\Header{par}{Set or Query Graphical Parameters}
\alias{.Pars}{par}
\methalias{.Pars.readonly}{par}
\keyword{iplot}{par}
\keyword{dplot}{par}
\keyword{environment}{par}
\begin{Description}\relax
\code{par} can be used to set or query graphical parameters.
Parameters can be set by specifying them as arguments to \code{par} in
\code{tag = value} form, or by passing them as a list of tagged values.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
par(..., no.readonly = FALSE)

<highlevel plot> (..., <tag> = <value>)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{no.readonly}] logical; if \code{TRUE} and there are no other
arguments,  only parameters are returned which can be set by a
subsequent \code{par(.)} call.
\item[\code{adj}] The value of \code{adj} determines the way in which text
strings are justified.  A value of \code{0} produces
left-justified text, \code{0.5} centered text and \code{1}
right-justified text.  Note that the \code{adj} argument of
\code{\Link{text}} also allows
\code{adj = c(x,y)} for different adjustment in x- and y- direction.
\item[\code{ann}] If set to \code{FALSE}, high-level plotting functions do
not annotate the plots they produce with axis and overall titles.
The default is to do annotation.
\item[\code{ask}] logical. If \code{TRUE}, the user is asked for input,
before a new figure is drawn.
\item[\code{bg}] The color to be used for the background of plots.  A
description of how colors are specified is given below.
\item[\code{bty}] A character string which determined the type of box which
is drawn about plots.  If \code{bty} is one of \code{"o"},
\code{"l"}, \code{"7"}, \code{"c"}, \code{"u"}, or \code{"]"}
the resulting box resembles the corresponding upper case letter.
A value of \code{"n"} suppresses the box.
\item[\code{cex}] A numerical value giving the amount by which plotting text
and symbols should be scaled relative to the default.
\item[\code{cex.axis}] The magnification to be used for axis annotation
relative to the current.
\item[\code{cex.lab}] The magnification to be used for x and y labels
relative to the current.
\item[\code{cex.main}] The magnification to be used for main titles relative
to the current.
\item[\code{cex.sub}] The magnification to be used for sub-titles relative to
the current.
\item[\code{cin}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; character size \code{(width,height)} in
inches.
\item[\code{col}] A specification for the default plotting color.  A
description of how colors are specified is given below.
\item[\code{col.axis}] The color to be used for axis annotation.
\item[\code{col.lab}] The color to be used for x and y labels.
\item[\code{col.main}] The color to be used for plot main titles.
\item[\code{col.sub}] The color to be used for plot sub-titles.
\item[\code{cra}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; size of default character
\code{(width,height)} in ``rasters'' (pixels).
\item[\code{crt}] A numerical value specifying (in degrees) how single characters
should be rotated.  It is unwise to expect values other than
multiples of 90 to work.  Compare with \code{srt} which does string
rotation.
\item[\code{csi}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; height of (default sized) characters in
inches.
\item[\code{cxy}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; size of default character
\code{(width,height)} in user coordinate units.
\code{par("cxy")} is \code{par("cin")/par("pin")} scaled to user
coordinates.
Note that \code{c(\Link{strwidth}(ch),\Link{strwidth}(ch))} for a
given string \code{ch} is usually much more precise.
\item[\code{din}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; the device dimensions in inches.
\item[\code{err}] (\emph{Unimplemented}; \R{} is silent when
points outside the plot region are \emph{not} plotted.)
The degree of error reporting desired.
\item[\code{fg}] The color to be used for the foreground of plots.
This is the default color is used for things like axes and boxes
around plots.  A description of how colors are specified is given
below.
\item[\code{fig}] A numerical vector of the form \code{c(x1, x2, y1, y2)}
which gives the (NDC) coordinates of the figure region in the
display region of the device.
\item[\code{fin}] A numerical vector of the form \code{c(x, y)} which gives
the size of the figure region in inches.
\item[\code{font}] An integer which specifies which font to use for text.
If possible, device drivers arrange so that 1 corresponds to plain
text, 2 to bold face, 3 to italic and 4 to bold italic.
\item[\code{font.axis}] The font to be used for axis annotation.
\item[\code{font.lab}] The font to be used for x and y labels.
\item[\code{font.main}] The font to be used for plot main titles.
\item[\code{font.sub}] The font to be used for plot sub-titles.
\item[\code{gamma}] the gamma correction, see \code{\Link{hsv}(.., gamma)}.
\item[\code{lab}] A numerical vector of the form \code{c(x, y, len)} which
modifies the way that axes are annotated.
The values of \code{x} and \code{y} give the (approximate) number of
tickmarks on the x and y axes and
\code{len} specifies the label size.
\emph{Currently}, \code{len} \emph{is unimplemented}.
\item[\code{las}] numeric in \{0,1,2,3\}; the style of axis labels.
\describe{
\item[0:] always parallel to the axis [\emph{default}],
\item[1:] always horizontal,
\item[2:] always perpendicular to the axis,
\item[3:] always vertical.
}
Note that other string/character rotation (via  \code{par(srt = ..)})
does \emph{not} affect the axis labels.

