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\layout Title

Manuel Utilisateur de LyX
\begin_inset Info
Informations de révision :
Traduction : Date: 2001/01/25
Original : Révision: 1.29, Date: 2001/01/12
\end_inset 


\layout Author

par l'Équipe LyX
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard
\noindent 
Ce manuel est actuellement maintenu par Mike 
\noun on 
Ressler
\noun default 
 
\family typewriter 
<mike.ressler@alum.mit.edu>
\family default 
.
 Merci d'envoyer tout commentaire ou correction d'erreur à cette adresse.
 Il a été traduit par Adrien 
\noun on 
Rebollo
\noun default 
 
\family typewriter 
<Adrien.Rebollo@wanadoo.fr>
\family default 
, à qui vous pouvez envoyer commentaires et suggestions pour la traduction.
\end_float 
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note à nos aimables lecteurs : les manuels sont en général à jour pour la
 version 1.1.5 de LyX (y compris les versions 1.1.5fix
\emph on 
n
\emph default 
).
 En revanche, avec la version 1.1.6, de nombreuses fonctions de l'interface
 utilisateur ont changé, notamment les menus déroulants.
 Nous avons commencé à mettre à jour toute la documentation pour cette nouvelle
 présentation; cependant, nous sommes certains qu'il reste beaucoup d'informatio
ns périmées.
 Par exemple, 
\family sans 
Aller\SpecialChar ~
à\SpecialChar ~
l'Erreur
\family default 
 se trouvait dans le menu 
\family sans 
Editer
\family default 
 ; il est maintenant dans le menu 
\family sans 
Naviguer
\family default 
.
 Merci de garder cela en tête quand vous lisez la documentation et que vous
 vous demandez pourquoi les choses ne fonctionnent pas comme elles le devraient.
\end_float 
 
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}

\end_inset 


\layout Chapter

Introduction
\layout Section

Qu'est-ce que LyX?
\layout Standard

LyX est un programme qui offre une approche plus moderne de l'écriture de
 documents par ordinateur, une approche qui rompt avec la tradition périmée
 héritée de la machine à écrire.
 Il est destiné aux auteurs qui veulent obtenir rapidement un rendu professionne
l avec le minimum d'effort sans devenir des spécialistes en typographie.
 Comparé aux traitements de texte habituels, LyX accroîtra votre productivité,
 puisque le travail de typographie sera pris en charge en majorité par l'ordinat
eur, non par l'auteur.
 Avec LyX, l'auteur peut se concentrer sur le contenu de ce qu'il écrit,
 tandis que l'ordinateur s'occupe de la forme.
\layout Standard

Tout ceci est obtenu techniquement en combinant l'interface commode d'un
 traitement de texte avec la grande qualité d'un véritable système de typographi
e.
 LyX utilise le plus populaire et, à notre avis, le meilleur système de
 typographie disponible : LaTeX.
 LaTeX est utilisé pour une grande variété de documents, en particulier
 en science.
 Par exemple, il est difficile de trouver un livre de mathématique ou d'informat
ique qui ne soit pas réalisé avec LaTeX.
 Ainsi certaines personnes prétendent que son objet principal est la typographie
 mathématique.
 Ce n'est pas vrai.
 LaTeX est aussi bon pour écrire des lettres, des articles, des livres,
 ou toute autre sorte de document, et il le fait beaucoup mieux que les
 traitements de texte usuels.
 Ce qui empêche certaines personnes d'utiliser ce système de typographie
 puissant, libre et disponible pour presque tous les systèmes informatiques,
 c'est son utilisation difficile.
 Avec LaTeX seul, vous devez entrer dans le texte une série de commandes
 typographiques afin de produire votre document.
 Il en ressort que vous n'avez pas de suivi visuel avant d'avoir compilé
 votre document avec le programme LaTeX.
 Il est également difficile de lire ces documents avant qu'ils aient été
 imprimés.
 Ainsi, l'édition en ligne n'est pas très aisée.
 Et c'est là que LyX entre en scène.
\layout Standard

LyX fournit une vue 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

quasi-WYSIWYG
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 du document
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : WYSIWYG est l'acronyme de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

What You See Is What You Get
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, c'est-à-dire 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Vous voyez ce que vous obtiendrez
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, ou 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Vous voyez ce que vous faites
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
\end_float 
.
 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Presque
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 signifie que les changements de ligne et de page ne sont pas affichés exactemen
t tels qu'ils apparaîtront dans le document imprimé.
 Cependant, ce n'est pas réellement nécessaire, puisque LyX utilise un programme
 de typographie séparé (ici, LaTeX) pour réaliser le formatage final de
 votre texte.
 Tandis que LyX a tout ce qu'il faut pour être une interface utilisateur
 confortable, le programme de typographie a tout ce qu'il faut pour formater
 du texte, et le faire très, très bien.
 Après tout, nul besoin de réinventer la roue.
 D'autre part, les ordinateurs sont doués pour suivre un ensemble de règles,
 et le faire de façon répétée et cohérente.
 Pourquoi devriez-vous vous infliger du travail supplémentaire en vous rappelant
 dans quelle sous-sous-section de quelle section de quel chapitre vous vous
 trouvez, quelle règle de numérotation vous utilisez, de quelle taille sont
 les différents en-têtes, quelle police vous y utilisez, tant et plus...
 alors qu'un ordinateur peut faire tout cela à votre place? La réponse est
 simple : vous ne devriez pas, et avec LyX, ce n'est pas la peine.
 Donc, les changements de ligne et de page ne sont plus votre problème.
 Se rappeler quel numéro utiliser pour la prochaine sous-section non plus,
 et quelle police a été adoptée dans tous vos en-têtes de section, non plus.
 Avec LyX, vous choisissez seulement ce qui s'appelle un 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

environnement de paragraphe
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 Ca y est.
 C'est fini.
\layout Standard

Ceci vous donne beaucoup plus de puissance que vous ne pensez.
 Vous n'aurez plus à balayer un document de 75 pages, en changeant tous
 les numéros de section parce que vous en avez enlevé une.
 Vous pouvez même prendre une section, en-tête et tout, d'un document et
 l'insérer dans un autre.
 LyX se chargera de la renumérotation, ajoutera la section à la Table\SpecialChar ~
des\SpecialChar ~
Matières
, et plus encore! Comme vous dites à LyX (et à LaTeX) quel 
\emph on 
genre
\emph default 
 de document vous éditez et de quel 
\emph on 
type
\emph default 
 est tel paragraphe, l'ordinateur en tient compte dans la typographie.
 Coupez quelques paragraphes d'un vieux document (mettons, un article) et
 collez-les dans un autre complètement différent (disons, une lettre) et
 LyX fera le reste.
 Bien sûr vous pouvez encore faire du formatage de bas niveau pour un ajustement
 au millimètre.
 Cependant, la bonne façon de faire avec LyX est de dire à l'ordinateur
 ce qu'
\emph on 
est
\emph default 
 le texte, et non à quoi il devrait ressembler.
 C'est pourquoi nous aimons dire que LyX vous permet l'édition WYSIWYM (What
 You See Is What You 
\emph on 
Mean
\emph default 
)
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : C'est-à-dire 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Vous voyez ce que vous 
\emph on 
voulez dire
\emph default 

\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, par opposition à WYSIWYG vu plus haut.
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

Certaines personnes pourraient être tentées de qualifier LyX de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

générateur de LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 Ce ne serait pas très juste.
 LyX réalise lui-même sa propre typographie pour générer un rendu correct
 à l'écran.
 D'autre part, LyX a des extensions à LaTeX spécialement conçues pour marcher
 avec le concept WYSIWYM.
 Il est donc mieux de qualifier LyX de 
\emph on 
Traitement de texte de haut niveau
\emph default 
 qui utilise LaTeX pour le bas niveau.
\layout Section

A propos de ce document
\layout Standard

Si vous n'avez pas lu l'
\emph on 
Introduction
\emph default 
, il serait bon de le faire maintenant.
 
\layout Standard

L'
\emph on 
Introduction
\emph default 
 décrit plusieurs choses, dont le format de tous les manuels.
 Si vous ne la lisez pas, vous aurez du mal à naviguer dans ce manuel
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Traduction imprécise de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\end_float 
.
 Il est possible qu'un des autres manuels vous soit plus utile.
 L'
\emph on 
Introduction
\emph default 
 décrit tout cela aussi.
\layout Standard

Une liste complète des membres du Projet de Documentation LyX qui ont contribué
 à ce document est présente à la fin de ce fichier.
\layout Section

Pour démarrer
\layout Subsection

Démarrer LyX
\layout Standard

De la même façon que les autres programmes pour Linux (et pour les autres
 Unix), vous démarrez LyX en tapant simplement 
\family typewriter 
lyx
\family default 
 à la ligne de commande.
 Vous pouvez bien sûr inclure plusieurs options de ligne de commande, y
 compris des noms de fichiers.
 Nous n'allons pas répéter ici toutes les options de la ligne de commande,
 puisque c'est déjà fait dans la page de 
\family typewriter 
man
\family default 
 de LyX.
 Consultez-la pour plus d'info.
\layout Standard

Il y a une ou deux choses que nous aimerions commenter :
\layout Itemize

Si vous incluez plus d'un nom de fichier à la ligne de commande, LyX les
 chargera tous, mais ne les affichera pas tous simultanément.
 Nous en verrons plus là-dessus dans un moment.
\layout Subsection

A quoi ressemble LyX
\layout Subsubsection

La fenêtre principale
\layout Standard

Comme la plupart des applications, LyX a l'habituelle barre de menus en
 haut de sa fenêtre.
 En dessous il y a une barre d'outils avec une boîte déroulante et divers
 boutons.
 Il y a, bien sûr, une barre de défilement vertical et une surface de travail
 principale pour éditer des documents.
 En bas de la fenêtre on trouve une petite fenêtre contenant une seule ligne
 de texte.
 C'est le 
\emph on 
minibuffer
\emph default 
 (un terme que nous avons chipé à GNU Emacs).
 Non seulement il affiche de l'information, mais il accepte aussi des entrées.
\layout Standard

Notez qu'il n'y a pas de barre de défilement horizontal.
 Ce n'est pas une erreur ou un oubli, c'est bien volontaire.
 Quand vous lisez un livre, vous vous attendez à ce que la fin d'une longue
 ligne soit reportée sur la ligne suivante.
 Quand le texte déborde sur de nouvelles pages, c'est de façon verticale.
 Il n'y a donc besoin que de la seule barre de défilement vertical.
\layout Standard

Il y a trois cas dans lesquels vous pourriez vouloir une barre de défilement
 horizontal.
 Le premier cas, ce sont les grandes figures, affichées de façon WYSIWYG.
 Cependant ceci est dû à une faille dans la fonction qui affiche les graphiques
 sur l'écran de LyX de façon WYSIWYG ; elle devrait mettre les graphiques
 à l'échelle pour tenir dans la fenêtre.
 Les deuxième et troisième cas sont les tableaux et les équations qui sont
 plus larges que la fenêtre LyX.
 Ceci est effectivement un problème, qui sera résolu dans une future version
 de LyX.
 Une solution partielle existe désormais pour les tableaux : vous pouvez
 utiliser les flèches du clavier pour vous déplacer horizontalement dans
 le tableau.
\layout Subsubsection

Fenêtres supplémentaires Popups
\layout Standard

Déjà entendu parler de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

boîtes de dialogue
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 ? Nous autres LyXiens préférons les appeler fenêtres
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : C'est une traduction insatisfaisante de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

popup windows
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 Si quelqu'un a une idée pour rendre 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

popup
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 ?
\end_float 
.
 Presque toutes les fenêtres LyX ont trois boutons de base : 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Appliquer
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
.
 Beaucoup ont aussi un bouton 
\family sans 
Restaurer
\family default 
.
 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 s'expliquent d'eux-mêmes.
 Le bouton 
\family sans 
Appliquer
\family default 
 marche de la même façon que le bouton 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
, en ce qu'il active tous les changements que vous avez pu introduire dans
 la fenêtre ; cependant il ne ferme pas celle-ci.
 En fait, appuyer sur le bouton 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
 est exactement la même chose que d'appuyer sur 
\family sans 
Appliquer
\family default 
 pour engager les changements puis sur 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 pour fermer la fenêtre.
 Le bouton 
\family sans 
Restaurer
\family default 
 est utile si vous avez procédé à des changements dans la fenêtre, puis
 décidé de revenir à la situation initiale et recommencer.
 Les quatre boutons ont aussi des touches de raccourci :
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
OK
\family default 
 est lié à la touche 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
, comme dans la plupart des programmes ;
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Appliquer
\family default 
 est lié à 
\family sans 
M-a
\family default 
 (si vous ne savez pas ce que 
\family sans 
M-a
\family default 
 signifie, c'est expliqué à la Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:raccourcis-clavier}

\end_inset 

) ;
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 est lié à la touche 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 ;
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Restaurer
\family default 
 est lié à la touche 
\family sans 
M-r
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Il y a quelques fenêtres qui ont des boutons différents.
 Ne vous affolez pas, ils s'expliquent très bien d'eux-mêmes.
 Nous voulions juste documenter quelque part ce que font 
\family sans 
Appliquer
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Restaurer
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

A l'aide!
\layout Standard

D'abord, la mauvaise nouvelle : le système d'aide n'est pas aussi approfondi
 et mis à la portée de tous
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Traduction gentille de l'original 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

idiot-proof
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
\end_float 
 que dans bien des applications commerciales.
 Patience.
 Nous y travaillons.
\layout Standard

Maintenant la bonne nouvelle : le système d'aide est constitué des manuels
 LyX.
 Vous pouvez lire tous les manuels à partir du programme LyX lui-même.
 Vous avez juste à sélectionner le manuel que vous voulez lire dans le menu
 
\family sans 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
ide
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Tant que nous y sommes, nous aimerions faire un commentaire au sujet des
 manuels.
 Ils ne vous prennent pas le moins du monde pour des idiots.
 Voilà ce que l'un de nos auteurs, 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
, disait un jour à propos des manuels de programmes :
\layout Quotation

Je déteste les manuels.
\layout Quotation

Oui, nous avons tous eu affaire aux manuels trop succincts, mal traduits
 ou incompréhensibles.
 Ils sont agaçants.
 Je trouve, cependant, les manuels ultra-simplifiés encore plus agaçants.
 D'abord, ils passent à peu près la moitié de leur temps à vous expliquer
 attentivement comment utiliser une souris, ce qu'est un menu, et coetera,
 et coetera, ad nauseum.
 S'il vous plaît, si quelqu'un ne sait pas comment utiliser son propre ordinateu
r, ou une interface graphique, il devrait s'y mettre et apprendre 
\emph on 
avant
\emph default 
 de démarrer un quelconque gros programme.
\layout Quotation

Ensuite, toute information qu'ils fournissent semble présumer que l'utilisateur
 est stupide.
 C'est absurde! La plupart des utilisateurs, d'après mon expérience, sont
 quelque chose comme perdus ou intimidés, pas stupides.
 D'autre part, si quelqu'un est vraiment lent du ciboulot, il a besoin d'une
 aide que ne pourra pas lui apporter l'auteur d'un manuel informatique.
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Note de l'Éditeur : Ayant cela en tête, j'ai demandé à tous les autres auteurs
 d'éviter de vous materner, vous lecteur, et d'être plus pédagogique que
 pédant.
 Quant à tous ceux qui sont trop paresseux pour lire et comprendre les manuels
 -- et bien, comme on dit ici en Amérique
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Enfin là-bas, quoi.
\end_float 

\emph on 
, 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

there's no such thing as a free lunch
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Expression difficilement traduisible dont le sens m'est peu clair
 : 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

tant mieux pour vous
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 me semble le plus probable.
\end_float 

\emph on 
.
 - jw
\layout Section

L'interface de LyX
\layout Subsection

Opérations de base sur les fichiers
\layout Standard

Dans le menu 
\family sans 
Fichier
\family default 
 il y a les 9 opérations de base pour tout traitement de texte :
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Nouveau
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Nouveau\SpecialChar ~
depuis\SpecialChar ~
modèle
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Ouvrir
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Fermer
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enregistrer
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enregistrer\SpecialChar ~
sous
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Revenir\SpecialChar ~
à\SpecialChar ~
la\SpecialChar ~
sauvegarde
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Imprimer
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quitter
\layout Standard

Ils font tous en gros la même chose que dans d'autres traitements de texte,
 avec quelques différences mineures.
 La commande 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Nouveau\SpecialChar ~
depuis\SpecialChar ~
modèle
\family default 
 ne vous demande pas seulement le nom du nouveau fichier, mais aussi un
 modèle à utiliser.
 Sélectionner un modèle fixera automatiquement certaines options du format
 de document, options que vous auriez autrement dû changer à la main.
 Elles peuvent servir pour certaines classes, spécialement celles pour l'écritur
e de lettres (voir Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classes-doc}

\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

Note : Il n'y a pas de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

fichier par défaut
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 ou de document appelé 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Sans\SpecialChar ~
Titre
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 ou 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Document\SpecialChar ~
Vide
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 A moins que vous ne disiez à LyX d'ouvrir un fichier ou d'en créer un nouveau,
 l'espace vide n'est que cela -- un grand espace vide.
\layout Standard

La commande 
\family sans 
Revenir\SpecialChar ~
à\SpecialChar ~
la\SpecialChar ~
sauvegarde
\family default 
 est utile si plusieurs personnes travaillent sur le même document en même
 temps
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Si vous prévoyez de faire cela, vous devriez aussi jeter un oeil sur la
 possibilité de Contrôle de Version dans LyX.
 Lire 
\emph on 
Options\SpecialChar ~
avancées
\emph default 
.
\end_float 
.
 LyX rechargera simplement le document du disque.
 Vous pouvez bien sûr aussi l'utiliser si vous regrettez d'avoir changé
 le document et voulez le restaurer dans le dernier état sauvegardé.
\layout Standard

La deuxième chose à noter concerne les commandes Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Fermer et Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Quitter.
 Les deux présentent une boîte de confirmation pour nous préserver de notre
 propre stupidité à tous.
 C'est-à-dire, si vous essayez de fermer un fichier avec des changements
 (ou de sortir de LyX), vous serez informés qu'il reste des fichiers non
 sauvegardés
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Certains d'entre vous savent que de précédentes versions de LyX plantaient
 si vous essayiez de tuer la fenêtre par le gestionnaire de fenêtres (c'est-à-di
re en double-cliquant sur le coin supérieur gauche).
 Ceci a été résolu dès la version 0.12, vous pouvez donc maintenant le faire
 sans souci.
\end_float 
.
\layout Subsection

Fonctions de base d'édition
\layout Standard

Comme la plupart des traitements de texte modernes, LyX peut opérer des
 copier-coller sur des blocs de texte, peut se déplacer par caractère, mot
 ou page d'écran, et peut effacer des mots entiers aussi bien que de simples
 caractères.
 Les quatre prochaines sections couvrent les fonctions de base d'édition
 de LyX et comment y accéder.
 Nous allons commencer par le copier-coller.
\layout Standard

Comme vous pouvez vous y attendre, le menu 
\family sans 
Éditer
\family default 
 contient les commandes de copier-coller, ainsi que diverses autres fonctions
 d'édition.
 Quelques-unes sont spéciales et seront couvertes par de prochaines sections,
 comme le sous-menu 
\family sans 
Flottants\SpecialChar ~
&\SpecialChar ~
Inserts
\family default 
.
 Les commandes de base sont :
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Couper
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Copier
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Coller
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Rechercher\SpecialChar ~
et\SpecialChar ~
Remplacer
\layout Standard

Les trois premières s'expliquent d'elles-mêmes.
 Une chose à noter : quand vous effacez un bloc de texte que vous avez sélection
né, il est automatiquement placé dans le presse-papiers.
 C'est-à-dire que les touches 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
 fonctionnent aussi comme la commande 
\family sans 
Couper
\family default 
.
 D'autre part, si vous avez sélectionné du texte, faites attention.
 Si vous tapez une touche, LyX va complètement effacer le texte sélectionné
 et le remplacer par ce que vous aurez tapé.
 Vous aurez à faire 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 pour récupérer le texte perdu.
\layout Standard

L'élément 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Rechercher\SpecialChar ~
et\SpecialChar ~
Remplacer
\family default 
 ouvre la fenêtre 
\family sans 
Rechercher\SpecialChar ~
et\SpecialChar ~
Remplacer
\family default 
.
 LyX procède un peu différemment de certains programmes commerciaux.
 Evidemment, le texte que vous recherchez va dans le champ 
\family sans 
Rechercher
\family default 
.
 Les deux boutons en forme de flèche, font une recherche respectivement
 en avant et en arrière (vous verrez bien lequel fait quoi)
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

On peut accéder à ces deux flèches avec le clavier via les raccourcis 
\family sans 
M-f
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
M-b
\family default 
 pour avant (forward) et arrière (backward).
\end_float 
.
 Une fois que vous avez trouvé un mot ou une expression, LyX la sélectionne.
 Appuyer sur le bouton 
\family sans 
Remplacer
\family default 
 remplace le texte sélectionné par le contenu du champ 
\family sans 
Remplacer\SpecialChar ~
par
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Répétons-le autrement : vous ne pouvez pas remplacer avant d'avoir d'abord
 fait une recherche.
\layout Standard

Pour répéter un remplacement, cliquez sur le bouton flèche pour trouver
 le mot précédent ou suivant, pouis appuyez sur le bouton 
\family sans 
Remplacer
\family default 
.
 Appuyez sur 
\family sans 
Remplacer\SpecialChar ~
tout
\family default 
 pour remplacer automatiquement toutes les occurrences du texte dans le
 document.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez cocher le bouton
\family sans 
 Selon\SpecialChar ~
la\SpecialChar ~
casse
\family default 
 si vous voulez que la recherche différencie les majuscules des minuscules
 dans le mot recherché.
 Si le bouton est coché, en recherchant 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Trouvé
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 vous ne trouverez pas 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

trouvé
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez cocher le bouton 
\family sans 
Mot\SpecialChar ~
exact
\family default 
 si vous voulez forcer LyX à ne trouver que des mots complets.
 Par exemple, en recherchant 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

trouvé
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 vous ne trouverez pas 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

trouvées
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Annuler et Refaire
\layout Standard

Si vous faites une erreur, vous pouvez facilement la récupérer.
 LyX a un tampon d'annulation de grande capacité.
 Faites 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Annuler
\family default 
 pour corriger une erreur.
 Si vous avez accidentellement annulé trop d'opérations, faites 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Refaire
\family default 
 pour 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

annuler l'annulation
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 Le mécanisme d'annulation est actuellement limité à 100 étapes pour minimiser
 l'occupation de la mémoire.
\layout Standard

Vous ne pouvez utiliser 
\family sans 
Refaire
\family default 
 au-delà du plus récent changement.
 De même, vous ne pouvez 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 au-delà du premier changement que vous avez fait après avoir ouvert le
 fichier.
 Dans de telles situations, les entrées de menu correspondantes sont grisées.
 Notez que si vous annulez tous les changements pour arriver au document
 tel qu'il était sauvegardé, celui-ci conservera malheureusement le statut
 de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

changé
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 C'est une conséquence de la limite de 100 étapes vue plus haut.
\layout Standard


\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Refaire
\family default 
 marche avec presque tout dans LyX.
 Il y a quelques subtilités toutefois.
 Ces deux fonctions ne procèdent pas caractère par caractère pour du texte,
 mais par blocs.
 Cela peut nécessiter un peu d'habitude ; vous devrez jouer avec 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Refaire
\family default 
 pour sentir précisément comment ils agissent, et après cela, on peut espérer
 que vous saurez comment ça marche.
 Autre chose, 
\family sans 
Refaire
\family default 
 ne marche pas en mode mathématique.
 Un truc : si vous entrez en mode 
\family sans 
Math
\family default 
, changez une équation, puis quittez le mode 
\family sans 
Math
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Annuler
\family default 
 reviendra à l'ancienne version de l'équation, celle qui existait avant
 que vous n'entriez en mode 
\family sans 
Math
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Raccourcis souris de base
\layout Standard

Nous n'allons pas entrer dans les détails de tous les raccourcis souris
 ici.
 Quelques-unes des autres sections de ce manuel couvrent les opérations
 spécifiques.
 A la place, nous allons plutôt traiter des opérations de souris les plus
 basiques.
\layout Enumerate

Se déplacer
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Cliquez sur le 
\emph on 
bouton gauche
\emph default 
 n'importe où dans la fenêtre d'édition.
 Le curseur de déplace sur le texte sous le pointeur.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Sélectionner du texte
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Maintenez le 
\emph on 
bouton gauche
\emph default 
 et déplacez la souris.
 LyX marque le texte entre les ancienne et nouvelle positions du pointeur.
 Utilisez 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Copier
\family default 
 pour créer une copie du texte dans le presse-papiers de LyX.
\layout Itemize

Repositionnez le curseur et recollez le texte dans LyX en utilisant 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Coller
\family default 
.
\layout Itemize

Si vous n'utilisez pas 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Coller
\family default 
, mais préférez coller en utilisant le bouton milieu de la souris, alors
 le contenu du presse-papiers X sera collé à la place du contenu du presse-papie
rs de LyX.
 Les mots seront les mêmes, mais tout le formatage de LyX sera perdu.
 Ce mécanisme de copie est toutefois utile, si vous voulez copier de LyX
 vers une autre application X.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Notes de bas de page, notes de marge, figures et tableaux flottants, etc.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Cliquez une fois
\emph default 
 sur le bouton gauche pour ouvrir ou fermer l'un de ceux-ci.
 Voyez aussi la section correspondante de ce manuel pour plus de détails.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Tableaux
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Cliquez une fois sur le bouton droit
\emph default 
 pour ouvrir une fenêtre qui vous permettra de manipuler le tableau.
\end_deeper 
\layout Subsection

Raccourcis clavier de base
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:raccourcis-clavier}

\end_inset 

Encore une fois, nous n'allons pas couvrir tous les raccourcis clavier.
 Vous devriez savoir utiliser un clavier désormais.
 De plus, le 
\emph on 
Manuel\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
Référence
\emph default 
 contient une liste de 
\emph on 
tous
\emph default 
 les raccourcis clavier.
 Sachez qu'il y a au moins deux familles différentes de raccourcis clavier
 : CUA et Emacs.
 Je suis sûr que vous allez protester si vous tapez Control-d pour effacer
 un caractère, et qu'il démarre une visionneuse DVI à la place (ou l'inverse).
\layout Standard

Quelques touches, comme 
\family sans 
PageUp
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
PageDown
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Gauche
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Droite
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Haut
\family default 
, et 
\family sans 
Bas
\family default 
, font exactement ce que vous attendez d'elles.
 D'autres non :
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 Il n'y a rien qui ressemble à une tabulation dans LyX.
 Si vous ne comprenez pas cela, allez lire tout de suite les Sections\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:intro-indent-par}

\end_inset 

 et\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:environnements-par}

\end_inset 

, et spécialement la Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:env-par-listes}

\end_inset 

.
 Oui oui, tout de suite.
 Si vous avez encore des problèmes, voyez le 
\emph on 
Manuel\SpecialChar ~
d'Apprentissage
\emph default 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 C'est la touche d'annulation.
 Elle est utilisée de manière générique pour annuler des opérations.
 D'autres parties de ce manuel entreront plus dans les détails à ce sujet.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Home
\family default 
\SpecialChar ~
et\SpecialChar ~

\family sans 
End
\family default 
 Celles-ci bougent le curseur, respectivement au début et à la fin de la
 ligne, sauf si vous utilisez les raccourcis Emacs auquel cas elles vont
 au début et à la fin du fichier.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
\SpecialChar ~
et\SpecialChar ~

\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 
\emph on 
Si
\emph default 
 vous avez correctement installé votre clavier sous X-Window, 
\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
 fonctionnera comme prévu et 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 effacera le caractère sous le curseur (si aucun texte n'est sélectionné).
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Si vous n'avez pas bien configuré votre clavier sous X, ou que vous n'avez
 aucune idée de ce que nous entendons par là, allez lire la Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:touches-x-win}

\end_inset 

 immédiatement.
 Cela vous épargnera pas mal de soucis.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Ensuite il y a les touches de modification :
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Control-
\family default 
 Celle-ci a des utilisations différentes, selon la touche avec laquelle
 elle est utilisée :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Avec 
\family sans 
Backspace
\family default 
 ou 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
, on efface un mot entier au lieu d'un seul caractère.
\layout Itemize

Avec 
\family sans 
Gauche
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Droite
\family default 
, on se déplace par mots au lieu d'un caractère à la fois.
\layout Itemize

Avec 
\family sans 
Home
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
End
\family default 
, on se déplace au début et à la fin du document, respectivement.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Shift-
\family default 
 Utilisez-la avec une des touches de mouvement pour sélectionner le texte
 situé entre les ancienne et nouvelle positions du curseur.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Meta-
\family default 
 Comme nous l'avons dit plus tôt, c'est la touche 
\family sans 
Alt-
\family default 
 sur de nombreux claviers.
 Cette touche fait plein de choses différentes, et active aussi les 
\emph on 
raccourcis de menu
\emph default 
.
 Si vous l'utilisez en combinaison avec l'une des lettres soulignées dans
 un menu ou élément de menu, il sélectionne cet élément.
 Si vous utilisez le raccourci de menu pour un menu puis tapez 
\family sans 
Espace
\family default 
, vous ouvrirez ce menu.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Par exemple, la séquence 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

M-e l
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 colle du texte.
 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

M-f
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 ouvre le menu 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ichier
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

NdT : Ces séquences changent selon la langue de ces menus.
 Selon l'avancement de la traduction, ces raccourcis sont, ou non, accessibles.
\end_float 
.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Il y a encore d'autres choses à dire sur la touche 
\family sans 
Meta-
\family default 
, mais il vous faudra regarder le 
\emph on 
Manuel\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
Référence
\emph default 
 pour plus d'info.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Heureusement, vous apprendrez de plus en plus de raccourcis clavier au fur
 et à mesure que vous utiliserez LyX, parce que la plupart des actions de
 la souris afficheront un petit message dans le minibuffer qui décrit le
 nom de l'action que vous venez d'effectuer, et les raccourcis existant
 pour cette action.
 La notation pour les raccourcis est très similaire à celle adoptée dans
 cette documentation, ainsi vous ne devrez pas avoir de problèmes pour la
 comprendre.
 Cependant, notez que les 
\family sans 
Shift-
\family default 
 sont explicitement mentionnés, ainsi 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

M-p S-A
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 signifie 
\family sans 
Meta-p
\family default 
 suivi d'un 
\family sans 
A
\family default 
 majuscule.
 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

S-C-S
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 signifie 
\family sans 
Shift-Control-s
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
 you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
 the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
 and any existing keybindings for that action.
 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M-p S-A
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 means 
\family sans 
Meta-p
\family default 
 followed by a capital 
\family sans 
A
\family default 
.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
S-C-S
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 means 
\family sans 
Shift-Control-s
\family default 
.
\layout Section

Utiliser LyX avec d'autres programmes
\layout Subsection

Importer des fichiers ASCII
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez importer du texte depuis un fichier ASCII en utilisant les options
 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lignes\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
texte\SpecialChar ~
ASCII
\family default 
 ou 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paragraphes\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
texte\SpecialChar ~
ASCII
\family default 
.
\layout Standard


\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lignes\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
texte\SpecialChar ~
ASCII
\family default 
 met chaque ligne du fichier dans son propre paragraphe LyX.
 C'est utile si vous importez un fichier texte contenant une liste.
 Cependant, si votre fichier texte contient des paragraphes, LyX va déranger
 les paragraphes si vous utilisez cette commande d'importation.
\layout Standard


\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paragraphes\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
texte\SpecialChar ~
ASCII
\family default 
 préserve les paragraphes dans les fichiers texte.
 Souvent, dans un fichier texte, vous n'avez pas mis le contenu complet
 d'un paragraphe sur une seule ligne.
 Vous vous êtes servi de Return pour décomposer les paragraphes en lignes
 séparées.
 Avec l'option Paragraphes\SpecialChar ~
de\SpecialChar ~
texte, LyX ne dérangera pas ces paragraphes.
 Tout ce qui est entre deux lignes vides consécutives forme un paragraphe
 LyX.
 
