\Header{coplot}{Conditioning Plots}
\alias{co.intervals}{coplot}
\keyword{hplot}{coplot}
\keyword{aplot}{coplot}
\begin{Description}\relax
This function produces two variants of the \bold{co}nditioning plots
discussed in the reference below.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
coplot(formula, data, given.values, panel = points, rows, columns,
       show.given = TRUE, col = par("fg"), pch = par("pch"), 
       bar.bg = c(num = gray(0.8), fac = gray(0.95)),
       xlab = c(x.name, paste("Given :", a.name)),
       ylab = c(y.name, paste("Given :", b.name)),
       subscripts = FALSE,
       axlabels = function(f) abbreviate(levels(f)),
       number = 6, overlap = 0.5, xlim, ylim, ...) 
co.intervals(x, number = 6, overlap = 0.5)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{formula}] a formula describing the form of conditioning plot.  A
formula of the form \code{y \textasciitilde{} x | a} indicates that plots of
\code{y} versus \code{x} should be produced conditional on the
variable \code{a}.  A formula of the form \code{y \textasciitilde{} x| a * b}
indicates that plots of \code{y} versus \code{x} should be produced
conditional on the two variables \code{a} and \code{b}.

All three or four variables may be either numeric or factors.
When \code{x} or \code{y} are factors, the result is almost as if
\code{as.numeric()} was applied, whereas for factor
\code{a} or \code{b}, the conditioning (and its graphics if
\code{show.given} is true) are adapted.

\item[\code{data}] a data frame containing values for any variables in the
formula.  By default the environment where \code{coplot} was called
from is used.
\item[\code{given.values}] a value or list of two values which determine how
the conditioning on \code{a} and \code{b} is to take place.

When there is no \code{b} (i.e., conditioning only on \code{a}),
usually this is a matrix with two columns each row of which gives an
interval, to be conditioned on, but is can also be a single vector
of numbers or a set of factor levels (if the variable being
conditioned on is a factor). In this case (no \code{b}),
the result of \code{co.intervals} can be used directly as
\code{given.values} argument.

\item[\code{panel}] a \code{\Link{function}(x, y, col, pch, ...)}
which gives the action to be carried out in
each panel of the display.  The default is \code{points}.
\item[\code{rows}] the panels of the plot are laid out in a \code{rows} by
\code{columns} array.  \code{rows} gives the number of rows in the
array.
\item[\code{columns}] the number of columns in the panel layout array.
\item[\code{show.given}] logical (possibly of length 2 for 2 conditioning
variables): should conditioning plots be shown for the
corresponding conditioning variables (default \code{TRUE})
\item[\code{col}] a vector of colors to be used to plot the points.  If too
short, the values are recycled.
\item[\code{pch}] a vector of plotting symbols or characters.  If too short,
the values are recycled.
\item[\code{bar.bg}] a named vector with components \code{"num"} and
\code{"fac"} giving the background colors for the (shingle) bars,
for \bold{num}eric and \bold{fac}tor conditioning variables respectively.
\item[\code{xlab}] character; labels to use for the x axis and the
first conditioning variable.  If only one label is given, it is used
for the x axis and the default label is used for the conditioning
variable.
\item[\code{ylab}] character; labels to use for the y axis and any
second conditioning variable.
\item[\code{subscripts}] logical: if true the panel function is given an
additional (third) argument \code{subscripts} giving the subscripts
of the data passed to that panel.
\item[\code{axlabels}] function for creating axis (tick) labels when x or y
are factors.
\item[\code{number}] integer; the number of conditioning intervals,
for a and b, possibly of length 2.  It is only used if the
corresponding conditioning variable is not a \code{\Link{factor}}.
\item[\code{overlap}] numeric < 1; the fraction of overlap of the
conditioning variables, possibly of length 2 for x and y
direction.  When overlap < 0, there will be \emph{gaps} between
the data slices.
\item[\code{xlim}] the range for the x axis.
\item[\code{ylim}] the range for the y axis.
\item[\code{...}] additional arguments to the panel function.
\item[\code{x}] a numeric vector.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
In the case of a single conditioning variable \code{a}, when both
\code{rows} and \code{columns} are unspecified, a \dQuote{close to
square} layout is chosen with \code{columns >= rows}.

In the case of multiple \code{rows}, the \emph{order} of the panel
plots is from the bottom and from the left (corresponding to
increasing \code{a}, typically).

A panel function should not attempt to start a new plot, but just plot
within a given coordinate system: thus \code{plot} and \code{boxplot}
are not panel functions.
\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
\code{co.intervals(., number, .)} returns a (\code{number} \eqn{\times}{x}
2) \code{\Link{matrix}}, say \code{ci},  where \code{ci[k,]} is
the \code{\Link{range}} of \code{x} values for the \code{k}-th interval.
\end{Value}
\begin{References}\relax
Chambers, J. M. (1992)
\emph{Data for models.}
Chapter 3 of \emph{Statistical Models in S}
eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole.

Cleveland, W. S. (1993) \emph{Visualizing Data.} New Jersey: Summit Press.
\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{pairs}},
\code{\Link{panel.smooth}},
\code{\Link{points}}.
\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
## Tonga Trench Earthquakes
data(quakes)
coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes)
given.depth <- co.intervals(quakes$depth, number=4, overlap=.1)
coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes, given.v=given.depth, rows=1)

## Conditioning on 2 variables:
ll.dm <- lat ~ long | depth * mag
coplot(ll.dm, data = quakes)
coplot(ll.dm, data = quakes, number=c(4,7), show.given=c(TRUE,FALSE))
coplot(ll.dm, data = quakes, number=c(3,7),
       overlap=c(-.5,.1)) # negative overlap DROPS values

data(warpbreaks)
## given two factors
Index <- seq(length=nrow(warpbreaks)) # to get nicer default labels
coplot(breaks ~ Index | wool * tension, data = warpbreaks, show.given = 0:1)
coplot(breaks ~ Index | wool * tension, data = warpbreaks,
       col = "red", bg = "pink", pch = 21, bar.bg = c(fac = "light blue"))

## Example with empty panels:
data(state)
attach(data.frame(state.x77))#> don't need 'data' arg. below
coplot(Life.Exp ~ Income | Illiteracy * state.region, number = 3,
       panel = function(x, y, ...) panel.smooth(x, y, span = .8, ...))
## y ~ factor -- not really sensical, but 'show off':
coplot(Life.Exp ~ state.region | Income * state.division,
       panel = panel.smooth)
detach() # data.frame(state.x77)
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