\item[\code{lty}] The line type.
Line types can either be specified as an integer
(0=blank, 1=solid, 2=dashed, 3=dotted, 4=dotdash, 5=longdash, 6=twodash)
or as one of the character strings
\code{"blank"}, \code{"solid"}, \code{"dashed"}, \code{"dotted"}
\code{"dotdash"}, \code{"longdash"}, or \code{"twodash"}, where
\code{"blank"} uses `invisible lines' (i.e. doesn't draw them).

Alternatively, a string of up to 8 characters
(from \code{c(0:9, "A":"F")}) may be given, giving
the length of line segments which are alternatively drawn and
skipped. See `Line Type Specification' below.
\item[\code{lwd}] The line width, a \emph{positive} number, defaulting to
\code{1}.
\item[\code{mai}] A numerical vector of the form \code{c(bottom, left, top, right)}
which gives the margin size specified in inches.
\item[\code{mar}] A numerical vector of the form \code{c(bottom, left, top, right)}
which gives the lines of margin to be specified on the four sides of
the plot.  The default is \code{c(5, 4, 4, 2) + 0.1}.
\item[\code{mex}] \code{mex} is a character size expansion factor which is
used to describe coordinates in the margins of plots.
\item[\code{mfcol, mfrow}] A vector of the form \code{c(nr, nc)}.
Subsequent figures will be drawn in an \code{nr}-by-\code{nc}
array on the device by \emph{columns} (\code{mfcol}), or
\emph{rows} (\code{mfrow}), respectively.

Consider the alternatives, \code{\Link{layout}(..)} and
\code{\Link{split.screen}(..)}.

\item[\code{mfg}] A numerical vector of the form \code{c(i, j)} where
\code{i} and \code{j} indicate which figure in an array of figures
is to be drawn next (if setting) or is being drawn (if enquiring).
The array must already have been  set by \code{mfcol} or
\code{mfrow}.

For compatibility with S, the form \code{c(i, j, nr, nc)} is also
accepted, when \code{nc} and \code{nc} should be the current number of
rows and number of columns. Mismatches will be ignored, with a warning.
\item[\code{mgp}] The margin line (in \code{mex} units) for the axis title,
axis labels and axis line.  The default is \code{c(3, 1, 0)}.
\item[\code{mkh}] The height in inches of symbols to be drawn when the value
of \code{pch} is an integer.
\bold{Completely ignored currently}.
\item[\code{new}] logical, defaulting to \code{FALSE}.  If set to
\code{TRUE}, the next high-level plotting command (actually
\code{\Link{plot.new}(.)} should \emph{not clean} the frame before
drawing ``as if it was on a \bold{new} device''.
\item[\code{oma}] A vector of the form \code{c(bottom, left, top, right)} giving the
size of the outer margins in lines of text.
\item[\code{omd}] A vector of the form \code{c(x1, x2, y1, y2)} giving the
outer margin region in NDC (= normalized device coordinates), i.e.,
as fraction (in \eqn{[0,1]}{}) of the device region.
\item[\code{omi}] A vector of the form \code{c(bottom, left, top, right)} giving the
size of the outer margins in inches.
\item[\code{pch}] Either an integer specifying a symbol or a single character
to be used as the default in plotting points. 
\item[\code{pin}] The width and height of the current plot in inches.
\item[\code{plt}] A vector of the form \code{c(x1, x2, y1, y2)} giving
the coordinates of the plot region as fractions of the current
figure region.
\item[\code{ps}] integer; the pointsize of text and symbols.
\item[\code{pty}] A character specifying the type of plot region to be used;
\code{"s"} generates a square plotting region and \code{"m"}
generates the maximal plotting region.
\item[\code{smo}] (\emph{Unimplemented}) a value which indicates how smooth
circles and circular arc should be.
\item[\code{srt}] The string rotation in degrees.