\emph on 
Mais rappelez-vous :
\emph default 
 vous devez vous assurer qu'il y ait une ligne 
\emph on 
complètement vide
\emph default 
 entre chaque paragraphe de votre fichier texte.
 Sinon, LyX finirait par fusionner deux paragraphes.
\layout Standard

Utilisez ces options avec sagesse.
 Vous aurez été prévenus!
\layout Subsection

Copier-coller entre LyX et d'autres programmes X
\layout Standard

Les opérations 
\family sans 
Couper
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Copier
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Coller
\family default 
 transfèrent du texte de et vers LyX.
 Vous pouvez copier du texte depuis LyX vers une autre fenêtre X de cette
 façon : Sélectionnez le texte que vous voulez copier.
 Choisissez 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Copier
\family default 
.
 Maintenant allez dans la fenêtre de destination et collez le texte avec
 le bouton milieu de la souris.
\layout Standard

Copier du texte vers LyX marche aussi à peu près de la même façon que dans
 X.
 Sélectionnez le texte avec la souris dans une autre fenêtre X.
 Allez dans la fenêtre LyX et copiez le texte avec le bouton milieu de la
 souris.
 Cette forme de collage marche comme l'importation de fichiers ASCII ; vous
 pouvez copier en tant que lignes ou en tant que paragraphes.
 Utilisez 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Exporter\SpecialChar ~
vers\SpecialChar \menuseparator
ASCII
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Ces deux dernières phrases sont la traduction exacte de l'anglais.
 Cependant je les trouve bizarres : Exporter\SpecialChar ~
vers\SpecialChar \menuseparator
ASCII exporte le document
 sous la forme d'un fichier texte, et je ne trouve pas comment l'on choisit
 entre lignes et paragraphes en collant avec le bouton milieu.
\layout Standard

Soit j'ai raté une fonction, soit l'original du manuel a un problème.
\end_float 
.
\layout Chapter

Configuration de LyX et Applications nécessaires
\layout Section

Introduction
\layout Standard

Si vous vous servez de LyX sur un système que quelqu'un d'autre a configuré
 pour vous, alors vous pouvez sans crainte sauter ce chapitre.
 Il décrit tout ce dont vous avez besoin, en plus des fichiers binaires
 LyX et des autres fichiers distribués avec.
\layout Standard

Si vous installez LyX sur votre système, 
\emph on 
vous devriez lire le(s) README(s) qui viennent avec la distribution LyX,
 et ensuite lire 
\family sans 
\emph default 
Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuration\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
.
 Faites cela d'abord.
 Ce chapitre ne décrit pas l'installation ou la configuration des fichiers
 binaires de LyX (enfin, pas tout...).
 En revanche, il décrit tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour vous servir de
 LyX à son maximum
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Nous avons décidé de placer ici tout un tas d'informations concernant la
 bonne marche de LyX, y compris quels autres programmes sont nécessaires
 pour rendre LyX efficace.
\end_float 
.
\layout Section

Prérequis
\layout Standard

La version de LyX qui est distribuée en tant que fichiers binaires ne nécessite
 que X-Window (X11R6).
 Mais elle se compilera aussi bien sous X11R5.
 LyX n'est pas très gros (environ 2\SpecialChar ~
Mo sans XForms) et n'a même pas besoin
 de beaucoup de mémoire pour stocker les documents.
 Il n'est pas exceptionnellement rapide
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Il peut en particulier prendre du temps au moment d'afficher un texte avec
 une nouvelle police, car la police doit être chargée dans le serveur\SpecialChar ~
X.
 LyX ne chargera pas de police avant qu'elle ne soit vraiment nécessaire,
 donc toutes les polices ne sont pas immédiatement disponibles dans tous
 les styles et tailles possibles.
\end_float 
, mais bien assez pour supporter de tourner sur un 386DX40 avec 8\SpecialChar ~
Mo de RAM
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note de 
\noun on 
Matthias
\noun default 
 : 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Je connais des gens qui le font.
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

Si vous voulez imprimer et prévisualiser, il vous faudra aussi une installation
 LaTeX2e complète, comprenant 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 et
\family typewriter 
 xdvi
\family default 
.
 LyX ne marchera décidément pas avec LaTeX2.09 (les changements qu'il vous
 faudrait opérer dans les sources de LyX représentent un travail nettement
 plus important que la mise à jour de LaTeX).
 Vous pouvez obtenir une distribution LaTeX (et tout et n'importe quoi concernan
t TeX et LaTeX) auprès de tout membre du CTAN (Comprehensive TeX Archive
 Network
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Vaste Réseau d'Archives TeX.
\end_float 
).
 Il y a trois serveurs ftp primaires et un paquet de miroirs sur le réseau
 : les machines primaires sont ftp.dante.de (Allemagne), ftp.tex.ac.uk (Royaume-Uni),
 et ctan.tug.org (États-Unis).
 On peut trouver une liste complète des miroirs à l'adresse\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org}

\end_inset 


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

Si vous voulez compiler vos propres fichiers binaires vous avez aussi besoin
 de la bibliothèque XForms.
 Pour la version 1.1.6 de LyX vous devez utiliser une des versions 0.88 ou
 0.89 de XForms.
 Nous recommandons de prendre la version 0.88, car la 0.89 est la version
 de développement.
 Vous pouvez l'obtenir aux adresses :
\layout Itemize


\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://world.std.com/~xforms/}

\end_inset 


\layout Itemize


\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{ftp://ncmir.ucsd.edu/pub/xforms/}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Vous avez encore besoin de la bibliothèque pixmap (libXpm).
 Comme celle-ci fait habituellement partie de la plupart des distributions
 Unix modernes cela ne devrait pas être un problème.
 Il y a quelques soucis d'incompatibilité.
 Pour la version 1.0 de LyX vous devez utiliser les version 4.7 ou 4.8 de libXpm.
\layout Standard

Pour compiler LyX...
 eh bien vous ne seriez pas en train de lire ce document si cela n'était
 pas déjà fait, n'est-ce pas
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Si, par un obscur concours de circonstances, des gens vous ont donné une
 version imprimée de ce manuel ainsi que les fichiers source, ne vous gênez
 pas pour 
\emph on 
leur
\emph default 
 demander de l'aide.
 Sinon, voyez les fichiers 
\family typewriter 
README
\family default 
 qui vont avec la distribution du code source.
\end_float 
?
\layout Section

Configuration de base de LyX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:configuration}

\end_inset 

Encore une fois, vous ne seriez probablement pas en train de lire ce fichier
 si vous n'aviez pas déjà un exécutable LyX qui marche, donc nous n'en parlerons
 pas ici.
 Il y a cependant quelques détails que nous tenons à mentionner au sujet
 de la mise en place et de l'installation de LyX.
\layout Standard

Il y a deux façons de lancer LyX.
 La première est d'installer LyX et tous les fichiers auxiliaires sur votre
 système.
 Bien sûr, vous devez avoir les privilèges root pour ce faire.
 La deuxième façon de lancer LyX ne nécessite pas les droits root, vous
 laissant 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

installer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 LyX quelque part dans votre propre répertoire.
 LyX détectera automatiquement où il est tant que les répertoires auxiliaires
 sont placés aux bons endroits.
\layout Standard

Il y a plusieurs fonctionnalités de LyX qui peuvent être configurées depuis
 LyX lui-même, sans recourir aux fichiers de configuration.
 Tout d'abord, LyX est capable d'inspecter votre système pour voir quels
 programmes, quelles classes de document LaTeX et quels paquetages LaTeX
 sont disponibles.
 Il utilise cette information pour attribuer des valeurs par défaut raisonnables
 à plusieurs variables de 
\family typewriter 
préférences
\family default 
.
 Bien que cette configuration ait déjà eu lieu au moment de l'installation
 de LyX sur votre système, vous pourriez avoir certains fichiers installés
 localement et qui n'auraient pas été vus par LyX.
 Pour forcer LyX à réinspecter votre système, faites 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Reconfigurer
\family default 
.
 Vous devez alors redémarrer LyX pour vous assurer que les changements ont
 été pris en compte.
 Pour tout ce qui concerne les classes et paquetages LaTeX, vous trouverez
 des renseignements sur ce que LyX a trouvé dans 
\family sans 
Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuration\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Le deuxième ensemble de réglages que vous pourriez vouloir changer comprend
 tous ceux concernant le document, sur lesquels vous pouvez agir via les
 fenêtres 
\family sans 
Document
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
Préambule\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
 du menu 
\family sans 
Format
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Les utilisateurs de LyX 0.10.x se rappellent peut-être que l'on accédait à
 ces réglages par 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
.
 Ce n'est plus le cas.
\end_float 
.
 Pour ce faire, ouvrez un document sans importance (par exemple un nouveau
 document), réglez toutes ces options à votre goût et enregistrez-les avec
 
\family sans 
Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Enregistrer\SpecialChar ~
comme\SpecialChar ~
format\SpecialChar ~
par\SpecialChar ~
défaut
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : ou 
\family sans 
Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Save\SpecialChar ~
Layout\SpecialChar ~
as\SpecialChar ~
Default
\family default 
 s'il n'est pas traduit.
 Remarque générale sur la traduction des menus : les intitulés sont traduits
 dans ce manuel, quitte à être en décalage avec la traduction des menus
 elle-même.
 Les entrées de menu dont l'original anglais n'est pas indiqué sont assez
 simples à deviner en général.
\end_float 
.
 Ceci créera un modèle appelé 
\family typewriter 
default.lyx
\family default 
, qui sera automatiquement chargé par LyX quand vous ouvrirez un document
 sans modèle de sorte que les réglages y seront tels que vous les avez enregistr
és.
\layout Standard

Il y a beaucoup d'autres options configurables par l'utilisateur que vous
 pouvez fournir à LyX.
 Au démarrage, LyX lit un fichier d'options globales appelé 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc.defaults
\family default 
.
 Ensuite il essaye de lire un fichier appelé 
\family typewriter 
~/.lyx/preferences
\family default 
 dans votre répertoire 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

home
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 Le document 
\emph on 
Personnalisation
\emph default 
 contient plus d'information à propos de ces fichiers de configuration.
\layout Section

Configurer le clavier X
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:touches-x-win}

\end_inset 

Pour utiliser LyX comme il convient, vous 
\emph on 
devez
\emph default 
 configurer X correctement.
 C'est tout spécialement vital si vous utilisez les fonctions de support
 international de LyX, et si vous voulez utiliser des claviers non anglais.
 Malheureusement, presque personne ne s'en préoccupe, particulièrement parmi
 ceux qui ont installé Linux tout seul sur leur PC.
 Les administrateurs de systèmes plus vastes peuvent également se rendre
 coupables de cette omission, donc ne présumez pas que vous êtes à l'abri
 parce que vous utilisez un grand système.
 N'importe quel utilisateur peut dire à X comment utiliser son clavier.
 Vous n'avez pas à vous fier à votre administrateur système pour cela --
 en fait 
\emph on 
ce n'est pas conseillé!
\emph default 
 Il vous suffit des deux programmes suivants pour configurer votre clavier
 de la façon que vous voulez.
\layout Subsection


\family typewriter 
xmodmap
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\layout Standard

Tout d'abord lisez les pages de man pour ces deux programmes.
 Ceux-ci sont vos meilleurs alliés quand vous essayez de configurer le clavier
 X correctement.
 Si vous ne les avez pas, installez-les.
\layout Subsubsection


\family typewriter 
xmodmap
\layout Standard

Ce document ne contient rien sur l'utilisation de 
\family typewriter 
xmodmap
\family default 
.
 Il y a un fichier exemple 
\family typewriter 
.Xmodmap
\family default 
 dans 
\emph on 
Personnalisation
\emph default 
.
 Pour charger la nouveau profil des touches, mettez la commande 
\family typewriter 
xmodmap\SpecialChar ~
.Xmodmap
\family default 
 quelque part dans vos scripts de démarrage (par exemple, 
\family typewriter 
.cshrc
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 
.profile
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 
.login
\family default 
, ou 
\family typewriter 
.xinitrc
\family default 
).
\layout Subsubsection


\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\layout Standard

Ce programme est un rêve devenu réalité! Il montre une version graphique
 de votre clavier, vous permet d'y faire des modifications, puis envoie
 ces modifications sur la sortie standard sous une forme lisible par 
\family typewriter 
xmodmap
\family default 
.
 Il est très utile quand vous essayez de créer un nouveau fichier 
\family typewriter 
.Xmodmap
\family default 
, quoique vous devrez quand même faire un peu de copier-coller.
\layout Subsection

Touches de modification et Bascule de mode
\layout Standard

LyX accepte trois touches de modification : 
\family sans 
Shift
\family default 
 (
\family sans 
S-
\family default 
), 
\family sans 
Control
\family default 
 (
\family sans 
C-
\family default 
) et 
\family sans 
Meta
\family default 
 (
\family sans 
M-
\family default 
).
 De plus, si l'une des touches de votre clavier est configuré comme une
 touche 
\family sans 
Compose
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Je n'en ai jamais entendu parler, donc la traduction de cette section
 contient peut-être des inexactitudes.
 Son titre surtout n'est pas satisfaisant.
\end_float 
, alors vous pouvez entrer quelques caractères non disponibles sur votre
 clavier.
 Cette touche 
\family sans 
Compose
\family default 
 peut être utilisée soit comme une touche de modification (comme 
\family sans 
Shift
\family default 
 ou 
\family sans 
Control
\family default 
) soit comme une touche préfixe.
 Voici quelques exemples de ce que vous pouvez faire avec une touche 
\family sans 
Compose
\family default 
 :
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Compose+e+'
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow  \)
\end_inset 

 é
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Compose+O+R
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow  \)
\end_inset 

 ®
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Compose+1+2
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow  \)
\end_inset 

 ½
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Compose+<+<
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow  \)
\end_inset 

 «
\layout Standard

Cette méthode est particulièrement commode quand vous n'utilisez certains
 caractères accentués que de temps en temps
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Bien qu'en français les accents soient d'usage courant, il y en a
 certains qui sont étrangers à notre langue, comme le tilde.
\end_float 
.
 Elle marche par défaut avec les caractères latin1, mais d'autres entrées
 peuvent être utilisées si vous configurez vos paramètres locaux correctement.
\layout Subsection

Conseils et trucs utiles
\layout Standard

D'abord, ouvrez deux terminaux X.
 Prenez-en un pour éditer un nouveau fichier 
\family typewriter 
.Xmodmap
\family default 
 et lancez 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
 dans l'autre.
 En utilisant 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
, changez le profil des touches de la façon que vous souhaitez.
 Il y a un bouton dans 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
 pour sortir le nouveau profil du clavier.
 Une fois pressé, 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
 va afficher un tas de choses dans le terminal dans lequel vous l'avez lancé.
 Copiez tout cela et collez-le dans votre fichier 
\family typewriter 
.Xmodmap
\family default 
, et c'est fini
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez aussi vous épargner de la frappe en exécutant 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps > .Xmodmap
\family default 
.
 Ceci créera un fichier utilisable.
 Bien sûr, si vous appuyez sur le bouton 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

output keymap
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 de 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
 plus d'une fois, le fichier qui en résultera sera un bazar.
 Comme tout le reste, 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
 est un outil, exactement aussi intelligent que son utilisateur.
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

Il y a quelques autres choses que vous pouvez faire pour vous aider à vous
 repérer.
 Essayez d'exécuter la commande 
\family typewriter 
xmodmap -v -pm
\family default 
.
 Elle vous montrera toutes les touches de modification actuellement actives.
 Essayez aussi 
\family typewriter 
xmodmap -v -pke | more
\family default 
 pour voir quel numéro de code de touche correspond à quel nom de symbole.
 Cela vous donnera aussi une idée de la syntaxe du fichier 
\family typewriter 
.Xmodmap
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Il y a une chose que vous devez vérifier.
 Assurez-vous que vos touches 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
BackSpace
\family default 
 
\emph on 
ne sont pas
\emph default 
 définies par le même symbole dans X! Notez que donner à ces deux touches
 deux noms de symboles différents ne changera pas forcément le comportement
 de vos programmes.
 Certains programmes associent 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
BackSpace
\family default 
 à la même opération.
 Emacs est de ceux-là.
 D'autres, cependant, s'en servent pour des opérations différentes.
 LyX en fait partie, et si vous avez 
\family sans 
Delete
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
BackSpace
\family default 
 représentées par le même nom de symbole, vous aurez des problèmes en utilisant
 LyX.
\layout Section

LaTeX
\layout Standard

Si vous voulez faire avec LyX des choses plus intéressantes que simplement
 créer des documents et recracher des fichiers 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
, il vous faut LaTeX.
\layout Standard

Au cas où vous vous demanderiez ce que c'est, LaTeX est une extension de
 TeX, un système de préparation de documents inventé en 1984 par Donald
 Knuth
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Une note au sujet de la pronociation : TeX provient des lettres grecques
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \tau \varepsilon \chi  \)
\end_inset 

, le khi se prononce comme la jota espagnole.
 En anglais, le mot TeX rime avec 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

blech
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, équivalent de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

berk
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, ce qui est la source de jeux de mots.
 Voilà donc comment pronocer TeX et LaTeX.
 (Mais beaucoup de gens pronocent le 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

X
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 comme un 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

k
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 et le tour est joué.)
\end_float 
.
 TeX prend un ensemble de commandes dans un fichier ASCII et le convertit
 dans un format 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

indépendant du support
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, en abrégé Dvi (
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Device Independent
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

).
 Le fichier Dvi peut alors être envoyé à des imprimantes.
 TeX est programmable, et LaTeX n'est rien d'autre qu'un ensemble (vraiment
 énorme) de macros TeX.
 LaTeX fait en général partie d'une distribution TeX, donc ce qu'il vous
 faut, c'est un paquetage TeX.
\layout Standard

Il y a deux versions de LaTeX en usage courant de nos jours.
 L'une est l'ancienne LaTeX 2.09, qui est devenu périmée en 1994 environ
 ; l'autre est LaTeX2e, plus récente.
 LyX ne marchera qu'avec LaTeX2e et s'étouffera avec la vieille LaTeX 2.09.
\layout Standard

Que cela soit bien clair :
\layout Standard
\align center 
LyX 
\emph on 
NE MARCHE QU'AVEC
\emph default 
 LaTeX2e!!!
\layout Standard

Si votre système a la version 2.09, obtenez de l'administrateur système une
 mise à jour.
\layout Standard

Si vous utilisez Linux, LaTeX2e devrait être fourni avec votre distribution.
 Regardez dans les instructions de votre distribution Linux (certainement
 sur CD-ROM) et installez le paquetage TeX, si ce n'est pas déjà fait.
 Tout ce dont vous avez besoin sera là, avec en plus des choses qui ne vous
 serviront sûrement pas.
\layout Standard

Pour les autres systèmes, vous aurez probablement à voir votre administrateur
 système pour lui faire installer TeX/LaTeX sur votre machine s'il n'y est
 pas déjà.
\layout Standard

Au fait, avons-nous déjà dit que LyX ne marche qu'avec LaTeX2e?
\layout Section

Dvips et Ghostscript
\layout Subsection

Ce dont vous avez besoin
\layout Standard

Il y a encore une étape à franchir si vous voulez imprimer vos documents
 LyX.
 Evidemment, vous devez vous assurer que votre imprimante est configurée
 (voir la section suivante).
 Vous devez aussi installer les programmes suivants (ou des programmes compatibl
es), si ce n'est pas déjà fait :
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 
dvips
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 
ghostscript
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 
xdvi
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 
ghostview
\layout Standard

Les deux derniers programmes sont des visionneuses pour les fichiers aux
 formats Dvi et PostScript®
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

PostScript® est une marque déposée de Adobe Systems Incorporated, et est
 le principal langage de description de page dans le mode UN*X.
\end_float 
.
 Si vous ne savez pas ce qu'est un fichier dvi, vous n'avez sans doute jamais
 travaillé avec LaTeX et devriez lire le 
\emph on 
Manuel\SpecialChar ~
d'Apprentissage
\emph default 
 avant d'aller plus loin.
 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 convertit des fichiers dvi en PostScript®, qui est le format que la plupart
 des imprimantes utilisent de nos jours.
 Pour ceux d'entre vous qui utilisent des imprimantes matricielles ou à
 jet d'encre, vous aurez à filtrer le PostScript® par l'intermédiaire de
 
\family typewriter 
ghostscript
\family default 
, qui est capable de créer des sorties pour une grande variété d'imprimantes.
 La section suivante sur la configuration des imprimantes décrit comment
 procéder à cela automatiquement à chaque impression.
 Pour l'instant, nous allons nous concentrer sur 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Dvips
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:config-dvips}

\end_inset 

Que vous fassiez tourner LyX sur un grand système ou sur une station Linux
 à la maison, il serait bon de configurer 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
.
 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 peut soit 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

imprimer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 dans un fichier, soit envoyer directement ses sorties à l'imprimante, selon
 la façon dont il a été configuré.
 S'il est configuré pour imprimer dans un fichier, et qu'aucun nom de fichier
 n'est spécifié, il changera simplement 
\family typewriter 
machin.dvi
\family default 
 en 
\family typewriter 
machin.ps
\family default 
.
 La plupart des systèmes ont un 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 configuré pour envoyer ses sorties à l'imprimante par défaut.
 Avec LyX, vous aurez la possibilité de faire les deux.
\layout Standard

Si vous n'êtes pas d'humeur à configurer 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 pour adapter sa sortie à votre imprimante, vous pouvez facilement sauter
 cette section.
 Soyez cependant prévenus que la sortie ne sera pas à la hauteur de la qualité
 que vous pourriez attendre de votre imprimante.
 Au moins, elle imprimera.
\layout Standard

Si vous utilisez teTeX (une distribution TeX particulièrement populaire
 sous Linux), vous devez lancer le programme 
\family typewriter 
texconfig
\family default 
.
 Pour faire reconnnaître à 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 le nom d'une nouvelle imprimante vous devez alors sélectionner l'entrée
 de menu 
\family sans 
Dvips
\family default 
, puis 
\family sans 
add
\family default 
.
 Entrez les paramètres demandés et, avant de quitter, n'oubliez pas de sélection
ner la fonction 
\family sans 
Rehash
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Passons maintenant à la configuration manuelle : afin d'informer 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 de la manière de convertir automagiquement un fichier 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 en un fichier 
\family typewriter 
.ps
\family default 
 adapté à l'imprimante 
\family typewriter 
machin
\family default 
, vous devez avoir quelque part un fichier de configuration 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

config.machin
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
.
 En général, les fichiers 
\family typewriter 
config.*
\family default 
 pour 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 seront dans le répertoire 
\family typewriter 
/usr/lib/texmf/dvips
\family default 
 dans la plupart des distributions TeX.
 Votre système sera peut-être différent, alors cherchez simplement dans
 le répertoire TeX principal un sous-répertoire appelé 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

dvips
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
.
 Ce sera quelque part par là.
\layout Standard

En général, il y aura au moins un fichier de configuration : 
\family typewriter 
config.ps
\family default 
.
 Ce fichier est le fichier de configuration par défaut, qui est 
\emph on 
toujours
\emph default 
 lu par 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Ce fichier n'est pas nécessairement lié à l'existence d'un fichier nommé
 
\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 
.
\end_float 
.
 Lisez ce fichier et voyez quelles options vous aurez à changer pour votre
 imprimante.
 Puis créez un fichier 
\family typewriter 
config.machin
\family default 
 contenant seulement les lignes concernées.
\layout Standard

Il y a au moins une chose que vous devez faire avec le fichier de configuration.
 Il peut y avoir une ligne qui ressemble à 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

o | lpr
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 (bien sûr sans les guillemets...).
 Changez-la en 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

o | lpr -Pmachin
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
, de sorte que la sortie soit envoyée par défaut à l'imprimante 
\family typewriter 
machin
\family default 
.
 Par ailleurs, vous devrez probablement vérifier les entrées 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

D
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
, qui définissent respectivement le mode Metafont et la résolution de l'impriman
te.
 Si vous ne savez pas ce qu'est le mode Metafont, vous pouvez le voir comme
 un pilote d'imprimante : il adapte les polices TeX pour assurer qu'elles
 donneront le meilleur résultat possible sur votre imprimante.
 Soyez cependant prévenus que, si vous définissez différents modes Metafont
 pour différentes imprimantes, 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 générera plusieurs copies de vos polices TeX sur le disque, et elles prendront
 une place importante.
\layout Standard

Une fois que vous êtes satisfait et que vos imprimantes sont correctement
 configurées, vous devez dire à LyX d'utiliser cette configuration.
 Pour ce faire, ouvrez la fenêtre 
\family sans 
Préférences
\family default 
 (
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Préférences
\family default 
) et ajustez correctement les champs 
\family sans 
adapt\SpecialChar ~
output
\family default 
 et 
\family sans 
spool\SpecialChar ~
command
\family default 
 de l'onglet 
\family sans 
Sorties\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Imprimante.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez utiliser autant de fichiers de configuration que vous voulez,
 un pour chaque imprimante.
 L'imprimante par défaut de LyX peut être spécifiée dans la fenêtre 
\family sans 
Préférences
\family default 
 ou avec la variable d'environnement 
\family typewriter 
PRINTER
\family default 
.
 Vous pouvez aussi choisir l'imprimante voulue depuis LyX lui-même, comme
 c'est décrit dans une prochaine section.
 Une fois que vous avez fait tout cela, vous pouvez imprimer à partir de
 LyX soit vers une imprimante PostScript® soit vers un fichier.
\layout Standard

Si votre imprimante ne comprend pas le PostScript®, il vous faut utiliser
 
\family typewriter 
ghostscript
\family default 
 comme filtre pour le spouleur d'impression.
 C'est expliqué dans de nombreux HOWTOs et manuels.
 Nous avons aussi une section qui en parle un peu.
\layout Standard

Certaines personnes ne semblent pas aimer utiliser le couple 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 
ghostscipt
\family default 
.
 Comme alternative, vous pouvez vous servir d'un programme qui convertit
 le fichier dvi directement dans le langage de votre imprimante.
 Vous pouvez spécifier ce programme dans la fenêtre 
\family sans 
Préférences
\family default 
.
 Il y a un inconvénient majeur à cette méthode.
 Vous ne pourrez pas inclure des fichiers PostScript®, comme des graphiques,
 dans vos documents, puisque les programmes de conversion spécifiques à
 votre imprimante ne comprennent pas le PostScript®.
 Pour cette raison, l'équipe LyX recommande chaudement l'emploi de 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 
ghostscript
\family default 
 pour l'impression.
\layout Subsection

Ghostscript, Xdvi et Ghostview
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
Xdvi
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 sont des visionneuses.
 La première manipule des fichiers 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
, tandis que la seconde agit en interface avec 
\family typewriter 
ghostscript
\family default 
 pour vous permettre de visionner des fichiers PostScript®.
\layout Standard

Une note rapide sur ces deux programmes.
 Les deux se mettent à jour automatiquement si le fichier visionné
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

C'est-à-dire le fichier 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 ou 
\family typewriter 
.ps
\family default 
, pas les fichiers à partir desquels ils ont été générés.
\end_float 
 change.
 Ainsi, une fois que vous avez ouvert une de ces deux visionneuses, il n'y
 a aucune raison de les fermer.
 D'autre part, les deux programmes sont fonctionnellement les mêmes, offrant
 tous deux les mêmes possibilités.
\layout Standard

L'équipe LyX recommande d'utiliser 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 pour l'ajustage fin des documents.
 Pourquoi? Parce qu'il est plus rapide ; il y a une couche de traitement
 en moins avant de pouvoir voir les changements.
 Voici un exemple :
\layout Enumerate

Utilisez 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 pour prévisualiser un document à partir de LyX, et laissez-le tourner.
\layout Enumerate

Apportez des changements au document avec LyX.
\layout Enumerate

Pour voir ces changements, faites 
\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mise\SpecialChar ~
à\SpecialChar ~
jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\family default 
.
 Quand LaTeX en a fini, cliquez sur la fenêtre xdvi, et voilà
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : en français dans le texte
\end_float 
! 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 se met à jour tout seul.
\layout Standard

Maintenant, cela ne signifie pas que 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 ne sert à rien.
 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 est mieux adapté dans les cas où vous 
\emph on 
devez
\emph default 
 voir la verion PostScript® du document.
 Pour des changements répétés qui ne sont pas dépendants de PostScript®,
 il sera meilleur de prévisualiser avec 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
.
 Il y a une alternative à 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 qui présente une bien meilleure interface : 
\family typewriter 
gv
\family default 
.
 LyX l'utilisera automatiquement à la place de 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 si elle est disponible.
\layout Section

L'imprimante
\layout Standard

Quiconque travaille sur un grand système ne devrait pas avoir de problèmes
 avec.
 Votre administrateur système (ou vous, si vous en êtes un) doit déjà avoir
 configuré les imprimantes pour votre système.
 Vous avez juste à trouver le nom de l'imprimante dont vous voulez vous
 servir, et réaliser la configuration décrite dans la précédente section.
\layout Standard

Ceux d'entre vous qui utilisent Linux, cependant, auront un peu plus de
 travail à faire.
 Maintenant beaucoup de gens se procurent une distribution Linux, comme
 Red Hat ou Slackware, sur CD-ROM.
 Il suivent les instructions d'installation, se trouvent avec un Linux en
 état de fonctionner, mais ne se rendent jamais compte qu'il faut qu'ils
 configurent leur imprimante.
 Si vous n'avez jamais touché au fichier 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
, vous avez besoin de configurer votre imprimante.
 Nous avons écrit un petit quelque chose à ce sujet ; voyez le chapitre
 
\emph on 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

A Printer Tutorial
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\emph default 
 dans le manuel de 
\emph on 
Personnalisation
\emph default 
.
\layout Chapter

LyX Basics
\layout Section

Document Types
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
 need to decide what 
\emph on 
type
\emph default 
 of document you want to edit.
 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
 numbering schemes, and so on.
 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
 and format the title of your document differently.
 
