_MAX or` `UCHAR_MAX`
`CHAR_MIN` | char | either `SCHAR_MIN or 0`

The two special cases, `CHAR_BIT` and `MB_LEN_MAX`, define the number of bits in char and the maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character constant, respectively.

## POSIX Limits

The `POSIX.1` standard specifies numerous limits related to the operating system. For each limit, a separate constant prefixed with “`_POSIX_`” defines the lowest value that the limit is allowed to have on any POSIX compliant system. For instance, `_POSIX_OPEN_MAX` defines the minimum upper bound permitted by POSIX for the number of files that a single process may have open at any time. This ensures that a portable program can safely reach these limits without prior knowledge about the actual limits used in a particular system.

As the limits are not necessary invariant, pathconf(2) and sysconf(3) should be used to determine the actual value of a limit at runtime. The manual pages of these two functions also contain a more detailed description of the limits available in NetBSD.

## XSI Limits

Also the X/Open System Interface Extension (`XSI`) specifies few limits. In NetBSD these are limited to `LONG_BIT` (the number of bits in long), `WORD_BIT` (the number of bits in a “word”), and few limits related to float and double.

# SEE ALSO

getconf(1), pathconf(2), sysconf(3), types(3), unistd(3)

Richard W. Stevens and Stephen A. Rago, Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, Addison-Wesley, Second Edition, 2005.

August 9, 2011 | NetBSD 9.4