\item[\code{tck}] The length of tick marks as a fraction of the smaller of
the width or height of the plotting region.
If \code{tck=1}, grid lines are drawn. The default setting is
to use \code{tcl=-0.5} (see below).
\item[\code{tcl}] The length of tick marks as a fraction of the height
of a line of text.  The default value is \code{-0.5}.
\item[\code{tmag}] A number specifying the enlargement of text of the main
title relative to the other annotating text of the plot.
\item[\code{type}] character;  the default plot type desired, see
\code{\Link{plot.default}(type=...)}, defaulting to \code{"p"}.
\item[\code{usr}] A vector of the form \code{c(x1, x2, y1, y2)} giving the
extremes of the user coordinates of the plotting region.  When a
logarithmic scale is in use (i.e. \code{par("xlog")} is true, see
below), then the x-limits will be \code{10 \textasciicircum{} par("usr")[1:2]}.
Similarly for the y-axis.

\item[\code{xaxp}] A vector of the form \code{c(x1, x2, n)} giving the
coordinates of the extreme tick marks and the number of intervals
between tick-marks.
\item[\code{xaxs}] The style of axis interval
calculation to be used for the x-axis. Possible values are
\code{"r"}, \code{"i"}, \code{"e"}, \code{"s"}, \code{"d"}. The
styles are generally controlled by the range of data or \code{xlim},
if given. Style \code{"r"} (regular) first extends the data range by
4 percent and then finds an axis with pretty labels that fits within the
range. Style \code{"i"} (internal) just finds an axis with pretty
labels that fits within the original data range. Style \code{"s"}
(standard) finds an axis with pretty labels within which the
original data range fits. Style \code{"e"} (extended) is like style
\code{"s"}, except that it is also ensured that there is room for
plotting symbols within the bounding box.   Style \code{"d"}
(direct) specifies that the current axis should be used on
subsequent plots. (\emph{Only \code{"r"} and \code{"i"} styles are
currently implemented})
\item[\code{xaxt}] A character which specifies the axis type.
Specifying \code{"n"} causes an axis to be set up, but not
plotted. The standard value is \code{"s"}: for compatibility with S
values \code{"l"} and \code{"e"} are accepted but are equivalent
to \code{"s"}.
\item[\code{xlog}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; logical value (see \code{log} in
\code{\Link{plot.default}}).  If \code{TRUE}, a logarithmic scale is
in use (e.g. after \code{plot(*, log = "x")}.  For a new device, it
defaults to \code{FALSE}, i.e., linear scale.
\item[\code{xpd}] A logical value or NA.
If \code{FALSE}, all plotting is clipped to the plot region, if
\code{TRUE}, all plotting is clipped to the figure region, and if
\code{NA}, all plotting is clipped to the device region.
\item[\code{yaxp}] A vector of the form \code{c(y1, y2, n)} giving
the coordinates of the extreme tick marks and the number of
intervals between tick-marks.
\item[\code{yaxs}] The style of axis interval
calculation to be used for the y-axis. See \code{xaxs} above.
\item[\code{yaxt}] A character which specifies the axis type.
Specifying \code{"n"} causes an axis to be set up, but not plotted.
\item[\code{ylog}] \emph{\bold{R.O.}}; a logical value; see \code{xlog} above.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
Parameters are queried by giving one or more character vectors to
\code{par}.

\code{par()} (no arguments) or \code{par(no.readonly=TRUE)} is used to
get \emph{all} the graphical parameters (as named list).  Their names
are currently taken from the variable \code{.Pars}.
\code{.Pars.readonly} contains the names of the \code{par} arguments
which are \emph{readonly}.

\emph{\bold{R.O.}} Arguments := \bold{Read-only arguments}:
These may only be used in queries, i.e., they do \emph{not} set anything.