\layout Standard

A 
\emph on 
document class
\emph default 
 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
 By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
 So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
\layout Standard

Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
 how to fine-tune some of their properties.
\layout Subsection


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}

\end_inset 

The Various Document Classes
\layout Subsubsection

Overview
\layout Standard

There are five standard document classes in LyX.
 They are:
\layout Description

Article for basic articles
\layout Description

Report for basic reports
\layout Description

Book for writing a book
\layout Description

Letter for US-style letters
\layout Description

Slides is used to make transparencies
\layout Standard

There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
 a LaTeX setup that supports them:
\layout Description

Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
s
\layout Description

Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
 Mathematical Society].
 There are three amsart layouts available.
 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems, 
\emph on 
etc.
\emph default 
, that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
\layout Description

Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
 Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
 you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
 that you would need to number results.
\layout Description

Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art
\layout Description

Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than 
\family sans 
slides
\layout Description

Iletter per lettere all' italiana
\layout Description

Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
 It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
 SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
 The SGML-tools
 package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by 
\family typewriter 
man
\family default 
 pages.
\layout Description

Paper for use with the 
\family typewriter 
paper
\family default 
 LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
\layout Description

Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
 of America (OSA).
 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
\layout Standard

We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
 here.
 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the 
\emph on 
Extended Editing
\emph default 
 manual.
 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
 of the document classes.
\layout Subsubsection

Selecting a Class
\layout Standard

You can select a class using the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 To open the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu.
 Then use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 to select the class you want to use.
 
\layout Standard

After you select a class, LyX then asks if you want to use the defaults
 for 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
agestyle
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Sides
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Columns
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Separation
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
tra\SpecialChar ~
Options
\family default 
.
 It's safe to hit 
\family sans 
\bar under 
Y
\bar default 
es
\family default 
 here.
 If you look at the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup again, you'll notice options for all of these.
 So, you can always fine-tune the defaults for a given section.
\layout Subsubsection

Properties
\layout Standard

In case you're wondering what those 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

defaults
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 are for each of the document classes, here's a quick table describing them:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="11" columns="5">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Pagestyle
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Sides
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Columns
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Max.
 sectioning level
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
article
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
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\latex no_latex 
\color none
Plain
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
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\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
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\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
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\latex no_latex 
\color none
Section
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
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\latex no_latex 
\color none
report
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
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\latex no_latex 
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
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\latex no_latex 
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One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
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Chapter
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
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\latex no_latex 
\color none
book
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Headings
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
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Two
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
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One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Chapter
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
letter
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Plain
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
none
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
linuxdoc
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Plain
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Section
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
aapaper
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Plain
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Two
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Two
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Section
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
amsart
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Headings
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Section
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
dinbrief
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Plain
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
none
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
iletter
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Plain
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
none
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
paper
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Headings
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
One
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Section
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

There is no default value of 
\family sans 
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
tra\SpecialChar ~
Options
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Separation
\family default 
 for any of these classes.
 
\layout Standard

You're probably also wondering what 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Max.
 sectioning level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 means.
 There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
 Only two use the 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 heading.
 Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
 headings.
 In addition to 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 headings, there are also 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
 headings, 
\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
 headings, and so on.
 We'll describe these headings fully in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

Fine-Tuning the Defaults 
\layout Standard

Okay, we know we never told you what most of these 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

default options
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 set by the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 button do.
 That's what this section is for.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
agestyle
\family default 
 This is another list, containing five options.
 It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

LaTeX does this part.
\end_float 
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Default 
\family default 
Use default pagestyle of current class.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Empty
\family default 
 No page numbers or headings.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Plain
\family default 
 Page numbers only.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Headings
\family default 
 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
 which is the maximum sectioning level.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Fancy
\family default 
 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
 have the 
\family sans 
fancyhdr
\family default 
 package installed.
 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
 To use the full power of this package, you have to resolve to magic codes
 in your preamble.
 Check the documentation for the 
\family sans 
fancyhdr
\family default 
 package for more details.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Sides
\family default 
 No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sided of a sheet of paper!
 However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
d pages.
 This way, if you 
\emph on 
do
\emph default 
 have a printer that duplexes,
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

i.e.
 prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
\end_float 
 your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page and
 the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

There are two toggle buttons here: 
\family sans 
One
\family default 
 for single-sided documents, 
\family sans 
Two
\family default 
 for double-sided documents.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Columns
\family default 
 Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
 You can choose, using the toggle buttons, 
\family sans 
One
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Two
\family default 
 for the number of columns.
 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
 However, there 
\emph on 
will
\emph default 
 be two columns in the generated output.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
tra\SpecialChar ~
Options
\family default 
 The LaTeX command 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
documentclass
\family default 
 takes several options.
 LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
 This text box allows you to enter in others.
 Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
 See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
 can use.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
Separation
\family default 
 This has its own section.
 See sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}

\end_inset 

 for a description of what this does.
\layout Subsection

Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
\layout Standard

There are several other options to set in the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
 affect certain features.
 We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
 features they affect.
\layout Standard

There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
 we'll describe them here.
 You'll find them in the 
\family sans 
Paper
\family default 
 popup under the 
\family sans 
Layout
\family default 
 menu:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Orientation
\family default 
 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
andscape
\family default 
 or as 
\family sans 
Po
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
trait
\family default 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Papersi
\bar under 
z
\bar default 
e
\family default 
 What size paper to print on.
 The choices are
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Default
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
A3, A4,
\family default 
 
\family sans 
A5
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
B3, B4, B5
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
US Letter
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
US legal
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
US executive
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Custom
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Some of these settings require you to have the 
\family sans 
geometry
\family default 
 package installed.
 This package will also allow you to set the margins in the 
\family sans 
Paper
\family default 
 popup.
\layout Subsection

Important Note:
\layout Standard

If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert 
\emph on 
everything
\emph default 
 into the new class.
 That includes the paragraph environments.
 Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
 them.
 Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
 If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
 paragraph environments to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
 Just click on them and you'll get a message popup that tells you about
 the conversion and why it failed.
\layout Section

Paragraph Indentation and Separation
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}

\end_inset 

Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
\layout Standard

Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
 LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer.
 The 
\emph on 
first
\emph default 
 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
 etc., is 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 indented.
 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
 Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
 paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
 LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX 
\emph on 
will
\emph default 
 print it that way.
 You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
 in the preamble.
 [
\emph on 
Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time.
 - jw
\emph default 
]
\end_float 
\layout Standard

The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
 and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
 pre-coded into LyX.
 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
 LyX takes care of that.
 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
 range.
 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
 of a page, and so on.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
\end_float 
 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
 LyX gives you the ability to globally change 
\emph on 
all
\emph default 
 of these pre-coded spacings.
 We'll explain more later.
\layout Subsection

Global Indentation Method
\layout Standard

To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu.
 This opens the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 Select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
ndent
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
S
\bar under 
k
\bar default 
ip
\family default 
 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
\layout Subsection

Fine-Tuning
\layout Standard

You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
 Choose 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu to open the 
\family sans 
Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 Toggle the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
N
\bar default 
o Indent
\family default 
 button to change the state of the current paragraph.
 If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
 button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph
 by toggling this).
\layout Standard

You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
 Typically, you'll select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
ndent
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
S
\bar under 
k
\bar default 
ip
\family default 
 for the entire document and edit away.
\layout Subsection

Changing Line Spacing
\layout Standard

In the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup you can choose your line spacing provided you have the 
\family sans 
setspace
\family default 
 package installed.
\layout Section

Paragraph Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

Overview
\layout Standard

The paragraph environments correspond to the various 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
begin{
\family default 
\emph on 
environment
\family typewriter 
\emph default 
} ...
 
\backslash 
end{
\family default 
\emph on 
environment
\family typewriter 
\emph default 
}
\family default 
 command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
 alien to you, we urge you to read the 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
.
 The 
\emph on 
Tutorial
\emph default 
 also contains many more examples than this section does.
\layout Standard

A paragraph environment is, simply, a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

container
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
 scheme, labels, and so on.
 Additionally, you can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

nest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
 to inherit some of the properties of another.
 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other holdovers from the days
 of typewriters.
 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
 document type.
 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
\layout Standard

To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
 end of the toolbar.
 [Click on the arrow to open and close it.] LyX will change the environment
 of the 
\emph on 
entire
\emph default 
 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
 you select them before choosing the new environment.
 
\layout Standard

Note that hitting 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 will 
\emph on 
typically
\emph default 
 create a new paragraph using the 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 paragraph environment.
 We say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

typically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 because this isn't always the case.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

If you are in one of these environments:
\latex latex 
 
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
vspace{-2ex} 
\backslash 
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quote
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quotation
\layout LaTeX

}
\backslash 
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Verse
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Itemize
\layout LaTeX

}
\backslash 
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enumerate
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Description
\layout LaTeX

}
\backslash 
parbox[t]{3cm}{
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
List
\layout LaTeX

}
\layout Standard

LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
, rather than resetting it to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
\end_float 
 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
 and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

].
 Sometimes, however, LyX keeps the old environment.
 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
 use 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 instead.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

This invokes the function 
\family typewriter 
break-paragraph-keep-layout
\family default 
.
\end_float 
\layout Subsection

Standard
\layout Standard

The default paragraph environment is 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
 It creates a plain paragraph.
 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
 this manual] are in the 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Standard

You can nest a paragraph using the 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
 in a 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Subsection

Document Titles
\layout Standard

A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
 author[s] and a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

footnote
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for thanks or contact information.
 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
 page along with today's date.
 For other types of documents, the title 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
 
\layout Standard

LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
 environments 
\family sans 
Title
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
.
 Here's how you use them:
\layout Itemize

Put the title of your document in the 
\family sans 
Title
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Itemize

Put the author name in the 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Itemize

If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
 the 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
 environment.
 Note that using this environment is optional.
 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
\layout Standard

Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
 You can use footnotes to insert 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

thanks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or contact information.
\layout Subsection

Headings
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}

\end_inset 

 There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
 All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
 9.
\layout Subsubsection

Numbered Headings
\layout Standard

There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
 They are:
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Chapter
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Section
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Subsection
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Subsubsection
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Paragraph
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Subparagraph
\layout Standard

LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
 These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
 You group the book into chapters.
 LyX does similar grouping:
\layout Itemize

Either 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 is the maximum sectioning level.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
s are divided into 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
s
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Section
\family default 
s are divided into 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
s
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
s are divided into 
\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
s
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
s are divided into 
\family sans 
Paragraph
\family default 
s
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Paragraph
\family default 
s are divided into 
\family sans 
Subparagraph
\family default 
s
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Note:
\emph default 
 not all document types use the 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
 In that case, the 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 is the top-level heading.
\layout Standard

So, if you use the 
\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
 that it's in.
 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
 label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsubsection

Unnumbered Headings
\layout Standard

There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
 They are:
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Section*
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Subsection*
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Subsubsection*
\layout Standard

The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

*
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
 They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
\layout Subsubsection

Changing the Numbering
\layout Standard

You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
 in the Table of Contents.
 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
 class.
 Certain classes start with 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 and go down to the 
\family sans 
Subparagraph
\family default 
 level.
 Others start at 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
.
 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
 Most don't number 
\family sans 
Paragraph
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Subparagraph
\family default 
.
 This is something you can change.
\layout Standard

Open the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup [via the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument...

\family default 
 item in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu].
 You should see a counter labelled 
\family sans 
Section\SpecialChar ~
number\SpecialChar ~
depth
\family default 
.
 This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
 a section heading.
 Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
 here's a table of values and what they do:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="10" columns="2">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Sec.
 Num.
 Depth
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
LyX numbers these
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
value:
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
section headings:
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
-2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
no numbering of any kind
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
-1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add 
\family sans 
Parts
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
-0 and 0
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add Chapters
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add Sections
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add Subsections
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add 
\family sans 
Subsubsections
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add 
\family sans 
Paragraphs
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
5
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
add 
\family sans 
Subparagraphs
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 will number pars and chapters, while 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections.
 Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter
 headings (
\emph on 
e.g.

\emph default 
 the default article class), then the numbering begins at the 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 heading, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 also corresponds to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

no numbering.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

There's another counter on the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup, called 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
contents\SpecialChar ~
depth
\family default 
.
 It works the same way as 
\family sans 
Section\SpecialChar ~
numbering\SpecialChar ~
depth
\family default 
, only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
 Table of Contents.
 This is a great control to have.
 Suppose you wanted to number 
\emph on 
all
\emph default 
 sectioning heading, but you only wanted 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
s, 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
s, and 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
s in the Table of Contents.
 You'd just set 
\family sans 
Section\SpecialChar ~
numbering\SpecialChar ~
depth
\family default 
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\family sans 
Table of contents\SpecialChar ~
depth
\family default 
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and voilà! You're all set.
\layout Subsubsection

Special Information
\layout Standard

The following information applies to 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Subsection
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Subsubsection
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Paragraph
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Subparagraph
\family default 
 as well as 
\family sans 
Section*
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Subsection*
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Subsubsection*
\family default 
:
\layout Itemize

You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
\layout Itemize

You can use inlined math in these environments.
\layout Itemize

You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
\layout Itemize

You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
\layout Standard

As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
 using them everywhere in the manuals.
\layout Subsubsection

Creating an Appendix
\layout Standard

Currently, LyX cannot display an appendix.
 You can use inserted LaTeX code to create an appendix with the command:
 
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
appendix
\layout Standard

All headings following this command will appear in the previewed or printed
 document as appendices.
\layout Standard

See section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}

\end_inset 

 to learn how to insert LaTeX commands into a document.
\layout Subsection

Quotes and Poetry
\layout Standard

LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
 They are 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
.
 Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
 the text they contain.
 They also allow nesting, so you can put a 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 in a 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
\layout Standard

There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 reset to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 when you break a paragraph.
 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
 to change back to the 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment yourself.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Quotation
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}

\end_inset 

Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
 time for the differences.
 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 are identical except for one difference: 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 
\emph on 
always
\emph default 
 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
\layout Standard

Here's an example of the 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 environment:
\layout Quote

This is in the 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 environment.
 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
 wraps.
 See - no indentation!
\layout Quote

Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
 the other paragraph.
\layout Standard

That ends that example.
 Here's another example, this time in the 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 environment:
\layout Quotation

This is in the 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 environment.
 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
 the first line, then 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it 
\emph on 
if
\emph default 
 you were quoting other text.
\layout Quotation

Here's a new paragraph.
 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
\layout Standard

That was our other example.
 As the example notes, 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
 They should put quotes in the 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 environment.
 those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 paragraph environment for quoted text.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Verse
\layout Standard


\family sans 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}

\end_inset 

Verse
\family default 
 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
 Here's an example:
\layout Verse

This is in Verse
\newline 
Which I did not rehearse!
\layout Verse

It could be much worse.
 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
 around.
 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
 indented a bit more than the first.
 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
 So sue me.
\layout Verse

To break a line
\newline 
And make things look fine
\newline 
Use 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

As you can see, 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 does not indent both margins.
 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the 
\family typewriter 
break-line
\family default 
 function, 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Lists
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}

\end_inset 

This is an area where LyX clearly outshines standard word processors.
 One of the most common complaints and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bug
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 reports on the LyX Developer's list is, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

I can't put in more than one space!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 Typically, the user in question is looking for some way to indent text
 so he can make an outline or a list.
 After all, on the brand-name commercial word processors, if you want to
 write a list, you need to apply tab stops, indents, an a plethora of other
 horizontal spacing commands.
\layout Standard

But why should 
\emph on 
you
\emph default 
 have to do this at all? Tab stops are fine for a typewriter, where you
 have no other way to indent text.
 A computer, on the other hand, is quite good at counting and doing things
 repeatedly.
 So, you shouldn't need to keep track of list numbers, indentations, and
 such.
 And with LyX, you don't.
\layout Standard

LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
 of lists.
 In the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
 In the 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
 some general features of all four of them.
\layout Subsubsection

General Features
\layout Standard

The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
 in several ways.
 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
 Hitting 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 reset the environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
 The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
 If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
 you should use 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 to break paragraphs.
\layout Standard

You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
 nested.
 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we 
\emph on 
strongly urge
\emph default 
 you to read all of section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Itemize
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}

\end_inset 

The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 paragraph environment.
 It has the following properties:
\layout Itemize

Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
\layout Itemize

The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

The items can be any length.
 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 list may be in.
\layout Itemize

If you nest an 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment inside another 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

There are four different symbols for up to a fourfold nesting.
\layout Itemize

LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
\layout Itemize

See section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

 for a full explanation of nesting.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Of course, that explanation was also an example of an 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 list.
 The 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
\layout Standard

We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
 Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
\layout Itemize

The label for the first level 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 is a large black dot, or bullet.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

The label for the second level is a dash.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

The label for the third is an asterisk.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Back out to the third level.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Back to the second level.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Back to the outermost level.
\layout Standard

These are the default labels for an 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 list.
 You can customize these labels by adding the correct commands to the LaTeX
 preamble (see section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}

\end_inset 

).
 Of course, LyX won't know about them; that's the whole point to the WYSIWYM
 concept.
 Any customizations you make appear in the printed document.
\layout Standard

Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
 in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

.
 Be sure to read it!
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Enumerate
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
 It has these properties:
\layout Enumerate

Each item has a numeral as its label.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
\layout Enumerate

Each new 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment resets the counter to 1.
\layout Enumerate

Like the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment, the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
 Items can be any length.
\layout Enumerate

Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
\layout Enumerate

Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
\layout Enumerate

Allows up to a fourfold nesting.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Unlike the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment, 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 
\emph on 
does
\emph default 
 show the different labels for each item.
 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
:
\layout Enumerate

The first level of an 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
\layout Enumerate

Again, notice the decrease in inter-item spacing as the nesting depth increases.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Back to the third level
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Back to the second level.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Back to the outermost level.
\layout Standard

Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment.
 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:preamble}

\end_inset 

), however.
 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
 not on the LyX screen.
\layout Standard

There is more to nesting 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environments than we've stated here.
 You 
\emph on 
really
\emph default 
 should read section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

 to learn more about nesting.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Description
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}

\end_inset 

Unlike the previous two environments, the 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 list has no fixed label.
 Instead, LyX uses the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 of the first line as the label.
 Here's an example:
\layout Description

Example: This is an example of the
\family sans 
 Description
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Standard

LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
 rest of the line.
\layout Standard

Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

uses the first 'word'.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 As stated earlier,
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Editor's Note: This should be stated in the beginning somewhere\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 -jw
\end_float 
 the 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
 Inside of a 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 environment, the 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
 of an item.
 [
\emph on 
Editor's Note: Hopefully, someone will change this.
 It would be nice if, say, the 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 key terminated the label, since LaTeX allows you to use a resizeable space
 in the label of a description list.
 -jw
\emph default 
]
\layout Standard

However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
 of a 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 environment? Simple: use a 
\family sans 
Protected Blank
\family default 
.
 [Use either 
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial\SpecialChar ~
Characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Protected\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
B
\bar default 
lank
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\family default 
 menu.
 See sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}

\end_inset 

 for more info.] Here's an example:
\layout Description

Second\SpecialChar ~
Example: This one shows how to use a 
\family sans 
Protected\SpecialChar ~
Blank
\family default 
 in the label of a 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 list item.
\layout Description

Usage: You should use the 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
 that describes it.
 It's not a good idea to use a 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
 You're better off using 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 and nesting several 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 paragraphs into them.
\layout Description

Nesting: You can, of course, nest 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
 so on.
 Read section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

 to learn about nesting.
\layout Standard

Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
 them from the first line.
\layout Subsubsection

The LyX 
\family sans 
List
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
 
\layout Standard

Now, if you jumped here without reading sections 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}

\end_inset 

-
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}

\end_inset 

, you've goofed.
 The 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 create numbered lists.
 That's what 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 does, and it's documented in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}

\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Standard

Like the 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 environment the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
 There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
 three:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM

item\SpecialChar ~
labels LyX uses the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 of each line as the item label.
 The first 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a 
\family sans 
Protected\SpecialChar ~
Blank
\family default 
 [
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
] between them.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM

margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
 the body of the item text.
 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
 label width plus a little extra space.
 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM

label\SpecialChar ~
width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width
 of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
 If the actual width is larger, then the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

extends
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 into the first line.
 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
 margin of the rest of the item text.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM

default\SpecialChar ~
width You can very easily set this default width.
 It's quite painless, actually.
 So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment have the same left margin.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM

uses You should use the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment the same way you'd use as 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
 it.
 The 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
 layout.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM

nesting You can nest 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
 so on.
 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
 Read section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

 to learn about nesting.
\layout Standard

As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
\layout Standard

To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
 change.
 You can also simply move the cursor into a 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 item if you want to change only its label width.
 Now open the 
\family sans 
Paragraph Layout
\family default 
 popup [use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph...

\family default 
 in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu] and find the 
\family sans 
Label\SpecialChar ~
Width
\family default 
 text box.
 The text in the 
\family sans 
Label\SpecialChar ~
Width
\family default 
 box determines the default label width.
 If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
 here, but you don't need to.
 We recommend using the letter 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 multiple times.
 It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Of course, you could use some other character multiple times, too.
 Or, you could get fancy and use combinations of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

s, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

0
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

s and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

s.
 However, the width of the letter 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 a standard unit of horizontal space under LaTeX.
 That's why we recommend using 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 multiple times.
\end_float 
 The default label width in the example 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 is 6 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

s wide.
 Using 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 as your unit of width in the 
\family sans 
Label\SpecialChar ~
Width
\family default 
 box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
 of 
\family sans 
Label\SpecialChar ~
Width
\family default 
 every time you alter a label in a 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Standard

There's yet another feature of the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment we need to tell you about.
 As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
 You can use additional 
\family sans 
HFills
\family default 
 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
 We'll document 
\family sans 
HFills
\family default 
 later in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}

\end_inset 

.
 Here are some examples:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM

Left The default for 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 item labels.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM


\hfill 
Right One 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM


\hfill 
Center
\hfill 
 One 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
\layout Standard

Don't worry if you have no idea what 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
s are yet.
 Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Standard

That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
 Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
 section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

 if you want to use any of these list environments?
\layout Subsection

Letters
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
: An Overview
\layout Standard

Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
 environments called 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
Matthias
\noun default 
: I'm a bit proud about this right address layout.
 Try to reach the same typesetting effect with usual word processors.
 You will have to create a frame and position it manually with the mouse
 and all those funny things.
\end_float 
 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
 In contrast, you can use the 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
 anything in them.
\layout Standard

Of course, you're not limited to using 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 for letters only.
 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
 European academic papers.
\layout Subsubsection

Usage
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
 for the opening and signature in some countries.
 Similarly, the 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
 Here's an example of each:
\layout Right Address

Right Address
\newline 
WhoAmI
\newline 
WhereAmI
\newline 
When is it? What is today?
\layout Standard

That was 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
.
 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
 Here's and example of the 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 environment:
\layout Address

WhoAreYou
\newline 
Where do I send this
\newline 
Your post office and country
\layout Standard

As you can see, both 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
 Speaking of which, if you hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
 the environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
 This makes sense, however, since 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 is the 
\family typewriter 
break-paragraph
\family default 
 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
 Thus, you'd use 
\family typewriter 
break-line
\family default 
 [
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial\SpecialChar ~
Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
L
\bar default 
inebreak
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\family default 
 menu] to start a new line in an 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 or
\family sans 
 Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Subsection

Academic Writing
\layout Standard

Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
 or list of references.
 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Abstract
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
 Technically, you 
\emph on 
could
\emph default 
 use this environment anywhere, but you really 
\emph on 
should
\emph default 
 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
 Also, don't bother trying to nest 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 in anything else or vice versa.
 It won't work.
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environment does several things for you.
 First, it puts the centered label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 above the text.
 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
 space.
 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
 the subsequent text.
 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
 If your document is in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
 version of the file.
\layout Standard

Starting a new paragraph by hitting 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 reset the paragraph environment.
 The new paragraph will still be in the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environment.
 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
 finish entering the abstract of your document.
\layout Standard

We'd love to give you an example of the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environment, but we can't, since this document is in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 class.
 If you've never heard of an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
\layout Standard

One last note: the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environment is only useful in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 document classes [as well as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

amsart,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 which is just a specialized version of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

].
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 document class ignores the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 completely, and it's utterly silly to use 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

letter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 document class.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Bibliography
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 environment is used to list references.
 Technically, you 
\emph on 
could
\emph default 
 use this environment anywhere, but you really 
\emph on 
should
\emph default 
 only use it at the end of the document.
 Also, don't bother trying to nest 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 in anything else or vice versa.
 It won't work.
\layout Standard

When your first open a 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Bibliography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

References,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 depending on the document class.
 The heading is in a large boldface font.
 Each paragraph of the 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 environment is a bibliography entry.
 Thus, hitting 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 reset the paragraph environment.
 Each new paragraph is still in the 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 environment.
\layout Standard

At the 
\emph on 
beginning
\emph default 
 of the 
\emph on 
first line
\emph default 
 of each paragraph, you will see a grayish box showing a number.
 If you click on it, you will get a popup in which you can set a 
\family sans 
key
\family default 
 and a 
\family sans 
label
\family default 
.
 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
 entry.
 For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
 LaTeX.
 We could choose the key 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

latexguide
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for that entry.
 You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
key
\family default 
 field isn't useless.
 You can refer to your bibliography entries using the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Citation Reference
\family default 
 command.
 Just choose the key inside in the combox 
\family sans 
key
\family default 
.
 An example of the 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 appears [where else] at the end of this document.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

See 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}

\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}

\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
 In the second one, we used the 
\family sans 
remark
\family default 
 field of the citation popup to add the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Chapter 3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 The texts 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

latexguide
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

latexcompanion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
 of the bibliography entry.
\layout Standard

The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
 LyX.
 For a description of how to use it, please refer to the 
\emph on 
Extended LyX Features
\emph default 
 document.
 
\layout Subsection

Special Purpose
\layout Standard

There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
 category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
 We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Caption
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 environment is the default paragraph environment for 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
.
 On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Figure:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Table:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, depending on which type of 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 it's in.
 Additionally, the 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 environment generates a figure or table number in the final output.
\layout Standard

You can't really nest things into a 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 environment or vice versa.
 Additionally, hitting 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 resets the paragraph environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
, so a 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 can only be a single paragraph.
\layout Standard

You cannot use a 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 environment outside of a 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
 or a 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
.
 See sections 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}

\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}

\end_inset 

 for more information on 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
.
 
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
LyX-Code
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
 environment is another LyX-extension.
 It typesets text in a typewriter-style font.
 It also treats the 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 key as a fixed whitespace;
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

In the 
\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
 environment, the 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 key is treated as a 
\family sans 
Protected\SpecialChar ~
Blank
\family default 
 instead of an end-of-word marker.
\end_float 
 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 [the 
\family typewriter 
break-line
\family default 
 function].
 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 breaks paragraphs.
 Note, however, that 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 reset the paragraph environment.
 So, when you finish using the 
\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
 Also, you 
\emph on 
can
\emph default 
 nest the 
\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
 environment inside of others.
\layout Standard

There are a few quirks with this environment:
\layout Itemize

You cannot use 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
 you can't follow 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 with a 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
].
\layout Itemize

You can't follow a 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 with a 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Use a 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
.
\layout Itemize

Or: use 
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
 instead.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
 You must put at least one 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 in any line you want blank.
 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
\layout Itemize

You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing 
\family sans 
"
\family default 
 since that will insert 
\emph on 
real
\emph default 
 quotes.
 You get the typewriter double quotes with 
\family sans 
C-"
\family default 
 (or 
\family sans 
C-q
\family default 
 if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
\layout Standard

Here's an example:
\layout LyX-Code

#include<stdio.h>
\layout LyX-Code

 
\layout LyX-Code

int main(void)
\layout LyX-Code

{
\layout LyX-Code

    printf(
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Hello World
\backslash 
n
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

);
\layout LyX-Code

    return 0;
\layout LyX-Code

}
\layout Standard

This is just the standard 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Hello world!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 program.
 
