\Header{log}{Logarithms and Exponentials}
\alias{exp}{log}
\alias{log10}{log}
\alias{log1p}{log}
\alias{log2}{log}
\keyword{math}{log}
\begin{Description}\relax
\code{log} computes natural logarithms,
\code{log10} computes common (i.e., base 10) logarithms, and
\code{log2} computes binary (i.e., base 2) logarithms.
The general form \code{log(x, base)} computes logarithms with base
\code{base} (\code{log10} and \code{log2} are only special cases).

\code{log1p(x)} computes \eqn{\log(1+x)}{log(1+x)} accurately also for
\eqn{|x| \ll 1}{|x| << 1} (and less accurately when \eqn{x \approx
-1}{x is approximately -1}).

\code{exp} computes the exponential function.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
log(x, base)
log10(x)
log2(x)
exp(x)
log1p(x)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{x}] a numeric or complex vector.
\item[\code{base}] positive number.  The base with respect to which
logarithms are computed.  Defaults to \eqn{e}{}=\code{exp(1)}.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Value}
A vector of the same length as \code{x} containing the transformed
values.  \code{log(0)} gives \code{-Inf} (when available).\end{Value}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{Trig}},
\code{\Link{sqrt}},
\code{\Link{Arithmetic}}.\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
log(exp(3))
all.equal(log(1:10), log(1:10, exp(1)))
log10(30) == log(30, 10)
log10(1e7)# = 7
log2(2^pi) == 2^log2(pi)
Mod(pi - log(exp(pi*1i)) / 1i) < .Machine$double.eps
Mod(1+exp(pi*1i)) < .Machine$double.eps

x <- 10^-(1+2*1:9)
cbind(x, log(1+x), log1p(x))
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