All but these \emph{\bold{R.O.}} and the following \bold{low-level
arguments} can be set as well in high-level and mid-level plot
functions, such as \code{\Link{plot}}, \code{\Link{points}},
\code{\Link{lines}}, \code{\Link{axis}}, \code{\Link{title}},
\code{\Link{text}}, \code{\Link{mtext}}:
\Itemize{
\item \code{"ask"}
\item \code{"fig"}, \code{"fin"}
\item \code{"mai"}, \code{"mar"}, \code{"mex"}
\item \code{"mfrow"}, \code{"mfcol"}, \code{"mfg"}
\item \code{"new"}
\item \code{"oma"}, \code{"omd"}, \code{"omi"}
\item \code{"pin"}, \code{"plt"}, \code{"ps"}, \code{"pty"}
\item \code{"usr"}
\item \code{"xlog"}, \code{"ylog"}
}\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
When parameters are set, their former values are returned in an
invisible named list.  Such a
list can be passed as an argument to \code{par} to restore the
parameter values.  Use \code{par(no.readonly = TRUE)} for the full
list of parameters that can be restored.

When just one parameter is queried, the value is a character string.
When two or more parameters are queried, the result is a list of
character strings, with the list names giving the parameters.

Note the inconsistency: setting one parameter returns a list, but
querying one parameter returns a vector.\end{Value}
\begin{Section}{Color Specification}
Colors can be specified in several different ways. The simplest way is
with a character string giving the color name (e.g., \code{"red"}).  A
list of the possible colors can be obtained with the function
\code{\Link{colors}}. Alternatively, colors can be specified directly in
terms of there RGB components with a string of the form \code{"\#RRGGBB"}
where each of the pairs \code{RR}, \code{GG}, \code{BB} consist of two
hexadecimal digits giving a value in the range \code{00} to \code{FF}.
Colors can also be specified by giving an index into a small table of
colors. This provides compatibility with S.

The functions \code{rgb}, \code{hsv}, \code{gray} and \code{rainbow}
provide additional ways of generating colors.\end{Section}
\begin{Section}{Line Type Specification}
Line types can either be specified by giving an index into a small
built in table of line types (1 = solid, 2 = dashed, 3 = dotted) or directly
as the lengths of on/off stretches of line.  This is done with a string
of up to eight characters which give the lengths in consecutive
positions in the string.  For example, the string \code{"33"} specifies
three units on followed by three off and \code{"3313"} specifies three
units on followed by three off followed by one on and finally three off.
The `units' here are (on most devices) proportional to \code{lwd}, and
with \code{lwd = 1} are in pixels or points.\end{Section}
\begin{Note}\relax
The effect of restoring all the (settable) graphics parameters as
in the examples is hard to predict if the device has been resized.
Several of them are attempting to set the same things in different
ways, and those last in the alphabet will win.  In particular, the
settings of \code{mai}, \code{mar}, \code{pin}, \code{plt} and
\code{pty} interact, as do the outer margin settings, the figure
layout and figure region size.\end{Note}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{plot.default}} for some high-level plotting parameters;
\code{\Link{colors}}, \code{\Link{gray}}, \code{\Link{rainbow}},
\code{\Link{rgb}};
\code{\Link{options}} for other setup parameters;
graphic devices \code{\Link{x11}}, \code{\Link{postscript}} and
setting up device regions by \code{\Link{layout}} and
\code{\Link{split.screen}}.\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
op <- par(mfrow = c(2, 2), # 2 x 2 pictures on one plot
          pty = "s")      # square plotting region, independent of device size

## At end of plotting, reset to previous settings:
par(op)

## Alternatively,
op <- par(no.readonly = TRUE)# the whole list of settable par's.
## do lots of plotting and par(.) calls, then reset :
par(op)

par("ylog")# FALSE
plot(1:12,log="y")
par("ylog")# TRUE

( nr.prof <-
  c(prof.pilots=16,lawyers=11,farmers=10,salesmen=9,physicians=9,
    mechanics=6,policemen=6,managers=6,engineers=5,teachers=4,
    housewives=3,students=3,armed.forces=1))
par(las=3)
barplot(rbind(nr.prof)) # R 0.63.2: shows alignment problem
par(las=0)# reset to default

ex <- function() {
   old.par <- par(no.readonly = TRUE)# all par settings which could be changed.
   on.exit(par(old.par))
   ## ...
   ## ... do lots of par(..) settings and plots
   ## ...
   invisible() #-- now,  par(old.par)  will be executed
}
ex()
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