\layout Standard


\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
 rc-files, and so on.
 Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
 text as if you used a typewriter.
\layout Subsubsection

Comment
\layout Standard

The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
 document that will not appear in the final output.
 In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
 a different color than the rest of the text.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
LaTeX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:LaTeXlayout}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 paragraph environment has a specific purpose: to pass large blocks of commands
 to LaTeX.
 It has the following features:
\layout Itemize

Text appears in red, indicating that it is LaTeX code.
\layout Itemize

You can insert whitespace multiple times using the 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 key [i.e.
 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 gets treated as a 
\family sans 
Protected\SpecialChar ~
Blank
\family default 
].
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

This does not work, however, after a 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
.
 Use 
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
 in that case.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

If you wish to break up your LaTeX commands over several lines, use 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 to break the lines.
\layout Itemize

The 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 key resets the paragraph environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
\layout Itemize

You 
\emph on 
can
\emph default 
 nest a 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 environment in other environments.
\layout Standard

See section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:latexcodes}

\end_inset 

 for more information.
\layout Section

Nesting Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

The Big Deal
\layout Standard

Throughout the previous sections, we've been constantly nagging you to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

go read section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}

\end_inset 

.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
\layout Standard

The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

word\SpecialChar \-
processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 concept.
 With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
 Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
 screen and bytes in memory.
 In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
 and specific properties.
 However, what if you wanted one 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

block
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to inherit some of the properties of another 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

block?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\layout Standard

Here's a more specific example: outlines.
 You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
 In other words, you have a list 
\emph on 
inside
\emph default 
 of another list, with the inner list 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

attached
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to item #2:
\layout Enumerate

one
\layout Enumerate

two
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

sublist - item #1
\layout Enumerate

sublist - item #2
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

three
\layout Standard

How do you put a list inside of a list? 
\layout Standard

By now, the answer should be obvious: you nest one list inside the other.
 However, nesting isn't just limited to lists.
 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
 about to find out.
 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
\layout Subsection

What You Can and Can't Nest
\layout Standard

Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
\layout Standard

The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
 can you or can't you.
 There's also the question of how.
 Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
 environment into it? A 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to one of these doesn't guarantee a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to the other.
\layout Standard

The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
 to nesting.
 First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
 Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
 You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
 of them.
 There is one last type of environment.
 You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
 You can't nest anything into them.
\layout Standard

Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
 environments have them:
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
.
 Also, LyX allows you to nest 
\family sans 
Title
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
 into other environments.
 We urge you not to.
 LaTeX may barf if you try it.
 Then again, it may not.
 We don't know for certain.
 However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
 environments, so why would you ever want to?
\end_float 
\layout Description

Unnestable Can't nest them.
 Can't nest into them.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Part
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Chapter
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsection
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsubsection
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Paragraph
\family default 
 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subparagraph
\layout Itemize

Part*
\layout Itemize

Chapter*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Section*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsection*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsubsection*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Bibliography
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Abstract
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Title
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Author
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Date
\end_deeper 
\layout Description

Fully\SpecialChar ~
Nestable You can nest them.
 You can nest other things into them.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Verse
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quote
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quotation
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Itemize
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enumerate
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Description
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
List
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LyX-Code
\end_deeper 
\layout Description

Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
 You can't nest anything into them.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Standard
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Address
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LaTeX
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}

\end_inset 

There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
 affected by nesting anyhow.
 They are:
\layout Itemize

Equations
\layout Itemize

Tables
\layout Itemize

Figures
\layout Standard

[Note: if you put a figure or a table in a 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
, this is no longer true.
 See below or look in sections 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}

\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}

\end_inset 

 for more info.]
\layout Standard

LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
 Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
 If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
 in goes.
\layout Standard

On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 of its own, it behaves just like a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

nestable-inside
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 paragraph environment.
 You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
 into it.
\layout Standard

Here's an example with a table:
\layout Enumerate

Item One
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is (a) and it's nested.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="2" columns="2">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
a
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
b
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
c
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
d
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is (b).
 The table is actually nested inside (a).
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Back out again.
\layout Standard

If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
\layout Enumerate

Item One
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="2" columns="2">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
a
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
b
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
c
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
d
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate

This is (b).
 The table is 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 nested inside (a).
 In fact, it's not nested at all.
\layout Enumerate

Back out again.
\layout Standard

Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
 item of a new list!
\layout Standard

There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
 deep enough.
 LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
\layout Enumerate

Item One
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is (a) and it's nested.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="2" columns="2">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
a
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
b
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
c
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
d
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate

This is (b).
 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 inside (a).
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Back out again.
\layout Standard

As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
 new list 
\emph on 
inside
\emph default 
 item 1.
 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
 depth!
\layout Standard

Then there are the so-called 
\family sans 
Floats
\family default 
.
 A 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
 have a fixed location.
 It can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
 
\family sans 
Footnotes
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Margin\SpecialChar ~
Notes
\family default 
 are floats, as are 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The difference between the wide and non-wide floats is only relevant in
 two-column documents, where wide floats are two columns wide instead of
 one.
 In one-column documents, the menu entries for 
\family sans 
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats are unavailable.
\end_float 
 When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 looks like a superscripted word in red and goes wherever the paragraph
 it's in goes.
 However, because a 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 has not fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its
 actual location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
\layout Subsection

Usage and General Features
\layout Subsubsection

The Various Bindings
\layout Standard

Now that we've told you what you can and can't nest, it's about time we
 explained 
\emph on 
how
\emph default 
 to nest things!
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Author's Note: I debated putting this section before the previous two, but
 all three are so tied together, that it was hard to figure out the order.
 -jw
\end_float 
\layout Standard

First, you have your choice of keybindings, a toolbar button, and a menu
 item.
 Selecting 
\family sans 
Change\SpecialChar ~
En
\bar under 
v
\bar default 
ironment\SpecialChar ~
Depth
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu 
\emph on 
increases
\emph default 
 the nesting depth by one level.
 You can also increase the depth by using the toolbar button showing a picture
 of a page, with two arrows on either side of an indented paragraph.
 Lastly, you can 
\emph on 
increase
\emph default 
 the nesting depth with the keybinding 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
, while 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
 
\emph on 
decreases
\emph default 
 the nesting depth.
\layout Standard

There are two ways to nest text.
 You can select the text to nest, or you can simply move the cursor into
 the paragraph whose depth you want to change.
 The first method lets you alter several paragraphs at once.
\layout Standard

Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
 It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
 That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
 Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
 what happens.
\layout Standard

Lastly, we'd like to note the following:
\layout Itemize

If you 
\emph on 
decrease
\emph default 
 the depth multiple times [e.g.
 using 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
 repeatedly] LyX stops at the outermost level.
\layout Itemize

If you 
\emph on 
increase
\emph default 
 the depth multiple times [e.g.
 using 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
 repeatedly] LyX 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

wraps around.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 That is, when you reach the innermost level, LyX doesn't stop there, but
 returns to the outermost level if you try to increase the depth once more.
\layout Standard

Note that the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

innermost level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 does not mean the innermost possible depth.
 You can't nest to an arbitrary level; there has to be something in the
 level above it.
\layout Standard

Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a sixfold nesting.
 In other words, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

level #6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is the innermost possible depth.
 Here's an example to display what we mean:
\layout Enumerate

level #1 - outermost
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

level #2
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

level #3
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

level #4
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

level #5
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

level #6
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
 paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
 to produce output for your document.
\end_float 
 That means that you can perform a sixfold nesting of a 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
 list, or a 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 environment, and so on.
 You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
\layout Standard

There are two exceptions to the sixfold nesting limit, and you can see both
 of them in the example.
 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a fourfold
 nesting with the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environments.
 For example, if we tried to nest another 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 list inside of item 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

A.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, we'd get errors.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
 to produce output for your document.
\end_float 
\layout Subsection

Some Examples
\layout Standard

The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
 We have several examples of nested environments.
 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
 them.
\layout Subsubsection

Example #1: The Sixfold-Way and Mixed Nesting
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#1-a This is the outermost level.
 It's a 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment.
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#2-a This is level #2.
 We created it by using 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 followed by 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
.
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#3-a This is level #3.
 This time, we just hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
, then used 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
 twice in a row.
 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
 by hitting 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 followed by 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

This is actually a 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment, nested inside of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 So, it's at level #4.
 We did this by hitting 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
, then 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
, then changing the paragraph environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
 for the 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environments!
\layout Standard

Here's another 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#4-a This is level #4.
 We hit 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 and changed the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
.
 Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
 However, we 
\emph on 
can
\emph default 
 keep nesting things inside of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
and this is level #6.
 By now, you should know how we made these two.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#5-b Back to level #5.
 Just hit 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 followed by a 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#4-b After another 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 followed by a 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
, we're back at level #4.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#3-b Back to level #3.
 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#2-b Back to level #2.
 
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMM

#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
 After this sentence, we'll hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 and change the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 to end the list.
\layout Standard

There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the 
\family sans 
Description
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
, or even the 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 environment in place of the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment.
 The example would have worked exactly the same.
\layout Subsubsection

Example #2: Inheritance
\layout LyX-Code

This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost 
\layout LyX-Code

level.
  Now we'll hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
, then 
\family sans 
M-p Right
\family default 
, after which, 
\layout LyX-Code

we'll change to the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment, at level #2.
\layout Enumerate

Notice how the nested 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
\family sans 
LyX-Code
\family default 
], but also inherits its font and spacing!
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

We ended this example by hitting 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
 and resetting the nesting depth by using 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
 once.
\layout Subsubsection

Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 Environments.
\layout Enumerate

This is level #1, in an 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 paragraph environment.
 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is level #2.
 We used 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 followed by 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
.
 Now, what happens if we nest an 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
 label be? An asterisk?
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

No! It's a bullet.
 This is the 
\emph on 
first
\emph default 
 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment, even though it's at level #3.
 So, its label is a bullet.
 [Note: we got here by using 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
, then 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
, then changing the environment to 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
.]
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Here's level #4, produced using 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
, then 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
.
 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
to get to level #5.
 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
.
 Notice the type of numbering! It's 
\emph on 
lowercase Roman
\emph default 
, because we're the 
\emph on 
thirdfold
\emph default 
 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment [i.e.
 we're an
\family sans 
 Enumerate
\family default 
 inside an 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 inside an 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
].
\layout Enumerate

What happens if we 
\emph on 
don't
\emph default 
 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
 type of numbering does LyX use?
\layout Enumerate

Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
\layout Enumerate

Let's use 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
 to decrease the depth after the next 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is level #4.
 Look what type of label LyX is using!
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

This is level #3.
 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
 numeral as the label.
 Why?!
\layout Enumerate

Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is 
\emph on 
still
\emph default 
 a thirdfold 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment.
 Notice, however, that LyX 
\emph on 
did
\emph default 
 reset the counter for the label.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Another 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
 into the twofold-nested 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environment.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

The same thing happens if we do another 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 
\family sans 
M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
\layout Standard

Lastly, we reset the environment to 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
 LyX uses for the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environments.
 The number of 
\emph on 
other 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 environments
\emph default 
 surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 item.
 The same rule applies for the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment, as well.
\layout Subsubsection

Example #4: Going Bonkers
\layout Enumerate

We're going to go totally nuts now.
 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
 same detail with how we did it.
 [level #1: 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
]
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[
\family sans 
Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right, Standard
\family default 
: level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
 example in brackets someplace.
 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
 The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

[
\family sans 
Return, Enumerate
\family default 
: level #1] This is the next item in the list.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Verse

Now we'll add verse.
\newline 
It will get much worse.
\newline 
[
\family sans 
Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right, Verse
\family default 
: level #2]
\layout Verse

Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
\newline 
Bippitey boppitey boo!
\newline 
[
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
]
\layout Verse

Here comes a table for you:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="2" columns="2">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="false" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<row topline="false" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="false" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
one-fish
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
two-fish
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="false" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
red-fish
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
blue-fish
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\end_deeper 
\layout Verse

[
\family sans 
M-Return, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~
Right
\family default 
 3 times, 
\family sans 
M-Return, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~
Left
\family default 
]
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

[
\family sans 
Return, Enumerate
\family default 
: level #1] This is another item.
 Note that selecting a 
\family sans 
Table
\family default 
 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
 3 times to put the table inside the 
\family sans 
Verse
\family default 
 environment.
 
\layout Quotation

We're now ending the 
\family sans 
Enumerate
\family default 
 list and changing to 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
.
 We're still at level #1.
 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
 The next set of paragraphs is a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

quoted letter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 We'll nest both the 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 environments inside of this one, then use another nested 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 for the letter body.
 We'll use 
\family sans 
M-Return
\family default 
 to preserve the depth.
 Remember that you need to use 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 to create multiple lines inside the 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Right\SpecialChar ~
Address
\family default 
 environments.
 Here it goes:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Right Address

1234 Nowhere Rd.
\newline 
Moosegroin, MT 00100
\newline 
9-6-96
\layout Address

Dear Mr.\SpecialChar ~
Fizlewitz:
\layout Quotation

We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
 methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
 a backlog in our orders for methane.
 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
 as soon as possible.
 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
\layout Quotation

We do, however, now have a special on beef.
 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
 with your order, along with payment.
\layout Quotation

We thank you again for your patience.
\layout Address

Sincerely,
\newline 
=-=-=-=-=
\end_deeper 
\layout Quotation

That ends that example!
\layout Standard

As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
 just a few keystrokes.
 We could have easily nested an 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 list inside of a 
\family sans 
Quotation
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
, or put a 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 inside of an 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 list.
 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
\layout Section

Fonts and Text Styles
\layout Subsection

Overview
\layout Standard

Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
 font to emphasize text, you use an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

emphasized style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead.
 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
 details.
\layout Standard

Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
 character styles, 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
.
 The 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 style corresponds to an italics font.
 The 
\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
 style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
 styles use to typeset proper names.
 The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles,
 and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to
 what styles.
 At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done
 already.
\layout Subsection

Global Options
\layout Standard

You can set the default font from the 
\family sans 
Document Layout
\family default 
 popup, activated using 
\family sans 
Document...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
Layout
\family default 
 menu.
 There are two options of interest here, 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
onts
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Font\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
ize
\family default 
.
 The possible options under 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
onts
\family default 
 include 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
default
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and a list of fonts available on your system.
 The option 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
default
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

computer modern
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (cm) or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

European modern
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (ec).
 Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
 font, with other variants.
 You'll have to examine this for yourself.
\layout Standard

As for the 
\family sans 
Font\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
ize
\family default 
 option, there are three possible values: 
\family sans 
10
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
11
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
12
\family default 
.
 Remember, this is the 
\emph on 
base
\emph default 
 font size.
 LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes [such as those
 used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts] by this value.
 You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
 need to.
 It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
 as this typically renders your document unreadable.
\layout Standard

Note that once you choose a new value for 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
onts
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Font\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
ize
\family default 
, LyX does 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 change the screen.
 You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
 This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
 Besides, if you're intelligent enough to use a computer, you're intelligent
 enough to recognize that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Roman
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 text on the LyX screen corresponds to the default font.
\layout Subsection

Using Different Character Styles
\layout Standard

As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
 certain paragraph environments.
 We also mentioned two other character styles, 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
.
 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
 toolbar.
\layout Standard

To activate the 
\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
 style, do one of the following:
\layout Itemize

select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
N
\bar default 
oun\SpecialChar ~
Style
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu
\layout Itemize

click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
\layout Itemize

use the keybinding 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
c
\layout Standard

These commands are all toggles.
 That is, if 
\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
 style is already active, they deactivate it.
\layout Standard

One typically uses the 
\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
 style for proper names.
 For example: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\noun on 
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default 
 is the original author of LyX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

A more widely used character style is the 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 style.
 You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 style by:
\layout Itemize

selecting 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
mphasize\SpecialChar ~
Style
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu
\layout Itemize

clicking on the toolbar button with the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character on it
\layout Itemize

using the keybindings 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
e
\layout Standard

At the moment, the 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 style is equivalent to an italicized font.
 We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
\layout Standard

We've been using the 
\family sans 
Emphasized
\family default 
 style all over the place in this document.
 Here's one more example:
\layout Quotation


\emph on 
Don't overuse character styles!
\layout Standard

It's also a warning in addition to an example.
 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
 the common tendency to overuse character style.
 
\layout Standard

Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
 keybinding 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
Space
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Fine-Tuning with the 
\family sans 
Character Layout
\family default 
 Popup
\layout Standard

There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
 gives you a way to create custom character style.
 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
: There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
 manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
\end_float 
 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
 from ordinary dialogue.
\layout Standard

Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
 Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
 providing you with the power of a printing press.
 Unfortunately, there is this tendency to overuse that power.
 The phrase, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 comes to mind.
 And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
 and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in it.
\layout Standard

Enough complaining.
\layout Standard

To use custom fonts, open the 
\family sans 
Character\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
haracter...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu.
 There are seven buttons on this popup, each corresponding to a different
 font property which you can choose.
 You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select 
\family sans 
No\SpecialChar ~
change
\family default 
, which keeps the current state of that property.
 The item 
\family sans 
Reset
\family default 
 will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
 environment.
 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
 environments in a snap.
\layout Standard

The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to 
\family sans 
No\SpecialChar ~
change
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Reset
\family default 
] are:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
amily
\family default 
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

overall look
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 of the font.
 The possible options are:
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Roman
\family default 
 This is the Roman font family.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

It's also the default family.
 [keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
r
\family default 
]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Sans\SpecialChar ~
Serif
\family default 
 
\family sans 
This is the Sans Serif font family.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
s
\family default 
]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Typewriter
\family default 
 
\family typewriter 
This is the Typewriter font family.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
p
\family default 
]
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
eries
\family default 
 This corresponds to the print weight.
 Options are:
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Medium
\family default 
 This is the Medium font series.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

It's also the default series.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Bold
\family default 
 
\series bold 
This is the Bold font series.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

You can toggle this series on or off using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
B
\bar default 
old\SpecialChar ~
Style
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu, or with the keybinding 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
b
\family default 
.
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 
S
\bar under 
h
\bar default 
ape
\family default 
 As the name implies.
 Options are:
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Upright
\family default 
 This is the Upright font shape.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

It's also the default shape.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Italic
\family default 
 
\shape italic 
This 
\family sans 
i
\family default 
s the Italic font shape
\shape default 
\emph on 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Slanted
\family default 
 
\shape slanted 
This is the Slanted font shape
\family sans 
 
\family default 
\shape default 
(although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Small\SpecialChar ~
Caps
\family default 
 
\shape smallcaps 
This is the Small caps font shape
\shape default 
\noun on 
.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 
Si
\bar under 
z
\bar default 
e
\family default 
 Alters the size of the font.
 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
nal to the default font size.
 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
 what you want to do.
 
\emph on 
[Editor's note: the keybindings do not currently work.
 You must use the character size popup.
 ---mer]
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

The options [and their keybindings] are:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Tiny
\family default 
 
\size tiny 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Tiny
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
t
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
1
\family default 
]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Smallest 
\family default 
\size scriptsize 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
2]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Smaller 
\family default 
\size footnotesize 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Smaller
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
S
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
3]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Small
\family default 
 
\size small 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
s
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
4]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Normal
\family default 
 This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

It's also the default size.
 [keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
n
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
5]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Large
\family default 
 
\size large 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Large
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
l
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
6]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Larger
\family default 
 
\size larger 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Larger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
S-L
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
7]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Largest
\family default 
 
\size largest 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
8]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Huge
\family default 
 
\size huge 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
h
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
9]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Huger
\family default 
 
\size giant 
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Huger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font size.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~
H
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
M-s\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
0]
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

We'll warn you 
\emph on 
yet again
\emph default 
: don't go crazy with this feature.
 You should almost never need to change the font size.
 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
 - use that instead.
 This is here for fine-tuning 
\emph on 
only!
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
isc
\family default 
 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
 Options are:
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Emph
\family default 
 
\emph on 
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default 
.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

This might seem like the same as 
\shape italic 
Italic
\shape default 
, but it is actually a bit different.
 If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
 In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
 of this 
\emph on 
logical
\emph default 
 property.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Underbar
\family default 
 
\bar under 
This is text with Underbar on.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

[keybinding = 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
u
\family default 
]
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
Noun
\family default 
 
\noun on 
This is text with Noun on.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Like 
\family sans 
Emph
\family default 
, this is a logical attribute.
 For the moment, it is equivalent to 
\family sans 
Small\SpecialChar ~
Caps
\family default 
, but that is bound to change some day.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMM


\family sans 
LaTeX\SpecialChar ~
mode 
\family default 
\bar under 
\latex latex 
This is text in 
\backslash 
LaTeX mode.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

This is a special font attribute that is used when you want to insert raw
 LaTeX codes in your document.
 What appears in LaTeX mode is put verbatim into the LaTeX file.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
 when you couldn't change fonts.
 We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
 an underscore character.
 It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
 people 
\emph on 
may
\emph default 
 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Color 
\family default 
You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
 Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
 need to have the 
\family sans 
color 
\family default 
LaTeX package installed.
 Notice that 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 is not able to display these colors.
 Besides 
\family sans 
No\SpecialChar ~
color
\family default 
, which
\family sans 
 
\family default 
is the standard 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

color
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, you can choose between 
\family sans 
Black
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
White
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Red
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Green
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Blue
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Cyan
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Magenta
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Yellow
\family default 
 text.
 We won't illustrate here, because most people do not have a color printer.
\layout Standard

You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
\layout Standard

Once you've chosen a new character style via the 
\family sans 
Character\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Font
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 [You can, of course, also use the usual 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
pply
\family default 
 buttons.] The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character
 style even when the 
\family sans 
Character\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup isn't visible.
 
\layout Standard

As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
 use 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
Space
\family default 
.
 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
 (suppose you just sent the shape to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

slanted
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and the series to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

), set the 
\family sans 
Toggle on all these
\family default 
 switch and press 
\family sans 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
pply
\family default 
.
 
\layout Standard

We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
 fonts.
 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
 writing.
 Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
\layout Section

Printing and Previewing
\layout Subsection

Overview
\layout Standard

Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
 Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
 of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
 We cover some of this information in sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:lyx-et-latex}

\end_inset 

 as well.
\layout Standard

LyX uses a program called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 as its backend.
 [Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
 but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

LaTeX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

] Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
 This happens in a couple of stages:
\layout Enumerate

First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
 generating a file with the extension, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Enumerate

Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 file to produce printable output.
 It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
 Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a 
\emph on 
device-independent
\emph default 
 file, or Dvi for short.
 The actual output is in a file with the extension, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Dvi files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
 another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description

NOTE: The dvi-file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
 If you have included PostScript® pictures in your document, there will
 only be a link to these files.
 So don't forget these files if you move your 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 file to another computer.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Consider the 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 file to be the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

final output.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

You can view 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 files using a program called 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate

Some printers and Unix systems understand Dvi, and can print your 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 file directly.
\layout Enumerate

Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript® format.
 LyX automatically converts the 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 file to a PostScript® file for you when you go to print out your document.
 LyX will also let you preview a PostScript® version of your document using
 the program 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called
 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
] takes any PostScript® graphics you may have included in your document
 and puts it into the resulting PostScript® version of your document.
 It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
 That makes the PostScript® version much, much more portable than the Dvi
 version.
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
\layout Standard

As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
 preview of your document.
 So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
 processors.
 The printed result is worth the wait.
 Quality always has its price.
 
\layout Subsection

Quick Viewing with 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\layout Standard

To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select 
\family sans 
View\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
d
\bar default 
vi
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 menu.
 Then wait a while.
\layout Standard

When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
.
 You can now look at the results.
 [If you want more info on the 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 program, see the 
\family typewriter 
man
\family default 
-pages.]
\layout Description

Helpful-Tip: Keep the 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
 Then, after you make changes to your document, just use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
U
\bar default 
pdate\SpecialChar ~
dvi
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 menu.
 Now click on the 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 window.
 The 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 program will automatically reread the 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 file and give you an updated view.
\layout Subsection

Viewing the PostScript® Version with 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\layout Standard

In general, using 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
 There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript® version.
 One reason is fonts.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
: Another reason is paranoia.
 I always like to look at the PostScript® file before I print it, just so
 I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_float 
 You can use PostScript® fonts in a LaTeX document, but 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 won't show this.
 You'll need to use 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 or some other PostScript® file viewer to see the actual results.
\layout Standard

To view the PostScript® version of your document, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
V
\bar default 
iew\SpecialChar ~
PostScript
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 menu.
 Then go get some coffee.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
Matthias Zenker:
\noun default 
 A reasonably fast machine will not give you the time, however\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_float 
 When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
\family typewriter 
 ghostview
\family default 
.
 You can now look at the results.
\layout Standard

You've guessed what the 
\family sans 
Updat
\bar under 
e
\bar default 
 PostScript
\family default 
 command from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 window after this command to update the view.
\layout Subsection

Printing the File
\layout Standard

To print a file, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
rint...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
 This opens the 
\family sans 
Print
\family default 
 popup.
\layout Standard

Here's a list of what all of the different options do:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM


\family sans 
Print
\family default 
 Three toggle buttons that determine which pages to print.
 You can choose:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
All\SpecialChar ~
Pa
\bar under 
g
\bar default 
es
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Only\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
O
\bar default 
dd\SpecialChar ~
Pages
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Only\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
E
\bar default 
ven\SpecialChar ~
Pages
\layout Standard

You can use these to print on both sides of a page even if your printer
 only prints single-sided.
 Just print the odd-numbered pages first, then turn the paper over and print
 the even-numbered pages.
\end_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM


\family sans 
Order
\family default 
 Two toggle buttons that determine what order to print in.
 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
 By choosing a particular order, you can take the entire stack of pages
 out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM


\family sans 
Print\SpecialChar ~
to
\family default 
 Two toggle buttons tied to text boxes.
 You can print to either a file or a printer:
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM


\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
rinter
\family default 
 This is the name of the printer to print to.
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Note that this printer name isn't for the 
\family typewriter 
lpr
\family default 
 command but for 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
.
 That means 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 has to be configured for this printer name.
 See the section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:config-dvips}

\end_inset 

 or the 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 documentation for details.
 The default printer can also be set in 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
.
\end_float 
 The printer should understand PostScript® files.
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMM


\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\family default 
 The name of a file to print to.
 The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
Script® format.
 The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you
 specify the full path.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX, 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 and, if you don't have a PostScript printer, 
\family typewriter 
ghostscript
\family default 
 have to process your document.
\layout Section

A Few Words about Typography
\layout Subsection

Hyphens and Hyphenation
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}

\end_inset 

In LyX, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 character comes in three lengths, often called the 
\emph on 
hyphen
\emph default 
, the 
\emph on 
en dash
\emph default 
, and the 
\emph on 
em dash
\emph default 
:
\layout Enumerate

hyphen
\hfill 
-
\hfill 
made with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate

en dash
\hfill 
--
\hfill 
made with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\latex latex 

\backslash 
/
\latex default 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate

em dash
\hfill 
---
\hfill 
made with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\latex latex 

\backslash 
/
\latex default 
-
\latex latex 

\backslash 
/
\latex default 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate

minus sign
\hfill 

\begin_inset Formula \( - \)
\end_inset 


\hfill 
a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 in math mode
\layout Standard

You generate these by using the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 character multiple times in a row.
 LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
 output.
\layout Standard

The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
 in math mode and has a length of its own.
 Here are some examples of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 in use:
\layout Enumerate

line- and page-breaks
\hfill 
(
\emph on 
hyphen
\emph default 
)
\layout Enumerate

From A--Z
\hfill 
(
\emph on 
en dash
\emph default 
)
\layout Enumerate

Oh --- there's a dash.
\hfill 
(
\emph on 
em dash
\emph default 
)
\layout Enumerate


\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2} \)
\end_inset 


\hfill 
(
\emph on 
minus sign
\emph default 
)
\layout Standard

Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
 there is one in the printed version.
\layout Standard

One last note about hyphenation --- LyX automagically breaks up words and
 inserts hyphens in English text.
 [Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words
 in 
\emph on 
some
\emph default 
 other languages.] The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final
 output.
 
\layout Standard

If, for some reason, LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation
 points manually.
 This is done with the menu item 
\family sans 
Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
oint
\family default 
 under 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial\SpecialChar ~
Characters
\family default 
 in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\family default 
 menu.
 Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
\layout Subsection

Punctuation Marks
\layout Subsubsection

Abbreviations and End of Sentence
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}

\end_inset 

When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
 LaTeX then adds the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

appropriate amount of space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

: sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
 word.
 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
\layout Standard

Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
 what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
 If a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
.
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
\layout Standard

Here are some examples of 
\emph on 
correct
\emph default 
 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
\layout Itemize

M.
 Butterfly
\layout Itemize

Don't worry.
 Be happy.
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
\layout Itemize

e.
 g.
 this is too much space!
\layout Itemize

This is I.
 It's okay.
\layout Standard

You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
\layout Standard

To fix this problem, use one of the following:
\layout Enumerate

Use a 
\family sans 
Protected\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
B
\bar default 
lank
\family default 
 after lowercase abbreviations (see section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}

\end_inset 

).
\layout Enumerate

Use an 
\family sans 
End\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
sentence\SpecialChar ~
period
\family default 
 found under the 
\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\SpecialChar ~
Character
\family default 
 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
 This function is also bound to 
\family sans 
C-period
\family default 
 for easy access.
\layout Standard

With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
\layout Itemize

e.\SpecialChar ~
g.\SpecialChar ~
this is too much space!
\layout Itemize

This is I
\latex latex 
\SpecialChar \@.

\latex default 
 It's okay.
\layout Standard

Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
 of this.
 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
 check out the 
\family sans 
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Check\SpecialChar ~
TeX
\family default 
 feature described in 
\emph on 
Extended Editing
\emph default 
.
\layout Subsubsection

Quotes
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}

\end_inset 

LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
 and use a closing quote at the end.
 For example, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

open close
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 The keyboard character, 
\family sans 
"
\family default 
, generates this automatically.
\layout Standard

You can change the behavior of the 
\family sans 
"
\family default 
 key using the 
\family sans 
Quotes
\family default 
 popup.
 Choose 
\family sans 
\bar under 
Q
\bar default 
uotes...

\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 menu.
 Selecting the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ouble
\family default 
 button makes the 
\family sans 
"
\family default 
 key produce the sequence: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
ingle
\family default 
 button, in contrast, makes the 
\family sans 
"
\family default 
 key produce: 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset 

'.
\layout Standard

You can also select quotes for different languages via the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
T
\bar default 
ype
\family default 
 option.
 There are six choices:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Text
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 Use quotes like this 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

double
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset 

single
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset 


\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset 

Text
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset 

 or 'this
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset 


\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset 

Text
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset 


\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset 

Text
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset 

 
\family default 
Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset 


\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Text
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset 


\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMM


\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset 

Text
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset 


\family default 
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset 

this
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Again, this affects what character the 
\family sans 
"
\family default 
 key produces.
\layout Standard

On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
 
\family sans 
C-"
\family default 
.
 This produces: 
\family typewriter 
"
\family default 
.
\layout Subsection

Ligatures
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}

\end_inset 

It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
 print them as single characters.
 These groups are known as 
\emph on 
ligatures
\emph default 
.
 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
 too.
 Here are the possible ligatures:
\layout Itemize

ff
\layout Itemize

fi
\layout Itemize

fl
\layout Itemize

ffi
\layout Itemize

ffl
\layout Standard

Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
 While a ligature may be okay in the word, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

graffiti,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 it looks really weird in compound words, such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

cufflink
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or the German 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Dorffest.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 To break a ligature, use the LaTeX command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
/
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 between the letters.
 [Use 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
t
\family default 
 or the toolbar button labelled TeX to mark text as LaTeX commands.
 See sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:code-LaTeX}

\end_inset 

.] This changes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

cufflinks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

cuff
\latex latex 

\backslash 
/
\latex default 
links
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Dorffest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Dorf
\latex latex 

\backslash 
/
\latex default 
fest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

Widows and Orphans
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}

\end_inset 

In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
 happened to end.
 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
 These dangly-bits of text became known as 
\emph on 
widows
\emph default 
 and 
\emph on 
orphans
\emph default 
.
\layout Standard

Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
\layout Standard

There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
 or how you can tweak that behavior.
 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}

\end_inset 

 or\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}

\end_inset 

] may have more information.
 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
\layout Chapter

Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
\layout Section

Footnotes
\layout Standard

Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foldable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 floats instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen
 or somewhere else in your text.
 When you insert a footnote via, what else, 
\family sans 
\series medium 
\bar under 
I
\bar no 
nsert
\series default 
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\series medium 
F
\bar no 
ootnote, 
\family roman 
you'll first see a red box with a label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

foot
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 appearing within your text.
 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
 You can enter your text into this box.
 If you click the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
foot
\family roman 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

--label, the box will 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

fold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 You can access it at a later time by clicking on the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
foot
\family roman 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 written as a superscript in red in the text, thereby 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

unfolding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 the footnote.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

To close this footnote, click on the red box on the left side.
\end_float 
 You will not see any numbers within LyX.
 You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
 for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
 when it processes your file.
 If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
 it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
 to stuff in the bottom margin).
\layout Standard

What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
 footnote--numbering back to 1 after each section in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
article
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\family roman 
 document class or changing the counter--style.
 You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
\family default 
os
\family roman 
e 
\family default 
described in the 
\emph on 
Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
\emph default 
 section of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\emph on 
Extended Editing
\emph default 
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Description

NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
 processors.
 It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
 That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
 tables.
 You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
 a neat feature.
\newline 
If you're intending to use the spellchecker, remember that floats 
\emph on 
must be open 
\emph default 
to be checked.
 In order to open or close 
\emph on 
all
\emph default 
 footnotes (and margin notes), choose 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Flo
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
ts\SpecialChar ~
& \SpecialChar ~
Insets\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Open\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
A
\bar default 
ll\SpecialChar ~
Footnotes/Margin\SpecialChar ~
Notes
\family default 
.
\layout Section

Margin Notes
\layout Standard

Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
 When you insert a margin note via 
\family sans 
\series medium 
\bar under 
I
\bar no 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
M
\bar no 
argin
\series default 
\bar default 
\SpecialChar ~
N
\series medium 
\bar no 
ote
\family default 
\series default 
\bar default 
 or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
 an arrow pointing to it), you'll see 
\family roman 
\series medium 
a red box with a label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 appearing within your text.
\begin_float margin 
\layout Standard

This is a margin note.
\end_float 
 This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
 You can enter your text into this box.
 If you click the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

--label, the box will 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

fold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 You can access it at a later time by clicking on 
\family roman 
the word 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

,
\family roman 
 written as a superscript in red in the text, thereby 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

unfolding
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 the margin note.
\layout Standard

As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room
 for margin notes.
 This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
 yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
 You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
 
\layout Section

Figures and Imported Graphics
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}

\end_inset 

No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
 graphics from other utilities into the document.
 In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
 figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
 Encapsulated PostScript® figures are handled very well by LyX, which uses
 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 to generate an on-screen image for the LyX window, and the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
includegraphics
\family default 
 LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
 
\layout Standard

Note that figures referred to here are uncaptioned and sit wherever in the
 document you place them.
 If you need one of these features, see sec.\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}

\end_inset 

 below.
\layout Standard

Placing a figure in your document is done in two stages; first you tell
 LyX that you want a figure, then you open the blank figure and tell LyX
 the details about your figure.
 To place the figure, you click on the second right-most icon on the toolbar,
 or select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Fi
\bar under 
g
\bar default 
ure...
 
\family default 
from the menu.
\layout Standard

You will be presented with a popup which contains two options: 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
ncapsulated\SpecialChar ~
Postscript
\family default 
: This is for inserting normal PostScript® figures.
 The figures will sit between lines on their own, such as here:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset Figure size 367 158
file mobius.eps
flags 5

\end_inset 


\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nlined\SpecialChar ~
EPS
\family default 
: This is for PostScript® figures as well, but these figures behave differently;
 they are inserted in the text stream like 
\begin_inset Figure size 72 14
file mobius.eps
width 2 1
height 2 0.2
flags 5

\end_inset 

 this tiny fellow.
\layout Standard

This popup used to have another option to insert a 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
aTeX\SpecialChar ~
or\SpecialChar ~
TeX
\family default 
 figure.
 This option is not present anymore, since you can directly insert any LaTeX
 file with the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Include\SpecialChar ~
File
\family default 
 command.
\layout Standard

The second stage of manipulating a figure is done by clicking the left mouse
 button on the figure.
 A dialog box will appear, which allows you to enter the filename and various
 other parameters.
 The changes you make will not be applied to the figure until you hit 
\family sans 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
pply.
\layout Standard

This dialog has numerous parameters, so I'll step though each one in order.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
PS\SpecialChar ~
File
\family default 
: This is the filename, and is fairly self-explanatory.
 The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
B
\bar default 
rowse...
 
\family default 
button lets you wander through the file hierarchy in a graphical manner
 and select a file with your mouse.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Width
\family default 
: This section lets you manipulate the width of the image.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
Default
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 indicates that the image size will be whatever the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
EPS\SpecialChar ~
file
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 says it should be.
 However, you can alter the size by checking one of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
cm
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
inches
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
%\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
Page
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
%\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
Column
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

' and entering a number in the box to the right of those checkboxes.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Height
\family default 
: This is similar to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
Width
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 above.
 Note that if only 
\emph on 
one 
\emph default 
of either the width or the height is specified and the other is set to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
Default
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 then the ratio of width to height is will be kept the same as the original
 image.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Display
\family default 
: You can tweak the way the figure is displayed in LyX (this does not effect
 how the image will appear in the printed document, only on your screen).
 You may find that selecting 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
o\SpecialChar ~
not\SpecialChar ~
display\SpecialChar ~
this\SpecialChar ~
figure 
\family default 
will speed up the performance of LyX.
 LyX will just put an empty box in the document.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Options
\family default 
: This box contains two options which didn't fit anywhere else.
 
\family sans 
Display\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
F
\bar default 
rame
\family default 
 places a frame around the figure in the LyX window (but has no effect in
 the final document).
 The 
\family sans 
Do\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
ranslations
\family default 
 checkbox does something wonderful, I am sure.
 I have no idea what it is though 
\emph on 
[Help me out here - what's it do? - PR; Ed\SpecialChar \@.
 Note-I'm not sure myself -jpw]
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Full\SpecialChar ~
Screen\SpecialChar ~
Preview
\family default 
: This option simply calls up ghostview to view the PostScript® figure in
 a window by itself.
 This can be useful for checking the figure outside of LyX.
\layout Subsection

Figure Floats
\layout Subsubsection

Using Figure Floats
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}

\end_inset 

The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
 might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
 To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
 it preferable to use 
\family sans 
Figu
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
e\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
 deems necessary for a good fit.
 In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
 place a caption on them, using the 
\family sans 
Caption
\family default 
 environment explained in sec.\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:apparence-caption}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

To place a 
\family sans 
Figu
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
e\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
 simply select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Figu
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
e\SpecialChar ~
Float 
\family default 
from the menu bar.
 You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
 above to insert the actual figure.
 In two-column documents, you can select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Figu
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
e\SpecialChar ~
Float 
\family default 
to get a float that spans the width of the page.
\begin_float fig 
\layout Caption


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}

\end_inset 

M.C.
 Escher on acid.
\layout Standard
\align center 

\begin_inset Figure size 198 203
file escher-lsd.eps
flags 6

\end_inset 


\end_float 
 
\begin_float fig 
\layout Standard
\align center 

\begin_inset Figure size 434 332
file platypus.eps
flags 6

\end_inset 


\layout Caption


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}

\end_inset 

A severely distorted platypus in a float.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
 caption.
 If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then insert the
 
\family sans 
Fi
\bar under 
g
\bar default 
ure
\family default 
 when the cursor is at the very start of the caption (or you can delete
 the caption and recreate it by selecting the 
\family sans 
Caption 
\family default 
environment after the figure has been inserted).
 This is what we did for figure 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}

\end_inset 

.
 If the cursor is at the end of the caption when you insert the 
\family sans 
Fi
\bar under 
g
\bar default 
ure
\family default 
 then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}

\end_inset 

.
 It is always best to use one 
\family sans 
Figure
\family default 
 per 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
.
 This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
\layout Standard

This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
 to it; as you would expect from reading section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}

\end_inset 

 you can simply insert a 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
abel
\family default 
 in the caption and refer to it using a 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ross-Reference
\family default 
 as normal.
 It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
 using vague references to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

the above figure,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
 might not be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 at all.
 If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
 text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
 by themselves.
 Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
\layout Standard

There are two more features of the 
\family sans 
Figu
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
e\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
; the figure is automatically included in a 
\family sans 
List\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
F
\bar default 
igures
\family default 
 (as described in sec.\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}

\end_inset 

) should you choose to include one in your document.
 The second feature is that (like all floats) it can be closed or opened,
 which lets you concentrate on your text and hide the figures.
\layout Subsubsection

Float Placement
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}

\end_inset 

Now, the whole idea behind 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
 [as well as 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
 on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
 This feature would be useless if you couldn't control that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sensible fashion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in some way.
 LyX has four different locations where it will try to put a figure:
\layout Description

Here: LyX tries to put the 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 at the same point in the text where you put it.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
\end_deeper 
\layout Description

Top: LyX tries to put the 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 at the top of the current page.
 If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
\layout Description

Bottom: LyX tries to put the 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 at the bottom of the current page.
 If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
\layout Description

Page: LyX tries to put the 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
 on a page of its own.
\layout Standard

You can specify this using the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup [opened using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
].
 There is a box called 
\family sans 
Flo
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
t\SpecialChar ~
Placement
\family default 
 which controls the global location of 
\family sans 
Float
\family default 
s (you currently cannot control the location on a per float basis).
\layout Standard

Now, there is some subtlety to how this all works.
 You can place any combination of four letters in the 
\family sans 
Flo
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
t\SpecialChar ~
Placement
\family default 
 box, in any order:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
h
\family default 
 for 
\emph on 
here
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
t
\family default 
 for 
\emph on 
top
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
b
\family default 
 for 
\emph on 
bottom
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
p
\family default 
 for 
\emph on 
page
\layout Standard

The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
 If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
h
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 will always take precedence if it appears in the list.
 The default placement list is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
tbp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

: try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then
 on a page by itself.
 If you want LyX to try 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

really hard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation
 point; for example 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
!htbp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Here are some example entries and what they do:
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
hbp
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
 If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
 If that fails, put it on a separate page.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
!hbp
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
 Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page \SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
tp
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
 If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
p
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Always put figures and tables on their own page.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

One last note: 
\family sans 
Flo
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
t\SpecialChar ~
Placement
\family default 
 controls the position of 
\emph on 
both
\emph default 
 figure and table floats.
\layout Subsection


\family typewriter 
XFig
\family default 
 and LyX
\layout Standard

One obvious question is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

how would I create the figures?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
 
\family typewriter 
XFig
\family default 
 is a powerful and highly recommended drawing tool.
 If you want to include figures that you have created with 
\family typewriter 
XFig
\family default 
 there are several ways.
 We recommend the following:
\layout Enumerate

Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript®.
 This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
 sections.
 The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript®
 available.
 That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
 If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
 PostScript® fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
 The figure can be manipulated like any other
 EPS figure, as described above.
 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript®
 text except by hand.
 If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
 the next way is recommended.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Export the figure as LaTeX.
 This is just as easy include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
 use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
 Therefore you have to set the 
\emph on 
special flag 
\emph default 
for text in XFig.
 This is automatically if you invoke XFig with 
\family typewriter 
xfig\SpecialChar ~
-specialtext
\family default 
.
 If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

$H_2$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in 
\family typewriter 
XFig\SpecialChar \@.

\family default 
 If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
\family sans 
\bar under 
 I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
In
\bar under 
c
\bar default 
lude\SpecialChar ~
File
\family default 
 (see description in 
\emph on 
Extended Features
\emph default 
) this text will appear as 
\begin_inset Formula \( H_{2} \)
\end_inset 

.
 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
 as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@.
 You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
 annoyingly, not all slopes.
 This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript® combined.
 Then 
\family typewriter 
XFig
\family default 
 [
\family typewriter 
transfig
\family default 
, really] will generate two files: 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

the PostScript® part 
\family typewriter 
foo.pstex
\family default 
, that contains all painting.
\layout Enumerate

the LaTeX part 
\family typewriter 
foo.pstex_t
\family default 
, that contains all text and a link to the PostScript® part.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.

\emph on 
\latex latex 
 
\emph default 
\latex default 
This will automatically include the PostScript® part, too.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

If you get an error like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

unknown graphics extension pstex
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 you have to declare this graphic extensions.
 I think this is a transfig bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
 Simply add a line like
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
@namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
\layout Standard

in the file 
\family typewriter 
/usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
\family default 
.
 Then add 
\family typewriter 
pstex
\family default 
 to the extension:
\layout Standard


\backslash 
def
\backslash 
Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
\layout Standard

This should fix the whole thing.
 Alternatively you may export the postscript part as 
\family typewriter 
foo.eps
\family default 
 and change the LaTeX part 
\family typewriter 
foo.pstex_t
\family default 
 manually.
 But this is annoying.
 
\end_float 
 This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except
 for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
 So if you want scalable pictures the PostScript® format is your only choice.
 Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
 same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
 nicer.
\layout Section

Tables
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}

\end_inset 

LyX has the capability of creating and editing WYSIWYM tables.
 LaTeX can do many more things with tables than LyX is currently capable
 of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX book if the table feature
 described here should turn out to be inadequate to fill your needs.
\layout Standard

You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ta
\bar under 
b
\bar default 
le
\family default 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar ~
Table
\family default 
.
 A popup will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
 The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
 line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
 lowest row, forming a box around the table.
 Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
 this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
 Here's an example:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="4" columns="4">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
12
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
45
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
98
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
A
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
B
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
multi 
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
C
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

The Table\SpecialChar ~
Layout pop-up
\layout Standard

You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
 pops up a window of options.
 Among these options are:
\layout Itemize

Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
 If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
 in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
 If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
 then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
 row in the example above.
 You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
 the left line of the column to the right.
\layout Itemize

Text alignment in a column
\layout Itemize

Appending rows and columns
\layout Itemize

Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
\layout Itemize

Multicolumn
\layout Itemize

Setting a fixed width for a column
\layout Itemize

Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
 Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
 next one
\layout Itemize

Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
\layout Standard

You can also use the menu to perform these options.
 Try 
\family sans 
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table
\family default 
 when the cursor is inside a table.
 
\layout Standard

Most of these options also work on selections.
 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows (you always have
 to select cells, but it depends on the action, how these selected cells
 are interpreted) the action is done on all of your selection.
\layout Standard

When you append a row, it is added 
\emph on 
below
\emph default 
 the row containing the cursor.
 Similarly, columns are appended to the 
\emph on 
right
\emph default 
 of the cursor.
 This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
 a lot of cutting and pasting.
 Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
 
\layout Standard

Multicolumn merges two adjacent cells on a given row.
 For example, in the above table, row 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

B
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

45
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

98.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose 
\family sans 
Multicolumn
\family default 
 from the menu.
\layout Standard

You can also use 
\family sans 
Multicolumn
\family default 
 if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell, regarding
 then top and bottom border-lines and the text alignment.
 Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="5" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
x
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
y
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
point a & b
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
103
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
9
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="false" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
point b & a
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
599
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
340
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
point abc
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1009
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
52
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
point abcd
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
96
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
11
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, were
 as the left column is aligned to the left and the other columns are aligned
 to the right.
 Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
\layout Standard

If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
 in the 
\family sans 
Width
\family default 
\emph on 
 
\emph default 
input-field of the 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
\layout Standard

If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
 can select the 
\family sans 
Rotate\SpecialChar ~
90°
\family default 
 button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
 document style).
 You might also like to rotate single table cells for having more horizontal
 space.
 Look at the following example, which demonstrates what you may need this
 feature for.
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Notice:
\emph default 
 This 
\family sans 
Rotate\SpecialChar ~
90°
\family default 
 option will 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 display on screen, and works 
\emph on 
only
\emph default 
 for PostScript® output.
 So, if you want to preview them, use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
V
\bar default 
iew\SpecialChar ~
PostScript
\family default 
, as 
\family sans 
View\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
d
\bar default 
vi
\family default 
 will not work.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="6" columns="12">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Description
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 3
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 5
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 6
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 7
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 8
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 9
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Flag 10\SpecialChar ~

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Total
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Desc.\SpecialChar ~
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
7
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Desc.\SpecialChar ~
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
9
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Desc.\SpecialChar ~
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
8
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Desc.\SpecialChar ~
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
*
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
6
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Total
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
 
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
30
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

As you can see in the above example, the text in the header-line (Flag 1\SpecialChar \ldots{}
Flag
 10) would not fit inside the paper width if they weren't rotated.
\layout Subsection

What can be placed inside a table?
\layout Standard

Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
 Any single line of text, a math inset (not a displayed or multilined equation,
 though), or a figure can be in a cell, in fact, all three kinds of objects
 can be placed in the same cell.
 Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
 them properly.
 However, you can't put a table inside a cell of another table, nor can
 you put a special environment in a cell (like 
\family sans 
Section*
\family default 
, etc.), since LyX then tries to put the whole table in that environment,
 treating it like a paragraph.
 The results of that will be unpredictable.
\layout Subsection

Cut & Paste & Tables
\layout Standard

Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
 Selection with the mouse or with 
\family sans 
Shift
\family default 
 plus the arrow-keys works as usual.
 The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
 using the mouse to select and paste.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="3" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
5
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
6
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
7
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
8
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
9
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="4" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
5
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
6
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
7
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Note that the cutting and pasting may give undesirable results unless the
 target table has the same number of columns as the source table.
\layout Standard

To be able to copy/cut and paste a 
\emph on 
whole
\emph default 
 table you need a little trick.
 There has to be a paragraph 
\emph on 
before
\emph default 
 and 
\emph on 
after
\emph default 
 the table.
 This means that if the table is the first and/or last entry in your document,
 you have to create paragraphs around it! Now select the whole table starting
 from the last character of the paragraph before the table till before the
 first character of the paragraph after the table.
 Now you will cut/copy the entire table including the structure, and not
 only the contents of the table.
\layout Subsection

Multiple lines in cells
\layout Standard

It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
 WYSIWYM manner.
 There are several methods that can be used to achieve this:
\layout Enumerate

Define a fixed length for the column in the 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
 enlarged vertically, when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
 length.
\layout Enumerate

Remove the line between two (or more) adjacent rows.
 This gives only an approximation of a truly multi-line cell.
 
\layout Enumerate

Define a fixed length for the column in the 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Layout 
\family default 
popup and press the 
\family sans 
Linebreaks 
\family default 
button.
 After this you should be able to force linebreaks by inserting 
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\backslash 

\backslash 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 marked as TeX, but this shouldn't be needed as selecting 
\family sans 
Linebreaks
\family default 
 means that the linebreaks are WYSIWYG in the resulting document.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Here is an example table:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="6" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="3cm" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
This is a multiline entry in a table.
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
5
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
6
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
This is longer now.
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
7
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
8
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
This is a multiline entry in a table.
 This is longer now.
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
9
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\color none
10
\family default 
\series default 
\shape default 
\size default 
\emph default 
\bar default 
\noun default 
\color default
 
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="parbox" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\color none
This is a 
\latex latex 

\backslash 

\backslash 

\latex default 
 
\emph on 
multiline
\emph default 
 
\latex latex 

\backslash 

\backslash 

\latex default 
 entry in a table.This should be the same as below.
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\color none
11
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="false" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\color none
12
\family default 
\series default 
\shape default 
\size default 
\bar default 
\noun default 
\color default
   
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="parbox" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\color none
This is a
\emph on 
multiline
\emph default 
entry in a table.This should be the same as above.
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\color none
13
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

You can see that the multilined text will not appear that way within LyX,
 but it will print that way.
 If the lines are very long, you can hit 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
 and you'll get a new row in the same cell where you can continue to write.
 Be aware that the output will 
\emph on 
NOT
\emph default 
 respect this row breaks but will treat the whole text of the cell as if
 inputed in one row.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

A related concern is that text within a cell will not wrap to fit the page,
 so if a line of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond
 the right margin of the page.
 Similarly, LyX's table inset will not split itself at the bottom of a page,
 and so might extend below the bottom margin.
 You have these options to resolve this problem:
\layout Enumerate

Split it into two tables, to correctly handle pagebreaks and margins.
\layout Enumerate

Push the 
\family sans 
Longtable 
\family default 
button in the 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too high.
 After doing this, the list of 
\family sans 
Longtable
\family default 
 buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
FirstHead
\family default 
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the header-lines of the first page of the multipage-
table.
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Head
\family default 
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the header-lines of all pages of the multipage-table
 except for the first page if 
\family sans 
FirstHead
\family default 
 is defined.
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
Foot
\family default 
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the footer-lines of all pages of the multipage-table
 except for the last page if 
\family sans 
LastFoot
\family default 
 is defined.
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
LastFoot
\family default 
: The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the footer-lines of the last page of the multipage-t
able.
\layout Enumerate


\family sans 
NewPage
\family default 
: This forces a pagebreak after the row where this flag is defined.
\layout Standard

If you define more flags in the same table row, you should be aware of the
 fact that only the first flag is used in the defined table rows.
 The others will the be defined as 
\emph on 
empty
\emph default 
.
 In this context, first means first in this order: 
\family sans 
Foot, LastFoot,
\family default 
 
\family sans 
Head,
\family default 
 
\family sans 
FirstHead.

\family default 
\emph on 
 
\emph default 
See the 
\family typewriter 
TableExamples.lyx
\family default 
 example file to see how this works.

\emph on 
 
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Use the 
\family sans 
Width 
\family default 
entry in the 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup to restrict the width of the table till it fits horizontally.
\layout Enumerate

A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
 TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

One\SpecialChar ~
last\SpecialChar ~
remark: 
\family sans 
Longtable
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Rotate\SpecialChar ~
90°
\family default 
 use special LaTeX packages, so you should look into 
\family sans 
L
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
TeX\SpecialChar ~
configuration
\family default 
 in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp 
\family default 
menu to see if your system supports these features.
\layout Subsection

Table Floats
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}

\end_inset 

If you simply use the table button on the icon toolbar to create your table,
 or the 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit
\shape default 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\shape up 
Ta
\bar under 
b
\bar default 
le
\shape default 
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\shape up 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar ~
Table 
\family default 
\shape default 
menu item, the table will be positioned exactly where the cursor was located,
 displayed on a separate line and centered.
 Using a 
\family sans 
\shape up 
Tabl
\bar under 
e
\bar default 
\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
\shape default 
 or 
\family sans 
W
\bar under 
i
\bar default 
de\SpecialChar ~
Table\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
, from the 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats
\family default 
\shape default 
 menu, will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
 exactly where you insert it.
 Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}

\end_inset 

, and is described in the section on float-placement for figures 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}

\end_inset 

.
 Table 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}

\end_inset 

 is an example of a table float, whose insertion point in LyX is at the
 end of this sentence.
 As with 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Floats
\family default 
, the difference between a 
\family sans 
Table\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
 and a 
\family sans 
Wide\SpecialChar ~
Table\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
 is that the wide version spans both columns in a two-column document.
\begin_float tab 
\layout Caption


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}

\end_inset 

A table float.
\layout Standard
\align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="3" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Joe
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Mary
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Ted
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \int x^{2}dx \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
a & b\\
c & d
\end{array}\right]  \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( 1+1=2 \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\end_float 
 
\layout Subsubsection

Table Float Captions.
\layout Standard

When you open a table float the first thing you are prompted for is a caption.
 To actually create the table, click on the table icon on the toolbar when
 the cursor is in the float.
 You can control whether the caption is above the table, or below.
 If you insert a caption (which must be a single paragraph) immediately
 after the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\series bold 
Table:
\series default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 inside the float, and click on the table icon after the caption, the caption
 will appear above the table, as in Table\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table: A table float}

\end_inset 

.
 If you first click on the icon to open the table popup, then write the
 caption afterward, the caption will appear below the table, as in Table\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float with caption below}

\end_inset 

.
\begin_float tab 
\layout Standard
\align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="3" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
5
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
6
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
7
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
8
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
9
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Caption


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float with caption below}

\end_inset 

A second table float, with the caption below.
\end_float 
 You can also create a table float without a caption, by creating the table
 as a displayed table (not within a float), highlighting the whole thing,
 and using the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Fl
\bar under 
o
\bar default 
ats\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Tabl
\bar under 
e
\bar default 
\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
 menu item.
 This was done for Table\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:captionless}

\end_inset 


\begin_float tab 
\layout Standard
\align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="3" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
1
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
2
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
3
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
4
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
5
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
6
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
7
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
8
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
9
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:captionless}

\end_inset 


\end_float 
, which, since it has no caption, will not be numbered, even though the
 reference is numbered.
 It is not possible to place a caption with a table unless it is a table
 float.
 Note that labelling the tables automatically numbers them, and cross-references
 (cf.\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}

\end_inset 

) will display that number in the output.
\layout Subsubsection

Float Placement
\layout Standard

The techniques of how to control the placement of table floats is the same
 as that for 
\family sans 
Figure\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
s.
 See section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}

\end_inset 

 for details.
\layout Section

Table of Contents and other Listings
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}

\end_inset 

One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
 you create various 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Lists,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 such as a ToC (Table of Contents).
 All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
 at the place where you want the list to appear.
 
\layout Standard

If you are a LaTeX user or are used to an older version of LyX, you might
 remember that LaTeX should be run several times to get things right.
 Fortunately, this is not needed anymore.
 LyX will make sure that LaTeX is run a sufficient number of times in order
 for the lists to appear in your dvi--output.
\layout Subsection

The Table of Contents
\layout Standard

In order to get a Table of Contents (ToC), you need to do 5 things:
\layout Enumerate

Use a document--class that supports ToC (all but 
\family typewriter 
letter
\family default 
).
\layout Enumerate

Use styles that are supported by the ToC function: 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
(Sub...) Section
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
(Sub...) Paragraph
\family default 
.
 Note that styles with a 
\family sans 
*
\family default 
, like 
\family sans 
Section*
\family default 
, will 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 appear in the ToC.
\layout Enumerate

Make sure you set the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
ection\SpecialChar ~
number\SpecialChar ~
depth 
\family default 
and 
\family sans 
\bar under 
T
\bar default 
able\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
contents
\family default 
.
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~
depth
\family default 
 in the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup to the appropriate value.
 If, for example, you only want chapters and sections to appear in the ToC,
 set the value to 3.
\layout Enumerate

Insert the ToC command at a place of your liking.
 You'll find it under 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lists\SpecialChar ~
&\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
OC\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
able\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
Contents
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

But there is something else that you can do with a ToC.
 Whether or not you've created a ToC in your text, you can invoke the function
 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
able\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~
Contents
\family default 
.
 You will get a second window with a ToC that lets you navigate the text.
 
\layout Subsection

List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}

\end_inset 

Lists of Figures (LoF), Lists of Tables (LoT) and Lists of Algorithms (LoA)
 are very much like ToCs.
 There are some slight differences, though, that you need to heed.
 Although the following description is for Lists of Figures, the same procedure
 applies to LoTs and LoAs.
\layout Enumerate

If you want you figures to appear in your LoF, you 
\emph on 
must
\emph default 
 use figure floats.
 You can find them under
\family sans 
\bar under 
 I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Figu
\bar under 
r
\bar default 
e\SpecialChar ~
Float
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate

Insert the LoF -- command at a place of your liking.
 Select either 
\family sans 
List\SpecialChar ~
of\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
F
\bar default 
igures
\family default 
, from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lists\SpecialChar ~
&\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
T
\bar default 
OC
\family default 
 submenu.
\layout Enumerate

[
\emph on 
Author's note: the astute reader might notice that there is no mention of
 algorithms in this User's Guide.
 This is because algorithm floats is a new feature that is not yet documented
 -jml
\emph default 
]
\layout Chapter

Mathematical Formulas
\layout Section

Basic Math Editing
\layout Standard

Editing mathematical expressions in LyX is now almost-completely WYSIWYM.
 This is something that makes many old TeX users worried
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Author's Note: I'm one of them.
 - dlj
\end_float 
.
 They like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like 
\family typewriter 
$
\backslash 
alpha$
\family default 
 (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

 in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
 menus for a symbol.
 Here's a testimonial of one of those old TeX users, 
\noun on 
David Johnson:
\layout Quotation

I was finally convinced that the math-editor (Mathed) was the way to go
 when I found that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way
 I was accustomed to writing TeX.
 As an example, I created this 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

 by typing the following keys: First type
\family typewriter 
 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
m
\family typewriter 
 
\family default 
to enter
\family typewriter 
 math-mode
\family default 
, then type
\family typewriter 
 
\backslash 
alpha
\family sans 
 
\family default 
, then 
\family sans 
Space 
\family default 
and
\family sans 
 Esc
\family default 
.
 As soon as I typed that 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 the 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

 was right there on the screen.
 
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
m
\family default 
 sequence starts 
\family typewriter 
math-mode
\family default 
 (you may also use 
\family sans 
M-m\SpecialChar ~
m
\family default 
), the
\family typewriter 
 
\backslash 
alpha
\family default 
 is of course the standard TeX code, and the 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 leaves 
\family typewriter 
math-mode
\family default 
.
 It is a little slower getting in to 
\family typewriter 
math-mode
\family default 
 than with standard TeX (for this mode, maybe, at least), but the advantages:
 
\layout Itemize

You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct,
\layout Itemize

You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
 to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least),
\layout Itemize

All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
 of by LyX, not you,
\layout Itemize

You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing 
\family sans 
$
\family default 
 or extra 
\family sans 
{
\family default 
 any more.
\layout Itemize

If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like 
\begin_inset Formula \( \wp  \)
\end_inset 

, you can find it in the popups.
\layout Standard

-- these advantages mean that you will be faster writing mathematics with
 LyX than with raw LaTeX.
\layout Subsection

Invoking Mathed
\layout Standard

There are several ways to invoke 
\family roman 
Mathed
\family typewriter 
.
 
\family default 
You can just click on the icon with 
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{a+b}{c} \)
\end_inset 

 on it.
 That will open a little blue square, with a purple rectangle around it.
 That blue square is the math-cursor position, and the rectangle indicates
 that you are in math-mode.
 There is also a choice on the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath
\family default 
 menu that does the same thing, or you can use a keyboard macro, 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
m
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
M-m\SpecialChar ~
m
\family default 
, or 
\family sans 
C-m
\family default 
 (CUA only).
 Clicking on the icon will list all the equivalent keyboard macros to start
 Mathed.
 Starting Mathed in either of these ways produces an in-line Mathed box.
 To make it a displayed equation box, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
isplay
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath
\family default 
 menu.
\layout Standard

If you are using 
\family typewriter 
math-mode
\family default 
 to simply type, say, a Greek letter, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

, there is a special shortcut, just type 
\family sans 
M-m\SpecialChar ~
g\SpecialChar ~
a
\family default 
 to get 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

,
\family sans 
 M-m\SpecialChar ~
g\SpecialChar ~
b
\family default 
 to get 
\begin_inset Formula \( \beta  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\emph on 
etc.
\layout Standard

You can also invoke Mathed from the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 popup, or 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 for short.
 The 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 is incredibly useful, so you may want to open it and leave it somewhere
 on the screen.
 Select 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
anel
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath
\family default 
 menu to open it.
 Selecting anything from the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 will also start Mathed.
\layout Subsection

Navigating an Equation
\layout Standard

You can click on an existing Mathed equation (anything in blue text) and
 you will automatically activate Mathed, and place the cursor near where
 you clicked.
 The best control over cursor position within an existing equation is achieved
 with the arrow keys.
 Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted,
 since Mathed needs more than simple linear arrangement of symbols.
 
\layout Standard

The arrow keys can be used to navigate between text areas in any Mathed
 structure.
 Pressing an arrow key when at the edge of Mathed will leave Mathed, if
 the arrow is pointing out of the Mathed box.
 Pressing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will leave a fraction or other Mathed structure (a square root 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2} \)
\end_inset 

, or parentheses 
\begin_inset Formula \( \left( f\right)  \)
\end_inset 

, or a matrix 
\begin_inset Formula \( \left[ \begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right]  \)
\end_inset 

), staying within Mathed.
 Pressing 
\family sans 
Esc
\family default 
 will exit Mathed, placing the cursor to the right of the box.
 Pressing 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 will also exit Mathed, but place the cursor one space beyond the box (creating
 that space if it is not there.
 
\family sans 
Tab
\family default 
 can be used to move horizontally in a Mathed structure, like the rows of
 a matrix or the positions in a multiline equation.
\layout Standard


\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
 For that reason, you have to be careful about using 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
.
 For example, if you want 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2x+1} \)
\end_inset 

, type 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
sqrt
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
then 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
, then
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~

\family typewriter 
2x+1
\family default 
, not 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
sqrt
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~
Space\SpecialChar ~

\family typewriter 
2x
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~
Space\SpecialChar ~

\family typewriter 
+
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~
Space\SpecialChar ~

\family typewriter 
1
\family default 
, since in the latter case only the 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Formula \( 2x \)
\end_inset 


\family default 
 will be under the square root sign, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2x}+1 \)
\end_inset 

.
 For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
 little unlearning.
 
\layout Standard

Speaking of the 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 bar, you may want to create blank spaces, beyond the standard spacing that
 LaTeX provides.
 We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
 WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
 However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
 The first thing to do is to type 
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
.
 This generates a small space, and prints a small red underscore on the
 screen: 
\begin_inset Formula \( a\, b \)
\end_inset 

.
 The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
 
\emph on 
Before
\emph default 
 you move the cursor, after typing 
\family sans 
C-Space
\family default 
, if you hit 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
 sizes.
 The last one in the list is blue, and is a negative space.
 For example: 
\begin_inset Formula \( a\quad b \)
\end_inset 

, or 
\begin_inset Formula \( a\! b \)
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

You can leave many Mathed structures, like this matrix, partially filled
 in, such as:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda _{1} &  & \\
 & \ddots  & \\
 &  & \lambda _{n}
\end{array}\right) .\]

\end_inset 

If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most objects don't mind.
 
\layout Subsection

Selecting Text
\layout Standard

You can select text within Mathed in two different ways.
 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press 
\family sans 
Shift-Arrow 
\family default 
to select text.
 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
 Alternately, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
 That text can then be copied or cut by pressing the menubar icons, and
 can then be pasted within any math inset (not outside of LyX, or even in
 a plain text region in LyX, though).
 Selected text from elsewhere in LyX cannot (yet) be pasted into a math
 inset, nor can selections from outside of LyX be pasted into a math inset.
 
\layout Subsection

Exponents and Subscripts
\layout Standard

You can use the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath 
\family default 
menu to add in superscripts (
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
xponent
\family default 
 on the menu) or subscripts (called 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
ndex
\family default 
), but the much easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
 To get 
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2} \)
\end_inset 

, type (in Mathed) 
\family typewriter 
x^2
\family default 
 then 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
.
 The final 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
 the superscript.
 If you type 
\family typewriter 
x^2y
\family default 
, you will get 
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2y} \)
\end_inset 

, to get 
\begin_inset Formula \( x^{2}y \)
\end_inset 

, type 
\family typewriter 
x^2
\family sans 
 
\family default 
then 
\family sans 
Space 
\family default 
then
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~

\family typewriter 
y
\family default 
.
 Subscripts are similar, to get 
\begin_inset Formula \( a_{1} \)
\end_inset 

, type (in Mathed) 
\family typewriter 
a_1
\family sans 
\SpecialChar ~

\family default 
then
\family sans 
 Space
\family default 
.
 
\layout Subsection

Fractions 
\layout Standard

Create a fraction with either 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
frac
\family sans 
 
\family default 
(in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 popup or the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath
\family default 
 menu item 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
raction
\family default 
.
 You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
 squares top and bottom.
 The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
 To move to the bottom, simply press 
\family sans 
Down
\family default 
.
 To move back up, press 
\family sans 
Up
\family default 
.
 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left[ \frac{1}{\left( \begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3\\
4 & 5
\end{array}\right) }\right] \]

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

Sums and Integrals 
\layout Standard

Sum 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum  \)
\end_inset 

 and integral 
\begin_inset Formula \( \int  \)
\end_inset 

 signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, which are placed in LyX (as in TeX) as superscripts and subscripts.
 Sum will automatically place their 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 over and under the symbol in displaystyle, but will move them to the side
 when inlined, such as 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n!}=e \)
\end_inset 

, versus 
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln \left( \frac{1}{1-x}\right) .\]

\end_inset 

Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
 over and under the integral sign in displaystyle, as in 
\begin_inset Formula \( \int _{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x) \)
\end_inset 

, versus
\begin_inset Formula \[
\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi .\]

\end_inset 

Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
 In display mode , the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
 or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
 in front of the sign and hitting 
\family sans 
M-m l
\family default 
.
 Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
 
\layout Standard

Certain other mathematical expressions have this 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

moving limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 feature as addition, such as 
\begin_inset Formula \[
\lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }f(x),\]

\end_inset 

which will place the 
\begin_inset Formula \( x\rightarrow \infty  \)
\end_inset 

 underneath the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

lim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in display mode, but not in inlined mode, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim _{x\rightarrow \infty }f(x) \)
\end_inset 

.
 The 
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim  \)
\end_inset 

, in red, has a special significance.
 It is considered as a special object in LaTeX, so that it treats subscripts
 that way.
 You get it in LyX by typing 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
lim 
\family default 
in math-mode, or choosing from the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

functions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 menu in the 
\family sans 
Math Panel
\family default 
 popup.
 Other special 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

words
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 are 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin  \)
\end_inset 

 and most other trigonometric functions; described below, see 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

The 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
anel
\family default 
 popup has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
 As stated earlier, you can keep the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 open when writing mathematics.
 That allows you to have easy access to the less trivial features of 
\family typewriter 
math-mode
\family default 
.
 
\layout Standard

The first two icons in the 
\family sans 
Math Panel
\family default 
, as indicated, produce square root, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sqrt{2} \)
\end_inset 

, or fraction 
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset 

 regions.
 The third icon, with square brackets around an insertion square, pops up
 the 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 popup with choices for left and right large delimiters, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \left\{ 3\right\rangle  \)
\end_inset 

.
 These will adjust to fit whatever is placed inside them.
 The fourth icon calls up the 
\family sans 
Decoration 
\family default 
popup, which gives choices for bars, arrows, tildes and braces, placed either
 above or below the insertion point, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \underbrace{\widehat{V}} \)
\end_inset 

.
 These also adjust to accommodate any Mathed structure.
 The next icon pops up the 
\family sans 
Math space
\family default 
 panel, which allows the possible types of protected spaces available in
 math mode 
\begin_inset Formula \( 2\qquad 3 \)
\end_inset 

.
 Sixth is the Matrix popup, which has controls for the size of matrix created,
 as well as alignment 
\begin_inset Formula \( \left[ \begin{array}{clr}
1 & 2 & 3\\
45 & 67 & 89
\end{array}\right]  \)
\end_inset 

.
 The braces around a matrix are added using the 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 popup.
 The last icon, if clicked while the cursor is in text mode, creates an
 empty math-mode region:
\begin_inset Formula \[
1+2=3.\]

\end_inset 

It will be created in display-math mode.
 Clicking this icon while in math-mode will toggle the math-insert between
 inlined and display mode.
\layout Standard

It is possible to get an nth root symbol.
 In the minibuffer, type 
\family typewriter 
math-insert root
\family default 
.
 This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign.
 Use 
\family sans 
Up
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Down
\family default 
 to move between the two boxes.
 You may want to setup a keybinding for this symbol so that you don't need
 to use the minibuffer.
 (See 
\emph on 
Customization
\emph default 
 for details.)
\layout Standard

In addition, the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 has several submenus containing math symbols.
 We'll outline how to use them in the next section.
\layout Subsection

Other Math Symbols 
\layout Standard

Commonly-used symbols, and other menus, can be reached directly from the
 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath 
\family default 
menu, including 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
raction, 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
quare\SpecialChar ~
root, 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
xponent, 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
ndex, S
\bar under 
u
\bar default 
m, In
\bar under 
t
\bar default 
egral, 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath\SpecialChar ~
Mode,
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
anel...\SpecialChar ~
.

\family default 
 Most math symbols can be found in the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel 
\family default 
popup under one of several categories, 
\family sans 
Greek
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \Gamma \rho \epsilon \epsilon \kappa  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\family sans 
operators
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \pm \times  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\family sans 
relations
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \leq \cong  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\family sans 
arrows
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \uparrow \Leftrightarrow  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\family sans 
large\SpecialChar ~
operators
\family default 
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sum \int  \)
\end_inset 

, and the dreaded 
\family sans 
miscellaneous
\family default 
\emph on 
, Misc
\emph default 
.
 If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
 to use, you do not have to use these popups, but they will help for those
 symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
 For a symbol whose LaTeX macro you know, all you need to do is type it,
 including the leading
\family typewriter 
 
\backslash 

\family default 
 that LaTeX uses, such as in 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
alpha
\family default 
, and it will be converted automatically to the real symbol as soon as you
 type a 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
, or other non-alphabetical symbol.
 The text as type it appears in red, (the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 
 will not appear) but will change to a blue symbol that tells you visually
 that LyX understands what you wanted.
 If Mathed is not able to convert the symbol as typed, it will remain in
 red (this is called 
\emph on 
macro mode
\emph default 
).
 
\layout Standard

Not all symbols available in LaTeX can (yet) be displayed WYSIWYM in LyX.
 If you try a symbol whose LaTeX name you know, like 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
oint
\family default 
 for 
\begin_inset Formula \( \oint  \)
\end_inset 

, when you finish typing that string, and then hit 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 (or a number, or another non-standard character), LyX will display the
 symbol whose macro you typed if it can.
 If it can't, it will leave the macro in red, such as 
\begin_inset Formula \( A\hookrightarrow B \)
\end_inset 

.
 If LaTeX can handle that macro, it will print accordingly.
 Some of the symbols accessible from the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
 will display in this fashion, as will any that are defined in LaTeX but
 not yet in the LyX menus.
 This also allows you to define your own shortcut macros (put the command
 string in the preamble (see 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:préambule}

\end_inset 

).
 For example, the string:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
newcommand{
\backslash 
a}{
\backslash 
alpha}
\family sans 
 
\layout Standard

in the preamble will allow you to use 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
a
\family sans 
 
\family default 
in Mathed instead of 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
alpha
\family sans 
 
\family default 
to generate 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

.
 One caution, though, is that LyX will not concern itself with whether such
 a macro is valid, and if not you will have error messages when you try
 to preview or print (or run LaTeX).
 For more details, see 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:code-LaTeX}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

Math functions
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}

\end_inset 

 The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
M
\bar default 
ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
anel...

\family default 
 menu contains a number of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

functions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, such as 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim  \)
\end_inset 

, 
\emph on 
etc
\emph default 
.
 (you can type them in a Mathed inset by typing 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
sin
\family default 
 (
\emph on 
etc
\emph default 
.).
 Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin  \)
\end_inset 

, should not be italicized.
 Entering just the letters 
\begin_inset Formula \( sin \)
\end_inset 

 within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
 available.
 They do more, however, to the final output than just change the typeface.
 For example, the expression 
\begin_inset Formula \( \sin t \)
\end_inset 

 will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
 For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like 
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim  \)
\end_inset 

, the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
 the math-inset is inlined or displayed: 
\begin_inset Formula \( \lim _{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)=L \)
\end_inset 

 versus
\begin_inset Formula \[
\lim _{x\rightarrow 0}f(x)=L.\]

\end_inset 

These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
lim
\family default 
 (or the menu choice) alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined
 version that is altered, to improve linespacing).
\layout Subsection

More symbols
\layout Standard

There are some mathematical symbols that are not accessible from plain LaTeX
 (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical typesetting, such as the
 old-German Fraktur font and the stylized 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

blackboard bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
 Adding these packages is now a menu item, in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument...

\family default 
 popup there is a radio button marked 
\family sans 
Use AMS Math
\family default 
.
 Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
 You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
 since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
 own.
 The AMS layouts include these packages automatically.
\layout Subsection

Accents
\layout Standard

In math mode you insert accented characters in the same way as in text mode.
 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
 You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
 That is, you can enter 
\begin_inset Formula \( \hat{a} \)
\end_inset 

 to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
 This is entered by typing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
hat a
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in Mathed.
 These are the equivalences between the text names and math-mode names for
 the various accents:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="11" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
text
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
math
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
example
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
circumflex
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
hat
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \hat{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
grave
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
grave
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \grave{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
acute
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
acute
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \acute{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
umlaut
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
ddot
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \ddot{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
tilde
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
tilde
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \tilde{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
dot
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
dot
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \dot{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
breve
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
breve
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \breve{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
caron
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
check
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \check{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
macron
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
bar
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \bar{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
---
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
vec
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \vec{a} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Section

Brackets and decorations
\layout Standard

There are several brackets available through LyX.
 For most purposes, using just the keys 
\family typewriter 
[{]}()|
\backslash 
<>
\family default 
 should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
 structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
 of brackets, is better using the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel
\family default 
's 
\family sans 
Delimiter
\family default 
 popup [see sec.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}

\end_inset 

].
 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
 matrix such as :
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left[ \begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right] ,\]

\end_inset 

and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
 such as: 
\begin_inset Formula \[
\frac{1}{\left( 1+\left( \frac{1}{1+\left( \frac{1}{1+x}\right) }\right) \right) }\]

\end_inset 

or:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f\left( g\left( h\left( k\left( l\left( x\right) \right) \right) \right) \right) .\]

\end_inset 

The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
 to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
 by 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
left( blah 
\backslash 
right)
\family default 
 ).
 
\layout Standard

It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
 Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
 the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
 clicking on the button displaying your choices.
 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
\layout Standard

If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
 like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
 can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
 the parentheses (that is done by holding the 
\family sans 
Shift
\family default 
 key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
 mouse).
 Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
 
\family sans 
Apply
\family default 
.
 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
\layout Section

Arrays and Multi-line Equations
\layout Standard

Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
 In the 
\family sans 
Math\SpecialChar ~
Panel 
\family default 
there is a 
\family sans 
matrix
\family default 
 icon, which will open a popup for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 3\\
4 & 5 & 6\\
7 & 8 & 9
\end{array}\right) .\]

\end_inset 

The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them with the 
\family sans 
delimiter
\family default 
 menu.
 Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
 inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the 
\family sans 
Shift
\family default 
 key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
 matrix).
 You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
 some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
 That is that panel which appears as 
\family typewriter 
ccc 
\family default 
by default.
 You should be careful about determining how many rows and columns you need.
 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting 
\family sans 
C-Enter
\family default 
 while in the matrix, and you can delete rows with 
\family sans 
M-e 
\series medium 
k
\family default 
\series default 
 
\emph on 
[Editors note: this appears to be broken at the moment --- mer]
\emph default 
, but you can't add or delete columns, yet.
 Here's another example, with different alignments on the three columns:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\begin{array}{lcr}
this & this\, column & this\, column\\
column & has & has\, right\\
has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment
\end{array}.\]

\end_inset 

There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
 the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
cases
\family default 
 and commutative diagrams.
 These are not yet supported in LyX (one such array, the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
cases
\family default 
 environment, is now supported in development versions of LyX).
 However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix (which
 is exactly what the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
cases 
\family default 
macro is, anyway).
 Here is a simple example of how LyX can display cases:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x):=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{1}{q}, & \mathrm{if}\, x=\frac{p}{q}\, (\mathrm{in}\, \mathrm{lowest}\, \mathrm{terms})\\
0, & \mathrm{if}\, x\, \mathrm{is}\, \mathrm{irrational}
\end{array}\right. \]

\end_inset 

This was constructed by first choosing delimiters, where the one on the
 right is a blank delimiter, then choosing inside the delimiters a 
\begin_inset Formula \( 2\times 2 \)
\end_inset 

 matrix, with both columns left-justified.
 The Roman text setting will be explained later.
\layout Standard

Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
 The display-math mode of Mathed will automatically switch to an 
\family typewriter 
\series medium 
eqnarray
\family default 
\series default 
 format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if, in the displayed-equa
tion box, you hit 
\family sans 
\series medium 
C-E
\series default 
nter
\family default 
.
 The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
 equation, is to insert a new line (with 
\family sans 
\series medium 
C-Enter
\family default 
\series default 
) immediately.
 Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
 move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the 
\family sans 
\series medium 
Tab
\family default 
\series default 
 key.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
3 & = & 1+2\\
4+5 & = & 9.
\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset 

You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
 by hitting 
\family sans 
\series medium 
C-Enter
\family default 
\series default 
 while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
 However, LyX will 
\emph on 
not
\emph default 
 try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
 everything in the left side of the line.
 To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
 you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit 
\family sans 
C-Tab.
 
\family default 
It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
 of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
 size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
 Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit 
\family sans 
C-Tab
\family default 
 again.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

extra
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 insertion points in the line will disappear.
 
\layout Standard

You can delete a line of a multi-line formula by placing the cursor on the
 line and hitting 
\family sans 
M-e 
\series medium 
k
\family default 
\series default 
.
 You create new lines with 
\family sans 
C-Enter
\family default 
.
\layout Section

Equation Numbering and Labels
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}

\end_inset 

Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
 All it takes to change a displayed equation like: 
\begin_inset Formula \[
1+2=3\]

\end_inset 

into the numbered equation :
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\label{mathed:first-eqn}
1+2=3
\end{equation}

\end_inset 

is to go to the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\family default 
 menu, and select the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
abel...

\family default 
 option.
 This opens a popup in which you must enter some string as the label.
 There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
 care of re-numbering the equation.
 Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
 LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
 The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
 You can turn on numbering without a specific label by entering 
\family typewriter 
math-number
\family default 
 in the minibuffer (the line below the main LyX window, which usually displays
 information about the document.
 Click on it, and the mini-buffer clears, allowing you to enter commands
 such as these.) while the cursor is in the equation, such as: 
\layout Standard


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
1+1=2.
\end{equation}

\end_inset 

This behaves as a toggle.
 Entering 
\family typewriter 
math-number
\family default 
 in the mini-buffer a second time removes numbering.
 You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
 (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}

\end_inset 

)) by using the 
\family sans 
Cross-Reference
\family default 
 popup, which you open using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
C
\bar default 
ross-Reference...
\family default 
\SpecialChar ~
.
 Note that you should 
\emph on 
not 
\emph default 
use spaces in your labels, since they get deleted and cross-references will
 no longer work.
 This is a LyX bug, but one that can be dealt with.
\layout Standard

For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
 lines are numbered separately.
 Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
 receive a label of #.
 That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
 like (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}

\end_inset 

) below.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation} \\
2 & = & 4-2\\
4 & \leq  & 7.
\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset 

You can turn off numbering of a specific line by entering 
\family typewriter 
math-nonumber
\family default 
 in the minibuffer (below the main LyX window) while the cursor is on that
 line of a multi-line numbered equation.
 This also toggles.
 Though it may seem odd, entering 
\family typewriter 
math-nonumber
\family default 
 again will turn the numbering back 
\emph on 
on
\emph default 
 for that line.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn} \\
2 & = & 7-5\\
1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
16 & \equiv  & 2\, (mod\, 7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn} 
\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset 

Note that the first equation in this set (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}

\end_inset 

) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
 and the last (
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}

\end_inset 

) is again labelled.
 
\layout Section

User defined macros in math mode
\layout Standard

LyX allows the user to define macros.
 An user defined macro in math mode is not a red colored name that LyX didn't
 know how to draw (formerly known as macro mode, now simply TeX mode).
 A macro definition box appears on screen as a grayed button with the name
 of the macro in blue (math color).
 But if you click on it, it will appear as a normal math box to allow you
 edit it.
 Just try it:
\begin_inset FormulaMacro 
\newcommand{\macro}{a+b}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
 in this case 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
macro
\family default 
, and it will be automatically expanded: 
\begin_inset Formula \( c=\macro  \)
\end_inset 

.
 As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
 is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
 is 
\family typewriter 
c = 
\backslash 
macro.
\layout Standard

However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
 
\emph on 
arguments
\emph default 
.
 In a macro definition box an argument looks like a 
\family typewriter 
#
\family default 
 followed by the argument number:
\begin_inset FormulaMacro 
\newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1 }}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
 that you can insert there whatever you want: 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
macrowarg = 
\begin_inset Formula \( \macrowarg{} \)
\end_inset 


\family default 
.
 Example: 
\begin_inset Formula \( b=\macrowarg{x-2} \)
\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Standard

When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
newcommand.
\layout Subsection

Directions on using macros
\layout Subsubsection

How to create them
\layout Standard

To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
\layout Standard

Par example 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
macro
\family default 
 was created with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
math-macro macro
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
macrowarg
\family default 
 was created with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
math-macro macrowarg 1
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) use this:
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
math-macro-arg <number>
\layout Standard

The argument mark in 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
macrowarg
\family default 
 was introduced with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
math-macro-arg 1
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
 An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
 can be edited only once.
 A number can't be greater than the number of arguments originally allowed
 for the macro.
 
\layout Subsubsection

How to navigate
\layout Description

With\SpecialChar ~
the\SpecialChar ~
arrow\SpecialChar ~
keys: Opening a macro form the left side will put the cursor
 in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
 Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
 right side of the macro.
\layout Description

With\SpecialChar ~
the\SpecialChar ~
mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
 Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
\layout Standard

Currently the user can only define command macros, but internally it's possible
 to define also environment macros.
\layout Standard

There are several predefined macros, mainly to allow AMS-LaTeX users to
 use AMS macros in a WYSIWYM way, like 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
cases
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
binom
\family default 
.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
LyX 1.0 note: 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
cases
\family default 
 are currently disabled because after some simplification and improving
 of the macro stuff, the only valid arguments are subparagraphs (neither
 tabs nor newlines).
 Perhaps they will be again included
\emph default 
 
\emph on 
in a later version.
 AAS
\end_float 
\layout Section

Fine-Tuning
\layout Subsection

Typefaces
\layout Standard

You can enter various typefaces in Mathed, but (at the moment) you have
 to use keyboard commands to set them.
 Not all appear exactly WYSIWYM, and a few don't appear WYSIWYM at all.
 The standard font for text is italic, 
\begin_inset Formula \( text \)
\end_inset 

, but for numbers the standard is Roman.
 To set text in Roman font in math-mode, type 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
r
\family default 
 once in math-mode 
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathrm{text} \)
\end_inset 

.
 To get bold, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathbf{text} \)
\end_inset 

, type 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
b
\family typewriter 
 
\family default 
in math-mode.
 To get calligraphic font for capital letters (which looks like Helvetica
 italics on-screen, but is fancier on the final output), 
\begin_inset Formula \( \mathcal{TEXT} \)
\end_inset 

, type 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
e
\family typewriter 
 
\family default 
in math-mode.
 Here is a table with all the supported fonts:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

\begin_inset  Tabular
<lyxtabular version="2" rows="6" columns="3">
<features rotate="false" islongtable="false" endhead="0" endfirsthead="0" endfoot="0" endlastfoot="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="false" rightline="true" width="" special="">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Text-mode
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Math
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="false" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Mathed Keybinding
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series bold 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Bold
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \mathbf{Bold} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="false" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
M-c\SpecialChar ~
b
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph on 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Emphasize
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\emph on 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="false" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
M-c\SpecialChar ~
e
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
---------
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \mathrm{Roman} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="false" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
M-c\SpecialChar ~
r
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="false" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Typewriter
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( \mathtt{Typewriter} \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="false" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
M-c\SpecialChar ~
p
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Default
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none

\begin_inset Formula \( Default \)
\end_inset 


\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="false" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family sans 
\shape up 
\size normal 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
M-c\SpecialChar ~
Space
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

The keyboard command to switch to a particular text font is interpreted
 in math-mode as indicated.
 Math-mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only letters
 will be supported with these font styles; only capital letters for calligraphic
 font.
\layout Standard

For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
 If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
 style after one character.
 To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
 protected-space to the right of the cursor.
 Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
 font.
 
\layout Standard

It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
 symbols in math-mode.
 However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
 It will print correctly,
 though.
 To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

, enter 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
boldsymbol{
\backslash 
alpha}
\family default 
 in Mathed.
 The close-brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
 brace.
 This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
 It is also possible to get Fraktur (traditional German) fonts by entering,
 say, 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
mathfrak{g}
\family default 
 for a Fraktur 
\begin_inset Formula \( g \)
\end_inset 

, or the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

blackboard-bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 double-line capitals with 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
mathbb{R}
\family default 
.
 These symbols will not appear (yet) WYSIWYM in LyX, and the AMS-LaTeX packages
 (including 
\family typewriter 
amsfonts
\family default 
) must be used.
 Adding these packages is now a menu item, in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument...

\family default 
 popup there is a radio button marked 
\family sans 
Use AMS Math
\family default 
.
 Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
 
\layout Standard

We do not have examples of these fonts in this Guide so that the Guide can
 be previewed and printed without these packages, which some people would
 not have available.
\layout Subsection

Math Text Mode
\layout Standard

Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but
 certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text.
 For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained
 by typing 
\family sans 
M-m m
\family default 
 while already in math mode.
 (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears
 on the screen in black instead of blue.
 You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
textrm{}
\family default 
, whereas and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
mbox
\family default 
 (or AMSLaTeX's 
\backslash 

\family typewriter 
text
\family default 
) might have been a better choice
\end_float 
, but it works for simple text.
 Here's an example:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x)=\begin{array}{cc}
x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
-x & \textrm{otherwise}
\end{array}\]

\end_inset 


\layout Subsection

Font Sizes
\layout Standard

There are four (relative) font sizes (or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

styles
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
 These are called 
\emph on 
textstyle
\emph default 
, 
\emph on 
displaystyle
\emph default 
, 
\emph on 
scriptstyle
\emph default 
, and 
\emph on 
scriptscriptstyle
\emph default 
.
 For most characters, textstyle and displaystyle are actually the same size,
 but fractions, superscripts and subscripts, and certain other effects,
 are set larger or placed differently in displaystyle.
 Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
 situations, all text will be set if these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
 is appropriate.
 These choices can be over-ridden by setting the 
\family typewriter 
math-size
\family default 
 in the minibuffer.
 For example, you can set 
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset 

 normally (textstyle), or you can make it larger, which also changes the
 linespacing, in displaystyle, by entering 
\family typewriter 
math-size displaystyle
\family default 
 in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
 
\begin_inset Formula \( \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset 

.
 Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
 only the numerator will be enlarged,
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{1}{2} \)
\end_inset 

! This reflects a LaTeX 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

unintended feature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

That is, a bug.
\end_float 
, not a LyX one.
 These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
 Here are some text in the various styles: 
\begin_inset Formula \( displaystyle \)
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \textstyle textstyle \)
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \scriptstyle scriptstyle \)
\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset Formula \( \scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle \)
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
 inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
 will be adjusted.
 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
 will be adjusted to correspond.
 
\layout Standard


\family roman 
\size largest 
Here is a paragraph in 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 font, with symbols: 
\begin_inset Formula \( \alpha  \)
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

This applies to math-fonts in Titles, 
\emph on 
etc.

\emph default 
 as well.
\layout Chapter

More Tools
\layout Section

Cross-References
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}

\end_inset 

 Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
 it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
 This is a 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
.
 Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
 The other half is the 
\family sans 
Reference
\family default 
 proper, and it looks like this: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}

\end_inset 

.
 Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with
 text in it.
 Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
 case, the number of this section.
 There are also another varieties of cross-reference: for example, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}

\end_inset 

.
 This is the page number containing the location of the label.
 That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
 your document.
 You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
 will do that for you! All you need to do is use a 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 to mark a section, figure, table, equation, etc., and then refer to it via
 a 
\family sans 
Reference
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

To insert a label, use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
L
\bar default 
abel
\family default 
.
 A box will appear where you can enter your label.
 You can't change labels once you've created them [at least, not yet].
 You'd have to delete the old label, make a new one, then remove all of
 the old references to the now-defunct label and insert new references.
 Yes, it's a pain, which is why you should choose label names carefully.
\layout Standard

To insert a reference, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
C
\bar default 
ross\SpecialChar ~
Reference
\family default 
.
 The 
\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar ~
Cross-Reference
\family default 
 popup appears with a list of labels.
 Double-clicking on a list item inserts a reference into the text, as does
 the two different 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar ~
Reference
\family default 
 buttons.
 Lastly, the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
U
\bar default 
pdate
\family default 
 button is there in case you decide to leave this popup open and add labels
 in the meantime.
\layout Standard

Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
Reference
\family default 
, or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
\layout Quote


\family typewriter 
LaTeX Warning: Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z.
\newline 
LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references.
\layout Standard

You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
\layout Standard

There are a few more comments we need to make about the 
\family sans 
Labels
\family default 
.
 They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
 So --- if you want to put a label on a 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
, but a 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
 heading immediately follows it, you need to put the 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 
\emph on 
into
\emph default 
 the 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 environment.
 It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
 However, you need to do this if you want to label the 
\family sans 
Chapter
\family default 
 separately from the 
\family sans 
Section
\family default 
.
 The same goes for all other section headings.
 If plain text follows a section heading you want to label, then and only
 then can you put the 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 in the text without worrying.
 You have been warned.
\layout Standard

Also, a 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 
\emph on 
only
\emph default 
 makes sense in 
\emph on 
numbered
\emph default 
 section headings and table and figure floats.
 Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
 you can't really use a 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 on it.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Well, you 
\emph on 
can
\emph default 
, but only if you use the 
\family sans 
Page\SpecialChar ~
number
\family default 
 reference.
 The regular 
\family sans 
Reference
\family default 
 --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
 because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare-
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
s as page markers, then refer back to them using the 
\family sans 
Page\SpecialChar ~
number
\family default 
 reference.
 Once again, the regular 
\family sans 
Reference
\family default 
 won't work very well.
 It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
 of the previous numbered section heading.
\end_float 
 See sections 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}

\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}

\end_inset 

, and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}

\end_inset 

 for details on using a 
\family sans 
Label
\family default 
 with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
 
\layout Section

URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
\layout Standard

It is often desirable to include long 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

verbatim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these
 things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset
 properly.
 Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
 resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances.
 You can use 
\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
U
\bar default 
RL
\family default 
 within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary)
 along automatically determined boundaries.
\layout Standard

At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l
ike entity) simply select 
\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
U
\bar default 
RL
\family default 
; a popup will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
U
\bar default 
rl:
\family default 
 field).
 In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do.
 Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered:
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter
 it into the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
N
\bar default 
ame
\family default 
 field of the popup; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before
 the URL.
 For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX
 at 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org}

\end_inset 

.
 On the printed page, the last sentence ends as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

all things related to LaTeX at CTAN 
\family typewriter 
http://ctan.tug.org
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

[
\emph on 
Author's Note: I have no idea what the 
\family sans 
\emph default 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
TML Type
\family default 
\emph on 
 button does in the popup.
 It appears to make no difference in the exported LaTeX file nor is any
 change apparent in the DVI file.
 --- mer
\emph default 
]
\layout Section

Manual Fine-Tuning
\layout Subsection

Extra Horizontal Space
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}

\end_inset 


\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
 An 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
 space between the left and right margins.
 If there is more than one 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
 
\layout Standard

Note: if you put an 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 at the beginning of a line, and it's 
\emph on 
not 
\emph default 
the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
 This prevents 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
\layout Standard


\family sans 
HFill
\family roman 
s
\family default 
 can be inserted with
\family sans 
 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial\SpecialChar ~
Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
H
\bar default 
Fill
\family default 
.
 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
\layout Quote
\noindent 
This is on the left side 
\hfill 
This is on the right
\layout Quote
\noindent 
Left
\hfill 
Middle
\hfill 
Right
\layout Quote
\noindent 
Left
\hfill 
1/3 Left
\hfill 

\hfill 
Right
\layout Standard

That was an example in the 
\family sans 
Quote
\family default 
 environment.
 Here:
\hfill 
:is one in a standard paragraph.
 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 sitting in-between the two 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

Remember that we said that an 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
 than one set of margins on a line.
 Here's an example with the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM

one
\hfill 
two :three
\hfill 
four
\hfill 
five
\hfill 
six
\layout Standard

The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 marks the beginning of the item.
 [There is actually a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hidden
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
 inside of the label of the 
\family sans 
List
\family default 
 environment; it's put at the end of the label automagically.] 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
s work similarly in other 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

multimargin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 situations, like two-column mode.
\layout Subsection

Extra Vertical Space
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}

\end_inset 

To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph
\family default 
 to open the 
\family sans 
Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 
\layout Standard

We're not going to provide an example of a 
\family sans 
VFill
\family default 
, as it's a waste of paper.
 They work the same as any other type of filler, including 
\family sans 
HFill
\family default 
s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
 If there are several 
\family sans 
VFill
\family default 
s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
 You can therefore use 
\family sans 
VFill
\family default 
s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
 and so on.
\layout Subsection

Changing Paragraph Alignment
\layout Standard

You can also change the paragraph alignment with the 
\family sans 
Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 There are four possibilities: 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
\bar under 
B
\bar default 
lock
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
eft
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
\bar under 
R
\bar default 
ight
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
enter
\layout Standard

The default in most cases is block alignment, in which the inter-word spacing
 is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between the left
 and right margins.
 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
\layout Standard
\align right 
This paragraph is right aligned,
\layout Standard
\align center 
this one is centered,
\layout Standard
\align left 
this one is left aligned.
\layout Standard

In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than block
 alignment.
 
\layout Subsection

Forcing Page Breaks
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}

\end_inset 

If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
 can force a pagebreak where you want one.
 In general, this will 
\emph on 
not 
\emph default 
be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
 in section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
 
\emph on 
strongly 
\emph default 
recommend 
\emph on 
not 
\emph default 
to use it until the text is 
\emph on 
really 
\emph default 
finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you 
\emph on 
really 
\emph default 
have to change the pagebreaking.
 
\emph on 
Only 
\emph default 
in those cases, you can force a pagebreak above or below a paragraph in
 the 
\family sans 
Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup by selecting 
\family sans 
Pagebreak-Ab
\bar under 
o
\bar default 
ve 
\family default 
or 
\family sans 
B
\bar under 
e
\bar default 
low
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

You might want to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
 at the top of a page.
 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
 appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
 See sections 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}

\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}

\end_inset 

 and read about 
\family sans 
Floats
\family default 
 to learn more.
\layout Subsection

Other Tools
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}

\end_inset 

This section describes briefly how some features well known by the LaTeX
 user can be generated with LyX.
\layout Itemize

The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
 line at that point.
 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Quote

A good documentation should weight no more than 1
\newline 
kg.
 
\layout Standard

Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

kg
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 A protected blank is set with 
\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Protected Blank 
\family default 
or with 
\family sans 
C-Space.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

The linebreak: You can force linebreaks within a paragraph by selecting
 
\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Linebreak 
\family default 
or with 
\family sans 
C-Return.

\family default 
 You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
 is 
\emph on 
very 
\emph default 
good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 (see section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}

\end_inset 

).
 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
 set a linebreak, e.g.
 in a poem or for an Address (see sections 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:citation}

\end_inset 

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:vers}

\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:emploi-adresse}

\end_inset 

).
\layout Itemize
\line_bottom 
Horizontal lines above or below a paragraph: These can be useful for headlines.
 You get them in the 
\family sans 
Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 Here:
\begin_deeper 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

is one.
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Section

Spellchecking
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}

\end_inset 

LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
 Rather it uses the external 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 program as a backend
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

the latest version can be found at the ispell WWW page 
\family typewriter 
http://ficus-www.cs.ucla.edu/ficus-members/geoff/ispell.html
\end_float 
 or the newer and generally better 
\family typewriter 
aspell
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
http://metalab.unc.edu/kevina/aspell/
\end_float 

\family typewriter 
.
\layout Standard

For installation notes and where to find dictionaries, see the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 documentation included with the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 distribution.
 After installing 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 you can use the menu entry 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker...

\family default 
\shape default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit 
\family default 
\shape default 
menu (make sure that the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
ispell
\family default 
\shape default 
 binary is somewhere in your 
\family typewriter 
PATH
\family default 
.
 If you have version 
\family typewriter 
4.*
\family default 
 of 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
, it may be a good idea to replace it with the current version, 
\family typewriter 
3.1.20
\family default 
.
 Version 4 was a short-lived GNU release of ispell, and had numerous problems.)
\layout Standard

To start spellchecking, select the item 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker
\family default 
\emph on 
...

\emph default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
dit
\family default 
\shape default 
 menu.
 Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
 A popup window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found
 by 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 in the first line and allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
 Whenever 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 reports an unknown word, the word is highlighted and the view in your text
 buffer is updated to make the word visible.
 In the 
\family sans 
Spellchecker
\family default 
 popup, there is also a box showing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

near misses
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, if 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
ispell
\family default 
\shape default 
 can find any.
 Clicking to one of the near misses will copy the near miss into the replace
 input field (double-click to invoke replace).
 The buttons in the 
\family sans 
Spellchecker
\family default 
 popup are quite self-explanatory: 
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Start\SpecialChar ~
spellchecking
\family default 
\shape default 
 begins to verify the spellings of words, beginning at the cursor position
 in the document.
\layout Description


\family sans 
Insert\SpecialChar ~
in\SpecialChar ~
personal\SpecialChar ~
dictionary
\family default 
 inserts the word in an ispell dictionary such that the word is recognized
 forever and forever.
 
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Accept\SpecialChar ~
word\SpecialChar ~
in\SpecialChar ~
this\SpecialChar ~
session
\family default 
\shape default 
 accepts the word rejected by 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
ispell
\family default 
\shape default 
 for the rest of this spellchecking session, but does not add the word to
 your personal dictionary.
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Ignore\SpecialChar ~
word
\family typewriter 
 
\family default 
\shape default 
does not change the word caught by 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
ispell
\family default 
\shape default 
, but it will catch the word again if it appears later in the document.
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Replace
\family default 
\shape default 
\SpecialChar ~

\family sans 
\shape up 
word
\family default 
\shape default 
 replaces the word by what you have typed to the replace input field.
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Stop\SpecialChar ~
spellchecking
\family default 
\shape default 
 stops the operation of 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
, but does not close the spell\SpecialChar \-
check\SpecialChar \-
er popup.
 Note that you can cancel spellchecking at any time, not only after an incorrect
 word has been found.
 
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Spellchecker\SpecialChar ~
Options...

\family default 
\shape default 
 opens up another popup that allows you to alter the options fed to 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
.
\layout Description


\family sans 
\shape up 
Close\SpecialChar ~
Spellchecker
\family default 
\shape default 
 does what you might expect.
\layout Standard

Finally, there is a slider informing you about the progress of spell checking.
\layout Description

Note: If you want to spellcheck footnotes, margin notes, or captions in
 table- and figure-floats, you 
\emph on 
must
\emph default 
 open them first.
 This is easy to do with the 
\family sans 
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats\SpecialChar ~
&\SpecialChar ~
Insets\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Open\SpecialChar ~
All
\family default 
 commands.
\layout Subsection

Spellchecker Options
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}

\end_inset 

The following options can be set in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
Options 
\family default 
popup (which you can also access from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions
\family default 
 menu):
\layout Subsubsection

Dictionary
\layout Standard

By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
 the document you're checking, which is set in the
\family sans 
\shape up 
 
\shape default 
\bar under 
L
\shape up 
\bar default 
ayout
\shape default 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\shape up 
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
\shape default 
 popup.
 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
ispell
\family default 
\shape default 
 will exit immediately after invocation.
 There will be a message on your stderr saying something like:
\layout Quote


\family typewriter 
Can't find file /usr/lib/ispell/xyz.hash
\layout Standard

and a popup window will inform you about the failure.
 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker\SpecialChar ~

\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions
\family default 
 popup, by typing in the name in the space provided, and checking the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
U
\bar default 
se\SpecialChar ~
alternate\SpecialChar ~
language..
\family default 
.
 box, or change the 
\family sans 
\shape up 
Language
\family default 
\shape default 
 option in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup (opened using 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\shape default 
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\shape up 
D
\bar default 
ocument)
\family default 
\shape default 
.
\layout Standard

A different solution is to make a link from say 
\family typewriter 
deutsch.(aff|hash)
\family default 
 to 
\family typewriter 
german.(aff|hash)
\family default 
 or whatever applies to your language.
 This is because these ispell-files normally have the native language name
 (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

deutsch
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) whereas 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
, when started from lyx, searches for the English version of the name used
 with the LaTeX babel package (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

german
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

You may also have problems if the font encoding is not correct for that
 dictionary.
 If you use a language with latin1 encoding and set the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
ncoding
\family default 
 option in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup to 
\family sans 
latin1
\family default 
 (or other than 
\family sans 
default
\family default 
), you must have this option in your language-dictionary as well.
 If your dictionary doesn't support the 
\family sans 
Encoding
\family default 
 you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
\layout Standard

The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
 
\layout Standard

There are four solutions to this problem.
 The easiest is to try the 
\family sans 
Input\SpecialChar ~
Encoding\SpecialChar ~
switch\SpecialChar ~
to\SpecialChar ~
ispell
\family default 
 option.
 If that does not help, you can set 
\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
ncoding
\family default 
 to 
\family sans 
default
\family default 
 when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
 The third is to add the 
\family typewriter 
latin1
\family default 
 option to your dictionary 
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
<
\family default 
language
\family typewriter 
>
\emph default 
.aff
\family default 
 file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
 the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
 of the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 sources).
 Read the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
 and ask him to solve your problem.
\layout Subsubsection

Personal dictionary
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 uses a personal dictionary file where words not found in the main dictionary
 can be saved so you don't get the same words reported every time you check
 a document.
 The name of this file is usually formed as 
\family typewriter 
$HOME/.ispell_
\family default 
\emph on 
dictionary
\family typewriter 
\emph default 
,
\family default 
 where 
\emph on 
dictionary
\emph default 
 is the name of the global dictionary used.
 Often the file (for the default dictionary) is simply 
\family typewriter 
$HOME/.ispell_words
\family default 
.
 If you want to use another file as your personal dictionary, you can also
 set this in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
Options
\family default 
 popup.
 Note that the directory in which 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 will put your file is your home directory, not the directory the file you're
 editing is in! Specifying a filename which does not already exist will
 result in an error message on stderr which you can ignore (
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 will create the file at the end of your spell checking).
\layout Subsubsection

Further Options 
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
Options
\family default 
 popup has some additional options which are fairly self-explanatory:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
\bar under 
T
\bar default 
reat run-together words as legal
\family default 

\newline 
Keeps 
\family sans 
ispell
\family default 
 from reporting compound words as misspelled.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Use alternate 
\bar under 
p
\bar default 
ersonal dictionary
\newline 

\family default 
You can give a filename to a personal dictionary here.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
\bar under 
E
\bar default 
xtra characters allowed in words
\family default 

\newline 
Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
ispell
\family default 
\shape default 
 considers words, e.g.
 German umlauts.
 This should not normally be needed.
\layout Subsection

Problems
\layout Standard

If you can't spellcheck international characters, try the 
\family sans 
Input\SpecialChar ~
Encoding\SpecialChar ~
switch\SpecialChar ~
to\SpecialChar ~
ispell
\family default 
 option.
\layout Subsection

Limitations
\layout Standard

Even though your 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 program may correctly check contractions, it doesn't seem to when used
 through LyX.
 In addition, it is not at all clear that the options to allow runtogether
 words, or to include extra characters, or to allow extra affixes, work
 as they are supposed to.
\layout Standard

Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
 of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
 for each occurrence of the word.
 That feature will be considered for later versions of LyX.
\layout Section

International Support
\layout Standard

This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
 LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
 on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
 paper size and the spell checker set to U.S.
 English.
 You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
 the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
 default configuration.
\layout Standard

If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
 a german keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
 your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
 the character encoding, and desired paper size.
 Refer to 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}

\end_inset 

 for more information.
\layout Standard

If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
 language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
 you should configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
 Refer to 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}

\end_inset 

 for details.
 
\layout Standard

Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
 one to support the characters you want.
 
\layout Standard

The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are 
\emph on 
way
\emph default 
 beyond the scope of this manual.
 You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
 of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
 If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
 to your native tongue, please see the 
\emph on 
Customization
\emph default 
 manual for details.
\layout Subsection


\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout
\family default 
 Language Options
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}

\end_inset 

The 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup lets you set 
\family roman 
the language and character encoding for your language.
 
\family default 
Access this popup by selecting 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
\family roman 
he 
\family sans 
Language
\family roman 
 
\family default 
combo
\family roman 
box 
\family default 
of the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 The default is U.S.
 English.
 Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
 The language name appears in the window.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
 If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
 for it.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Enco
\bar under 
d
\bar default 
ing
\family default 
 box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
 The default is the 
\family typewriter 
ASCII
\family default 
 encoding which is typically sufficient for U.S.
 English.
 A superset of the 
\family typewriter 
ASCII
\family default 
 encoding is the 
\family typewriter 
Latin1
\family default 
 encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
 European languages.
 The third choice, 
\family typewriter 
Latin2
\family default 
, is for support of Eastern European languages.
 Click on the popup and then click on the encoding you want to use, and
 it appears in the window.
 (Refer to 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keytab}

\end_inset 

 for the character encodings.)
\layout Standard

To change the paper size, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
P
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
per
\family default 
.
 Then use the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
apersize
\family default 
 combobox to select a paper size.
 The default is the U.S.
 Letter paper size.
\layout Standard

To use any language, papersize, or encoding change you made, click on the
 
\family sans 
OK
\family default 
 button.
 Your new configuration will now be used as long as you are in the current
 LyX session.
 
\layout Subsection

The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
K
\bar default 
eyboard
\family default 
 Keymap Configuration
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}

\end_inset 

Select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
K
\bar default 
eyboard
\family default 
 to open up the 
\family sans 
Key\SpecialChar ~
Mappings
\family default 
 popup.
 This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
 which one you want to use.
 
\layout Standard

Click on the down arrow for the 
\family sans 
Primary
\family default 
 combobox and choose the language keymap you want by clicking on it.
 The name them appears in the 
\family sans 
Primary
\family default 
 window.
 Do the same in the 
\family sans 
Secondary
\family default 
 window for a secondary language if you want one.
 You can then select either your primary or secondary keymap in the 
\family sans 
Mapping
\family default 
 section of the menu, or select 
\family sans 
\shape up 
No\SpecialChar ~
key\SpecialChar ~
mapping
\family default 
\shape default 
 if you do not want to use an alternate keymap.
 
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
\shape up 
C
\bar under 
h
\bar default 
aracter set 
\family roman 
window allows you to use different character sets if your language uses
 more than one.
 Greek, for example, uses two, and a Greek user can enter 
\family typewriter 
iso-8859-7
\family roman 
 in this window and the appropriate character map (a 
\family typewriter 
.cdef
\family sans 
 
\family roman 
file), if available, is loaded.
 
\layout Standard

Note that one of the choices for both primary and secondary keymaps is 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ther
\family default 
\shape default 
.
 You can use this to select a custom keymap which you've created yourself.
 For example, current distributions of LyX provide 
\family roman 
an 
\family typewriter 
american-2
\family roman 
 keymap f
\family default 
ile in the 
\family typewriter 
$LYX_DIR/kbd
\family default 
 directory.
 This keymapping supports some accented characters for other languages in
 addition to the U.S.
 keymap.
 To use the 
\family typewriter 
american-2
\family default 
 keymap, select the
\family sans 
 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions
\bar under 
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
K
\bar default 
eyboard
\family default 
 menu, select 
\family sans 
other
\family default 
 in t
\family roman 
he primary selec
\family default 
tion box, enter the name of the k
\family roman 
eymap (
\family typewriter 
american-2
\family roman 
) and cli
\family default 
ck on 
\family sans 
\shape up 
OK
\family default 
\shape default 
.
 You should now be able to enter accent characters using the new keymap.
\layout Subsection

Character Tables
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}

\end_inset 

Here is a table with all the characters in the 
\family typewriter 
Latin1
\family default 
 character set.
 You should be able to print all these characters directly from the keyboard
 without using too many modifier keys (if your keyboard is set up correctly,
 that is).
 Note that you must set your font encoding (in the 
\family sans 
Enco
\bar under 
d
\bar default 
ing
\family default 
 combobox of the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup) to 
\family sans 
latin1
\family default 
 to use this keyset, and to 
\family sans 
latin2
\family default 
 to use the 
\family typewriter 
Latin2
\family default 
 keyset.
 
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center 

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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="false" width="" special="">
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<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size tiny 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
0E
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
.
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
>
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
N
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
^
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
n
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
~
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
®
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
¾
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Î
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Þ
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
î
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="false" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
þ
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" newpage="false">
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\size tiny 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
0F
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
/
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
?
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
O
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
_
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
o
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard

\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
¯
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
¿
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
Ï
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
ß
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="false" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
ï
\end_inset 
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="0" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="false" usebox="none" width="" special="">
\begin_inset Text

\layout Standard


\family roman 
\series medium 
\shape up 
\emph off 
\bar no 
\noun off 
\latex no_latex 
\color none
ÿ
\end_inset 
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

There are a few things you need to know about this table.
 This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
s.
 That ain't the default.
 Nowhere near, in fact.
 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
 from the 
\family typewriter 
Latin1
\family default 
 character set:
\layout Itemize

The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
 generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar, and the short dash --
 are just plain missing in the default encodings.
 We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
\layout Itemize

Even if you've selected 
\family sans 
latin1
\family default 
 in the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup, users who have only the 
\family typewriter 
OT1
\family default 
-fonts for LaTeX [or who have the 
\family typewriter 
T1
\family default 
-fonts but aren't using them] will still be missing a few characters: D0,
 F0, DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and
 the french quotes -- won't show up.
\layout Itemize

Users of 
\family typewriter 
OT1
\family default 
-fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
 include the either the package 
\family typewriter 
umlaute.sty
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
german.sty
\family default 
 in their documents.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
 The automatic quote feature described in Section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}

\end_inset 

, will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
 packages.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
 directly.
 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
 also the characters from 
\family typewriter 
ISO8859--2
\family default 
 through 
\family typewriter 
4
\family default 
.
 
\layout Itemize

From 
\family typewriter 
ISO8859--1
\family default 
:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
\hfill 
diaeresis
\layout Standard

^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
\hfill 
circumflex
\layout Standard

` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
\hfill 
grave
\layout Standard

´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
\hfill 
acute
\layout Standard

~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ
\hfill 
tilde
\layout Standard

¸Çç
\hfill 
cedilla
\layout Standard

¯
\hfill 
macron
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
 this instead.
 For example, S-M-minus, or if 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.Xmodmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 is correct, S-M-macron.
\end_float 
\layout Itemize

From 
\family typewriter 
ISO8859--2
\family default 
 through 
\family typewriter 
4
\family default 
:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

\i \^{H}
\i \^{J}
\i \^{h}
\i \^{\j}
\i \^{C}
\i \^{G}
\i \^{S}
\i \^{c}
\i \^{g}
\i \^{s}

\hfill 
circumflex
\layout Standard

\i \'{S}
\i \'{Z}
\i \'{s}
\i \'{z}
\i \'{R}
\i \'{L}
\i \'{C}
\i \'{N}
\i \'{r}
\i \'{l}
\i \'{c}
\i \'{n}

\hfill 
acute
\layout Standard

\i \~{I}
\i \~{\i}
\i \~{U}
\i \~{u}

\hfill 
tilde
\layout Standard

\i \c{S}
\i \c{s}
\i \c{T}
\i \c{t}
\i \c{R}
\i \c{L}
\i \c{G}
\i \c{r}
\i \c{l}
\i \c{g}
\i \c{N}
\i \c{K}
\i \c{n}
\i \c{k}

\hfill 
cedilla
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
 fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
\end_float 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

\i \={E}
\i \={e}
\i \={A}
\i \={I}
\i \={O}
\i \={U}
\i \={a}
\i \={\i}
\i \={o}
\i \={u}

\hfill 
macron
\layout Standard

\i \H{O}
\i \H{U}
\i \H{o}
\i \H{u}

\hfill 
hungarian umlaut
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
 This is also supported in LyX
\family roman 
\shape up 
, by
\family default 
\shape default 
 selecting 
\family sans 
\shape up 
\bar under 
O
\shape default 
\bar default 
ptions\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\shape up 
\bar under 
L
\shape default 
\bar default 
aTeX
\family default 
 and checking the 
\family sans 
Allo
\bar under 
w
\bar default 
\SpecialChar ~
accents\SpecialChar ~
on\SpecialChar ~
ALL\SpecialChar ~
chars
\bar under 
 
\family default 
\bar default 
radio button
\family sans 
.

\family default 
 Also make sure you're using the 
\family typewriter 
T1
\family default 
 font-encoding and have the package 
\family typewriter 
umlaute.sty
\family default 
 with the definition file 
\family typewriter 
iso.def
\family default 
 installed.
\layout Subsection

International Spellcheck Support
\layout Standard

LyX uses the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 spelling checker.
 You should configure 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 to work with your system if it does not already.
 To get the appropriate language dictionary, refer to the 
\family typewriter 
Where
\family default 
 file included with the 
\family typewriter 
ispell
\family default 
 package.
 Note that some dictionaries do not support the 
\family typewriter 
Latin1
\family default 
 encoding.
 If you have selected the 
\family typewriter 
Latin1
\family default 
 encoding (in the 
\family sans 
Document\SpecialChar ~
Layout
\family default 
 popup) with one of these dictionaries, the spellchecker will not work for
 some people.
 Refer to section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:spellchecking}

\end_inset 

 for more details about international spellchecking.
\layout Chapter

LyX et LaTeX
\layout Section

Comment LyX utilise LaTeX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyx-et-latex}

\end_inset 

Ce chapitre est à la fois pour les TeX-niciens et les curieux de LaTeX.
 Nous allons y expliquer comment LyX et LaTeX fonctionnent ensemble pour
 produire une sortie imprimable.
 C'est le seul endroit de tous ces manuels où nous présumons que vous connaissez
 quelque chose à LaTeX.
\layout Standard

A un moment, nous avions coutume d'appeler LyX une 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

interface WYSIWYM pour LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, mais ce n'est plus vrai désormais.
 Des interfaces pour LaTeX existent.
 Ce sont basiquement des éditeurs avec la possibilité de faire tourner LaTeX
 et de marquer les erreurs dans le fichier que vous éditez.
 Bien que LyX 
\emph on 
soit
\emph default 
 un éditeur, et qu'il 
\emph on 
fasse tourner
\emph default 
 LaTeX, et qu'il marque aussi les erreurs dans le fichier, il fait aussi
 beaucoup, beaucoup d'autres choses.
 Grâce au concept WYSIWYM
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

What You See Is What You Mean
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 : 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Vous voyez ce que vous voulez dire
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
\end_float 
, vous n'avez pas besoin de connaître LaTeX pour utiliser LyX efficacement.
 LyX a aussi ajouté quelques extensions à LaTeX
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

L'Équipe l'a fait pour des raisons techniques de grammaire et de codage.
 Les nouvelles macros permettent à LyX de produire du code LaTeX plus facilement
 et de s'assurer que ce code est correct.
 Vous, utilisateur, n'avez pas à vous occuper de tout cela.
\end_float 
.
 Essayez un jour ceci : faites 
\family sans 
Exporter\SpecialChar ~
vers\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default 
 dans le menu 
\family sans 
Fichier
\family default 
, puis regardez le préambule du fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 obtenu.
 Vous remarquerez une variété de nouvelles macros définies spécialement
 par LyX
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Un peu d'histoire : à un moment, toutes ces macros se trouvaient dans un
 fichier 
\family typewriter 
lyx.sty
\family default 
.
 L'Équipe a depuis décidé que les fichiers 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 générés par LyX devaient être plus portables.
 C'est pourquoi les macros sont maintenant dans le préambule.
\end_float 
.
 Mais tout ceci n'a aucune importance du point de vue de l'utilisateur.
\layout Standard

Il y a cinq commandes qui invoquent LaTeX automatiquement.
 Ce sont :
\layout Itemize

V
\family sans 
isualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PostScript
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mise\SpecialChar ~
à\SpecialChar ~
jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Mise\SpecialChar ~
à\SpecialChar ~
jour\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PostScript
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Imprimer
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : On doit pouvoir ajouter désormais (version 1.1.6) les prévisualisations
 et mises à jour dans tous les autres formats, ainsi que certaines exportations
 de fichier.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

Elles n'invoqueront LaTeX que si le fichier a changé depuis la dernière
 fois que LaTeX l'a traité.
\layout Standard

Quand vous faites tourner LaTeX sur le fichier que vous éditez, LyX réalise
 les étapes suivantes :
\layout Enumerate

Il convertit le document en LaTeX et l'enregistre dans un fichier avec l'extensi
on 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 au lieu de 
\family typewriter 
.lyx
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate

Il fait tourner LaTeX sur le fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 (peut-être plusieurs fois).
\layout Enumerate

S'il y a des erreurs, il les marque dans le document.
\layout Standard

Si vous avez lancé LaTeX avec 
\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\family default 
, LyX exécute alors 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 sur le fichier Dvi.
 Si vous avez utilisé 
\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PostScript
\family default 
 ou 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Imprimer
\family default 
, LyX réalise deux étapes supplémentaires :
\layout Itemize

Il fait tourner 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 pour convertir le fichier Dvi en PostScript® :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Pour 
\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PostScript
\family default 
, le fichier généré a l'extension 
\family typewriter 
.ps_tmp
\family default 
.
\layout Itemize

Pour 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Imprimer
\family default 
, le fichier généré a l'extension normale 
\family typewriter 
.ps
\family default 
.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Il exécute 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 ou envoie le fichier PostScript® à l'imprimante.
\layout Section


\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Au secours! LyX a génére un fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 illisible!
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Les durs à cuire de LaTeX vont hurler, puis déclarer LyX sans intérêt, juste
 parce qu'il n'ont pas ???
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Original : 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

because they didn't RTFM
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 Pas compris.
\end_float 
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note de 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
 : Je connais un membre d'une certaine université qui s'est plaint que LyX
 ne générait pas des fichiers LaTeX.
 N'est-ce pas amusant de voir que, parfois, les universitaires sont les
 moins enclins à lire les instructions?
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

Nous allons mettre les choses au clair.
 LyX produit deux sortes de fichiers LaTeX.
 L'un est lisible par un humain.
 L'autre est lisible par LyX.
 A chaque fois que LyX exécute LaTeX, il produit un fichier LaTeX dans lequel
 il peut facilement repérer les erreurs.
 Le fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 obtenu n'est pas compréhensible par un humain.
 N'essayez même pas de le lire.
 Si vous voulez un fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 que vous puissiez envoyer à un collègue, faites 
\family sans 
Exporter\SpecialChar ~
vers\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default 
 dans le menu 
\family sans 
Fichier
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Nous allons le redire, spécialement mis en valeur pour attirer l'attention
 même des plus obtus :
\layout Quote

Si vous voulez un fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 que vous puissiez envoyer à un collègue, faites 
\family sans 
Exporter\SpecialChar ~
vers\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default 
 dans le menu 
\family sans 
Fichier
\family default 
.
\layout Section

Traduire des fichiers LaTeX en LyX
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez importer un fichier LaTeX dans LyX en utilisant la commande
 
\family sans 
Fichier\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Importer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default 
.
 Ceci appelle un script Perl appelé 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 -- qui crée un fichier 
\family typewriter 
machin.lyx
\family default 
 à partir du fichier 
\family typewriter 
machin.tex
\family default 
 -- et ensuite ouvre ce fichier.
 Si la traduction ne marche pas, vous pouvez essayer d'invoquer reLyX à
 la ligne de commande
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Quand on installe LyX, un exécutable séparé appelé 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 est placé dans le même dossier que l'exécutable 
\family typewriter 
lyx
\family default 
 (par exemple, 
\family typewriter 
/usr/local/bin/reLyX
\family default 
).
 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 nécessite Perl (version 5.002 au moment de l'écriture de ce manuel).
\end_float 
, éventuellement en utilisant des options supplémentaires.
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 va traduire la plupart du LaTeX correct, mais pas tout.
 Il laissera les choses qu'il ne comprend pas en mode TeX, de sorte qu'après
 avoir traduit un fichier avec 
\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
, vous pouvez chercher le texte en rouge et l'éditer à la main pour obtenir
 ce que vous désirez.
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 
reLyX
\family default 
 a une section dédiée dans le manuel d'
\emph on 
Options\SpecialChar ~
Avancées
\emph default 
 (ainsi qu'une page de man équivalente), que vous devriez lire pour découvrir
 les parties de LaTeX non traduites, les erreurs (et comment les contourner),
 et comment utiliser les différentes options.
\layout Standard

Si vous ne parvenez pas à faire marcher reLyX, où que vous voulez juste
 mettre un morceau de code LaTeX dans un fichier LyX, voyez la Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:code-LaTeX}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Section

Insérer du code LaTeX dans des documents LyX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:code-LaTeX}

\end_inset 

C'est un point assez important : vous pouvez toujours insérer du code LaTeX
 dans un document LyX.
 Simplement LyX ne peut pas, et ne pourra probablement jamais, afficher
 toutes les constructions LaTeX possibles.
 Si vous avez besoin d'insérer des commandes LaTeX dans votre document LyX,
 vous avez deux options :
\layout Description

En\SpecialChar ~
ligne Marquer un bloc de texte n'importe où, n'importe quand, comme du
 code LaTeX.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Il y a trois moyens d'accéder à cette commande :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Menu : 
\family sans 
Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator
TeX
\layout Itemize

Barre d'outils : le bouton avec le mot 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

TeX
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 en rouge dessus.
\layout Itemize

Raccourci clavier : 
\family sans 
M-c\SpecialChar ~
t
\family default 
 ou 
\family sans 
C-l
\family default 
 (la lettre minuscule 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

l
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
, pas le chiffre 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

1
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 ni la lettre majuscule 
\family sans 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

I
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
).
\layout Standard

Ca marche comme un style de caractère.
 Vous pouvez passer en mode TeX et en sortir.
 Quand il est activé, tout ce que vous tapez est en mode TeX.
 Vous pouvez aussi sélectionner un bloc de texte et (par exemple) appuyer
 sur le bouton TeX pour le signaler comme code TeX.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Sert plutôt pour des petits bouts de code LaTeX.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Nous avons déjà rencontré quelques utilisations du style TeX dans les Sections\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:abbrev}

\end_inset 

 et\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ligatures}

\end_inset 

.
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Description

Environnement\SpecialChar ~

\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 Nous l'avons également déjà rencontré, dans la Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:apparence-LaTeX}

\end_inset 

.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

L'environnement de paragraphe 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 est fait pour les grands blocs de code LaTeX.
 Il est d'emploi assez simple si vous suivez une ou deux recommandations
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Passez à la ligne avec 
\family sans 
C-Return
\family default 
.
 Un 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 simple remettra le paragraphe à 
\family sans 
Standard
\family default 
.
\layout Itemize

Ne commencez pas de ligne avec une 
\family sans 
Espace
\family default 
.
 Il y a une erreur dans LyX, qui s'étouffe avec de telles lignes.
 (Je sais, cela veut dire que vous ne pouvez pas indenter votre code LaTeX
 pour le rendre joli.)
\layout Itemize

Vous 
\emph on 
POUVEZ
\emph default 
 imbriquer l'environnement 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 dans d'autres environnements.
 Par exemple, supposez que vous voulez faire ceci :
\begin_deeper 
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
begin{itemize}
\newline 

\backslash 
item .....
\newline 
.
\newline 
.
\newline 
.
\newline 
%Votre code LaTeX pour obtenir un effet particulier
\newline 
%
\newline 
.
\newline 
.
\newline 
.
\newline 

\backslash 
end{itemize}
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez imbriquer un environnement 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 dans un environnement 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 pour faire la même chose.
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Voici un exemple de code dans l'environnement de paragraphe LaTeX.
 Le code ressemble à :
\begin_deeper 
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
begin{tabular}{ll}
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline 
Un exemple d'environnement minipage.
 Vous pouvez
\newline 
mettre presque tout dedans, même des figures
\newline 
et des tableaux (non flottants).
\newline 

\backslash 
end{minipage}
\newline 
&
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{verbatim}
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline 
Un exemple ...
 
\newline 

\backslash 
end{minipage}
\newline 

\backslash 
end{verbatim}
\newline 

\backslash 
end{minipage}
\newline 

\backslash 
end{tabular}
\layout Standard

Ce qui suit est dans l'environnement 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 lui-même.
 Ceux d'entre vous qui lisent le manuel en ligne verront seulement un paquet
 de texte en rouge.
 Ceux qui lisent une version imprimée du manuel verront le résultat final
 :
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
begin{tabular}{ll}
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline 
Un exemple d'environnement minipage.
 Vous pouvez mettre presque tout dedans, même des figures et des tableaux
 (non flottants).
\newline 

\backslash 
end{minipage}
\newline 
&
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{verbatim}
\newline 

\backslash 
begin{minipage}{5cm}
\newline 
Un exemple ...
 
\newline 

\backslash 
end{minipage}
\newline 

\backslash 
end{verbatim}
\newline 

\backslash 
end{minipage}
\newline 

\backslash 
end{tabular}
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

En plus de ces deux méthodes, vous pouvez aussi créer un fichier séparé
 contenant une structure LaTeX complexe.
 Vous pouvez alors utiliser l'environnement de paragraphe 
\family sans 
TeX\SpecialChar ~
Style
\family default 
 ou 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 pour mettre la commande LaTeX 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 


\backslash 
input{mon_fichier}
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 dans votre document.
 LaTeX inclura alors le fichier 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

mon_fichier.tex
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 (notez l'ajout du suffixe 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

.tex
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
) dans votre document.
 Nous vous recommandons de ne faire cela que si vous avez un fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 dont vous 
\emph on 
savez
\emph default 
 déjà qu'il marche.
 Sinon, vous allez avoir du mal à partir à la chasse aux erreurs...
\layout Standard

Encore quelques notes pour insister :
\layout Itemize

Au sein de LyX, le code LaTeX apparaît 
\emph on 
en rouge
\emph default 
.
\layout Itemize

LyX 
\emph on 
ne vérifie pas
\emph default 
 si votre code LaTeX est correct.
\layout Itemize

Attention à ne pas réinventer la roue.
\layout Standard

La dernière note fait référence à deux choses.
 Premièrement, LyX dispose déjà de pas mal de possibilités, et encore plus
 sont en préparation.
 Assurez-vous de vérifier dans les manuels que LyX n'a pas déjà telle ou
 telle fonction avant de vous lancer joyeusement dans l'écriture de code
 LaTeX
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note de 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
 : Il paraît que ça m'arrive tout le temps.
 Me mettre à coder avec enthousiasme quelque chose pour afficher des étiquettes,
 juste pour apprendre qu'il y avait déjà 2 paquetages LaTeX différents qui
 le faisaient.
 Pire encore : je les avais déjà!
\end_float 
.
 Deuxièmement, il existe beaucoup de paquetages LaTeX pour faire toutes
 sortes de choses, des étiquettes et enveloppes aux tableaux sur plusieurs
 pages.
 Voyez un site du CTAN pour plus de détails (voir la Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ctan}

\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

Si vous avez effectivement besoin de faire quelque chose de bizarre avec
 votre document, référez-vous à un bon livre sur LaTeX pour avoir de l'aide.
 Un certain nombre sont cités dans la bibliographie de ce manuel.
\layout Standard

Il y a de nombreuses commandes LaTeX qui doivent être placées avant le début
 effectif du texte.
 Elles vont dans le préambule, et font l'objet de la prochaine section.
\layout Section

LyX et le préambule LaTeX
\layout Subsection

A propos du préambule LaTeX
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:préambule}

\end_inset 

Si vous connaissez déjà LaTeX, il n'y a pas besoin d'expliquer ici à quoi
 sert le préambule.
 Si vous ne le connaissez pas, ce qui suit vous en donnera une idée -- nous
 vous recommandons encore de consulter un livre sur LaTeX pour plus d'informatio
n.
 Dans tous les cas, il vaut mieux lire les points ci-dessous, parce qu'ils
 expliquent ce que vous pouvez faire et ce que vous n'avez pas besoin de
 faire dans le préambule LaTeX d'un document LyX.
\layout Standard

Le préambule LaTeX vient au tout début d'un document, 
\emph on 
avant
\emph default 
 le texte.
 Il sert à :
\layout Itemize

déclarer la classe de document.
 LyX l'a déjà fait à votre place.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Si vous êtes un LaTeX-nicien occasionnel, et que vous avez une classe de
 document particulière dont vous voulez vous servir, voyez le manuel de
 
\emph on 
Personnalisation
\emph default 
 pour savoir comment la faire reconnaître par LyX.
 Puis soumettez le fruit de vos efforts à l'Équipe LyX pour que cela paraisse
 dans de prochaines versions!
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

déclarer les paquetages utilisés.
 Les paquetages LaTeX fournissent des commandes spéciales, qui sont disponibles
 dans un document seulement si le paquetage a été déclaré dans le préambule.
 Par exemple, le paquetage 
\family typewriter 
indentfirst
\family default 
 force l'indentation de tous les paragraphes.
 Il y a d'autres paquetages pour des étiquettes, des enveloppes, des marges,
 etc.
\layout Itemize

fixer les compteurs, variables, longueurs et largeurs.
 Il y a plusieurs compteurs et variables LaTeX qui 
\emph on 
doivent
\emph default 
 être fixés globalement depuis le préambule afin d'avoir l'effet désiré.
 (Il y a aussi d'autres variables que vous pouvez ajuster dans le document.)
 Les marges sont un bon exemple de ce qui doit être fixé dans le préambule.
 Un autre exemple est le type de marqueur pour les listes.
 Vous pouvez en fait régler cela n'importe où, mais il est préférable de
 le faire une seule fois, dans le préambule.
\layout Itemize

déclarer les commandes définies par l'utilisateur (avec 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
newcommand
\family default 
 ou 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
renewcommand
\family default 
), pour la plupart ce sont des abréviations pour des commandes LaTeX qui
 apparaissent très souvent dans le document.
 Bien que le préambule soit un bon endroit pour déclarer de telles commandes,
 elles 
\emph on 
peuvent
\emph default 
 être définies n'importe où ailleurs (mais 
\emph on 
avant
\emph default 
 d'être utilisées pour la première fois, bien sûr...).
 Ce peut être utile s'il y a beaucoup de code LaTeX brut dans votre document,
 ce qui normalement ne devrait pas être le cas.
\layout Standard

LyX ajoute son propre lot de définitions au préambule du fichier 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 qu'il engendre.
 Ceci rend les fichiers LaTeX générés par LyX portables.
\layout Subsection

Changer le préambule
\layout Standard

Les commandes que LyX ajoute au préambule d'un fichier LaTeX sont déterminées
 ; vous ne pouvez pas les changer sans modifier les sources de LyX.
 Vous pouvez toutefois ajouter vos propres commandes au préambule.
 Il y a deux moyens de le faire :
\layout Enumerate

Allez dans 
\family sans 
Format\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Préambule\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
.
 Une fenêtre s'ouvre dans laquelle vous pouvez mettre vos commandes favorites.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Le comportement de cette fenêtre dépend de l'interface graphique
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

NdT : Traduction incertaine de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

toolkit
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
\end_float 
, donc ne vous attendez pas à y voir fonctionner les raccourcis clavier.
\layout Enumerate

Les mettre dans votre modèle par défaut (voir Section\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:configuration}

\end_inset 

), pour que cela devienne le préambule par défaut pour tous les fichiers
 que vous créez.
\layout Standard

LyX ajoute tout ce qu'il y a dans la fenêtre 
\family sans 
Préambule\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
 à son propre préambule.
 Avant d'ajouter vos propres déclarations, vous devriez vous assurer que
 LyX ne fait pas déjà ce que vous voulez faire (rappelez-vous ce que nous
 avons dit : ne réinventez pas la roue!).
 
\emph on 
Assurez-vous aussi que votre préambule est correct.

\emph default 
 LyX ne le vérifie pas.
\layout Subsection

Exemples
\layout Standard

Voici quelques exemples de ce que vous pouvez ajouter au préambule, et de
 l'effet produit :
\layout Subsubsection

Exemple 1 : Décalages
\layout Standard

Il y a deux variables dans LaTeX qui contrôlent la position de la page :
 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
hoffset
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
voffset
\family default 
, c'est-à-dire décalage horizontal et décalage vertical.
 Ces variables sont utiles si vous pensez par exemple à l'impression d'étiquette
s.
 Parfois, la taille d'un medium d'impression et l'aire effectivement imprimable
 ne sont pas les mêmes.
 C'est là qu'interviennent 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
hoffset
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
voffset
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Les valeurs par défaut de 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
hoffset
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
voffset
\family default 
 sont toutes deux de 0\SpecialChar ~
pt, c'est-à-dire que la page n'est pas décalée.
\layout Standard

Malheureusement, quelques pilotes DVI semblent toujours décaler la page.
 Nous ne savons pas pourquoi, ni pourquoi l'administrateur système n'a pas
 corrigé un tel comportement.
 Si vous utilisez LyX sur un système que vous n'entretenez pas vous-même,
 et si votre administrateur système est un paresseux
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Traduction vraisemblable de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

your sysadmin is a doofus
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
\end_float 
, 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
hoffse
\family default 
t et 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
voffset
\family default 
 peuvent sauver la mise.
 Supposez que vos marges du haut et de gauche soient toujours 0,5\SpecialChar ~
pouce trop
 grandes.
 Vous pouvez ajouter ceci au préambule :
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
hoffset}{-0.5 in}
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
voffset}{-0.5 in}
\layout Standard

...et vos marges devraient désormais être correctes.
\layout Subsubsection

Exemple 2 : Etiquettes
\layout Standard

Supposez que vous vouliez imprimer un paquet d'étiquettes d'adresse.
 Il y a un paquetage plutôt sympathique, disponible à votre archive CTAN
 la plus proche, pour imprimer des feuilles d'étiquettes, appelé 
\family typewriter 
labels.sty
\family default 
.
 Il est possible que votre système n'ait pas ce paquetage installé par défaut.
 Nous vous laissons le vérifier.
 Il vous faut aussi lire sa documentation ; nous n'allons pas le faire à
 votre place.
 Toutefois, comme c'est un exemple, nous allons vous montrer comment il
 marche.
\layout Standard

D'abord, assurez-vous que vous utilisez la classe de document 
\family sans 
article
\family default 
.
 Ensuite, vous devez ajouter ce qui suit dans votre préambule :
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
usepackage{labels}
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
LabelCols=3
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
LabelRows=7
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
LeftBorder=8mm
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
RightBorder=8mm
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
TopBorder=9mm
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
BottomBorder=2mm
\layout Standard

Ceci est la configuration pour des feuilles d'étiquette Avery®, référence
 #5360.
 Vous êtes maintenant prêt à imprimer des étiquettes, mais si vous devez
 insérer du code LaTeX, placez les commandes 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
begin{labels}
\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
end{labels}
\family default 
 autour de chaque étiquette.
 C'est expliqué dans la documentation du paquetage, ainsi que d'autres fonctions
 de celui-ci.
\layout Standard

Un jour, quelqu'un écrira peut-être une fonction de LyX pour supporter directeme
nt ce paquetage.
 Peut-être même que ce sera vous.
\layout Subsubsection

Exemple 3 : Indentation de paragraphe
\layout Standard

Les Américains ont l'habitude d'indenter la première ligne de 
\emph on 
chaque
\emph default 
 paragraphe.
 Comme avec toutes leurs autres moeurs étranges, la plupart des Américains
 vont se plaindre et récriminer jusqu'à ce qu'ils aient ce qu'ils veulent,
 et qu'ils puissent indenter la première ligne de chaque paragraphe
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note de 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
 : C'est écrit par un Américain -- 
\emph on 
moi
\emph default 
 ! C'est ma sensation au sujet de mes concitoyens.
 Dommage si ça ne vous plaît pas.
 Blblblblblbblbl!
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

Bien sûr, cette habitude n'est pas typographiquement correcte.
 Dans des livres, vous n'indentez en général la première ligne d'un paragraphe
 
\emph on 
que
\emph default 
 s'il en suit un autre.
 L'idée derrière l'indentation de la première ligne est de pouvoir distinguer
 deux paragraphes consécutifs.
 S'il y a pas de paragraphe précédent, par exemple s'il suit une figure,
 ou si c'est le premier paragraphe d'une section, alors il n'y a pas d'indentati
on spéciale.
\layout Standard

Si vous êtes un Américain typique
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Ce qui m'étonnerait, mais on ne sait jamais!
\end_float 
, cependant, vous ne vous occupez pas de choses aussi ésotériques ; vous
 voulez votre indentation! Ajoutez ceci au préambule :
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
usepackage{indentfirst}
\layout Standard

Si votre distribution TeX n'est pas un vieux coucou, vous avez ce paquetage,
 et tous vos paragraphes auront l'indentation que vous pensez qu'ils méritent.
\layout Subsubsection

Exemple 4 : Ce document
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez aussi aller voir le préambule de ce document pour avoir une
 idée de certaines possibilités avancées.
 La fenêtre 
\family sans 
Préambule\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
 risque de ne pas être visible en une fois, même en plein écran.
 Il y a aussi d'autres exemples et un assortiment de 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

trucs et astuces
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 LaTeX dans le manuel 
\emph on 
Options\SpecialChar ~
Avancées
\emph default 
.
\layout Section

LyX et les erreurs LaTeX
\layout Standard

Quand LyX invoque LaTeX, il lui dit d'ignorer toute erreur et de continuer.
 Il se sert ensuite du fichier log de LaTeX pour en faire l'autopsie.
 Comme nous l'avons dit plus haut dans le chapitre, LyX génère des fichiers
 
\family typewriter 
.tex
\family default 
 de deux sortes, dont l'un sert à localiser les erreurs dans le document.
 S'il y a une erreur quelque part, LyX la met dans une boîte avec le mot
 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Erreur
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 à la place appropriée dans le document
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

LyX fera occasionnellement des déductions fausses sur l'emplacement de l'erreur.
 Ca arrivera surtout dans les tableaux, les figures, les math et le préambule.
\end_float 
.
 Il affichera aussi dans une fenêtre un message vous alertant sur la présence
 d'erreurs.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez naviguer dans les erreurs en faisant 
\family sans 
Naviguer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Erreur
\family default 
.
 Vous pouvez 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

ouvrir
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 les boîtes d'erreur et voir le message d'erreur LaTeX en cliquant dessus.
\layout Standard

Quelques-uns préfèrent regarder le fichier log directement, il est accessible
 par 
\family sans 
Visualiser\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Fichier\SpecialChar ~
log\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
.
 Il y a quelques erreurs et avertissements assez fréquents.
 Nous allons les traiter ici.
 Vous devriez vous reporter à un bon livre sur LaTeX pour une liste complète.
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

LaTeX Warning
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Tout ce qui commence par ces mots est un message d'avertissement destiné
 à 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

déboguer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

 le code LaTeX lui-même.
 Vous aurez des messages de ce type si vous avez ajouté ou changé des références
 croisées ou des entrées de bibliographie, auquel cas LaTeX essaye de vous
 dire que vous devez l'exécuter une nouvelle fois.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez en général les ignorer.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

LaTeX Font Warning
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Un autre message d'avertissement, cette fois au sujet de polices que LaTeX
 n'a pas trouvées.
 Le reste du message indiquera souvent la police de substitution que LaTeX
 a choisi.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez les ignorer sans crainte.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Overfull 
\backslash 
hbox
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

LaTeX 
\emph on 
adore
\emph default 
 cracher ce genre de messages.
 Ils vous préviennent que les lignes sont trop longues et débordent sur
 la marge de droite.
 C'est presque toujours impossible à déceler dans le rendu final.
 Ou bien seuls un ou deux caractères débordent sur la marge.
 On dirait que LaTeX génère au moins un message de ce type pour chaque document
 que vous écrivez.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez ignorer ces messages stupides.
 Vos yeux vous diront bien s'il y a quelque chose de trop large ; vous n'avez
 qu'à regarder ce qui sort.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Underfull 
\backslash 
hbox
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Pas aussi courant que son cousin.
 LaTeX semble préférer imprimer des lignes un peu trop larges plutôt qu'un
 peu trop étroites.
 Nous ne savons pas pourquoi.
\layout Standard

Vous pouvez tout autant les ignorer que les précédents.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Overfull 
\backslash 
vbox
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 et 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Underfull 
\backslash 
vbox
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Des avertissements sur des problèmes de saut de page.
 A nouveau, vous n'avez qu'à regarder ce qui sort.
 Vous verrez bien si quelque chose ne va pas.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

LaTeX Error: File 'Xxxx' not found
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Le fichier 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Xxxx
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 n'est pas présent sur ce système.
 Ceci apparaît habituellement parce qu'un paquetage nécessaire à votre document
 n'est pas installé.
 Si vous n'avez pas touché au préambule ou si vous n'avez pas utilisé la
 commande 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
usepackage{}
\family default 
, alors un des paquetages que LyX a essayé de charger est manquant.
 Faites 
\family sans 
Aide\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuration\SpecialChar ~
LaTeX
\family default 
 pour voir la liste des paquetages dont LyX a entendu parler.
 Ce fichier est mis à jour à chaque fois que vous reconfigurez LyX (avec
 
\family sans 
Éditer\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Reconfigurer
\family default 
) et vous dit quels paquetages ont été détectés et à quoi ils servent.
\layout Standard

Si vous 
\emph on 
avez
\emph default 
 utilisé la commande 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
usepackage{}
\family default 
, et que le paquetage en question n'est pas installé, vous devez l'installer
 vous-même.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

LaTeX Error: Unknown option
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Les messages d'erreur commençant ainsi essayent de vous dire que vous avez
 spécifié une option impossible ou inexistante dans un paquetage.
 Vérifiez dans sa documentation.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

Undefined control sequence
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Si vous avez inséré du code LaTeX dans votre document, et fait une faute
 de frappe, vous aurez un de ceux-là.
 Vous pouvez aussi avoir oublié de charger un paquetage.
 Dans tous les cas, d'habitude ce message d'erreur veut dire que vous avez
 utilisé une commande inconnue.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Il y a d'autres messages d'erreur et d'avertissement.
 Quelques-uns sont explicites
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : Pour un anglophone...
\end_float 
.
 Ce sont souvent des messages LaTeX.
 D'autres sont carrément incompréhensibles.
 Ce sont en fait des messages d'erreur TeX, et nous n'avons vraiment 
\emph on 
aucune idée
\emph default 
 de ce qu'ils signifient ou de comment les déchiffrer.
\layout Standard

Voici une liste de vérifications à effectuer si vous êtes confronté à des
 messages d'erreur :
\layout Enumerate

Cherchez d'éventuelles fautes de frappe dans le code LaTeX que vous avez
 inséré.
\layout Enumerate

S'il n'y a pas de fautes de frappe, vérifiez que vous avez utilisé les commandes
 correctement.
\layout Enumerate

Si vous avez un paquet de boîtes d'erreur entassées tout en haut du document,
 ça veut dire qu'il y a des erreurs dans le préambule.
 Commencez par corriger votre préambule.
\layout Enumerate

Si vous n'avez rien ajouté au préambule et si vous n'avez pas ajouté de
 code LaTeX au document, le suspect numéro un est votre distribution LaTeX
 elle-même.
 Vérifiez s'il manque des paquetages et rajoutez-les.
\layout Enumerate

Très bien, il ne manque aucun paquetage.
 Avez-vous utilisé une des options de réglage fin de LyX? Plus précisément,
 avez-vous 
\emph on 
mal utilisé
\emph default 
 l'une d'entre elles, en essayant par exemple d'insérer manuellement des
 tas de 
\family sans 
Blancs\SpecialChar ~
Insécables
\family default 
, de sauts de paragraphe ou de sauts de page? Avez-vous essayé de bricoler
 quelque chose avec tout ça au lieu d'utiliser les environnements de paragraphe
 appropriés?
\layout Enumerate

D'accord, vous n'avez utilisé aucune des options de réglage fin, vous avez
 joué dans les règles.
 Avez-vous essayé une manoeuvre bizarre? Avez-vous fait quelque chose de
 pas net dans un tableau ou une équation, comme insérer un graphique dans
 une case de tableau?
\layout Enumerate

Avez-vous exagéré avec l'imbrication? LyX (actuellement) ne vérifie pas
 que vous restez dans les limites de l'imbrication d'environnements.
 Si vous avez imbriqué un tas d'environnements jusqu'au 
\begin_inset Formula \( 17^{e} \)
\end_inset 

 niveau, le problème est là.
\layout Enumerate

Vous n'avez obtenu aucun message d'erreur, mais votre rendu ne ressemble
 pas à grand chose.
 Si vous avez un tableau ou une figure qui est trop large ou trop haute
 pour la page, vous devez :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

mettre la figure à l'échelle pour qu'elle tienne.
\layout Enumerate

rétrécir le tableau pour qu'il tienne.
\layout Standard

Si quelque chose d'autre ne va pas avec le rendu, et que vous n'avez rien
 essayé de bizarre ni bricolé avec les réglages fins, nous ne savons pas
 trop ce qui cloche.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Si vous n'êtes pas plus avancé avec tout ceci -- et bien, 
\emph on 
peut-être
\emph default 
 que vous avez trouvé une erreur dans LyX...
\layout Chapter

Remerciements
\layout Standard

La documentation est un travail collectif
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

NdT : faute de savoir traduire 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

The documentation is something of an exercise in stone-soup
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

.
 Si quelqu'un a la réponse...
\end_float 
.
 Beaucoup de gens ont mis la main à la pâte.
\layout Standard

D'abord, nous devons remercier comme il convient ceux qui sont venus avant
 nous.
 Ils nous ont donné la base sur laquelle les nouveaux manuels sont bâtis,
 et quelques-uns continuent à fournir de l'information :
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default 
 a écrit la documentation originelle (dont est dérivée ce manuel), ainsi
 que l'introduction de ce manuel (que certains d'entre nous appellent le
 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

manifeste LyX
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

).
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Lars Gullik Bjønnes
\noun default 
 a écrit plusieurs minidocuments, dont une partie de l'info sur l'internationali
sation de LyX.
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Ivan Schreter
\noun default 
 a aussi écrit un minidocument sur le support international, spécifiquement
 à propos des claviers internationaux et de la personnalisation.
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Pascal André
\noun default 
 a documenté à l'origine l'interface LinuxDoc SGML.
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
\noun default 
 a documenté à l'origine le mode Math et fourni la description des fonctions
 mathématiques dans 
\family typewriter 
Reference.lyx
\layout Itemize

Des remerciements particuliers à l'Équipe LyX\SpecialChar ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}

\end_inset 

 pour son aide et les réponses aux questions.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Ensuite, il est temps de remercier 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

l'Équipe de Documentation de LyX
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 

, tous les gens qui ont aidé à réécrire l'ancienne documentation sous la
 forme qu'elle a pris après la version 0.10 :
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
David Johnson
\noun default 
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Contributeur de la FAQ et de l'ancien 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

HowDoI-.lyx
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 (aujourd'hui défunt).
\layout Itemize

Aide générale pour l'édition.
\layout Itemize

Documentation de :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

mode Math
\layout Itemize

tableaux
\layout Itemize

correcteur orthographique
\layout Standard

...dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Rich Fields
\noun default 
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Contributeur principal de 
\family typewriter 
Reference.lyx
\layout Itemize

Documentation de l'interface LyX de base dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Paul Evans
\noun default 
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Ex-mainteneur de la FAQ et de l'ancien 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset 

HowDoI-.lyx
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 (aujourd'hui défunt).
\layout Itemize

Documentation de LinnuxDoc dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Paul Russel
\noun default 
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Documentation des figures et des graphiques importés dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
John Raithel
\noun default 
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Documentation des fonctionnalités d'internationalisation dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Robin Socha
\noun default 
 :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Documentation de :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

notes de bas de page
\layout Itemize

notes en marge
\layout Itemize

table des matières
\layout Itemize

références croisées
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Amir Karger
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Contributeur principal à 
\family typewriter 
Tutorial.lyx
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
Matthias Zenker:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Documentation de : 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

réglage fin manuel 
\layout Itemize

utilisation de LaTeX depuis l'intérieur de LyX
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Organisation générale et format des documents.
\layout Itemize

Documentation de :
\begin_deeper 
\layout Itemize

configuration de LyX
\layout Itemize

environnements de paragraphe, format de document, imbrication, notes typographiq
ues, polices
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
et quelques changements mineurs à l'introduction de 
\noun on 
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default 
 dans 
\family typewriter 
UserGuide.lyx
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

Aussi responsable de l'introduction de 
\family typewriter 
Tutorial.lyx
\layout Itemize

Editeur des documents.
 (de 6/96 à l'automne 1997)
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Après l'automne 1997, l'Équipe LyX dans son ensemble a pris en main l'entretien
 de la documentation.
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {lyxcredit}

Le répertoire source de LyX.
 Fichier : CREDITS.
 The LyX source tree.
 File: CREDITS.
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexbook}

Leslie Lamport.
 
\emph on 
LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
 
\emph default 
Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexcompanion}

Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin: 
\emph on 
The
\latex latex 
 
\latex default 
LaTeX Companion.
 
\emph default 
Addison-Wesley, 1994
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {latexguide}

A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka and Daly
\layout Bibliography
\bibitem {texbook}

Donald E.
 Knuth.
 
\emph on 
The TeXbook
\the_end
