PostgreSQL 8.0.3 Documentation
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# Index

## Symbols

$, Positional Parameters
$libdir, Dynamic Loading
*, Select-List Items
.pgpass, The Password File

## A

ABORT, ABORT
add_missing_from configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
aggregate function, Aggregate Functions
  built-in, Aggregate Functions
  invocation, Aggregate Expressions
  user-defined, User-Defined Aggregates
AIX
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
alias
  for table name in query, Joins Between Tables
  in the FROM clause, Table and Column Aliases
  in the select list, Column Labels
ALL, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
ALTER AGGREGATE, ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER CONVERSION, ALTER CONVERSION
ALTER DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DOMAIN, ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER FUNCTION, ALTER FUNCTION
ALTER GROUP, ALTER GROUP
ALTER INDEX, ALTER INDEX
ALTER LANGUAGE, ALTER LANGUAGE
ALTER OPERATOR, ALTER OPERATOR
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS, ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER SCHEMA, ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER SEQUENCE, ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER TABLE, ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLESPACE, ALTER TABLESPACE
ALTER TRIGGER, ALTER TRIGGER
ALTER TYPE, ALTER TYPE
ALTER USER, User Attributes, ALTER USER
ANALYZE, Updating planner statistics, ANALYZE
AND (operator), Logical Operators
any, Pseudo-Types, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
anyarray, Pseudo-Types
anyelement, Pseudo-Types
archive_command configuration parameter, Archiving
ARRAY, Array Constructors, Arrays
  constant, Array Value Input
  constructor, Array Constructors
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and ARRAY Constructs
  of user-defined type, User-Defined Types
australian_timezones configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
authentication_timeout configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
auto-increment
  see serial
autocommit
  bulk-loading data, Disable Autocommit
  psql, Variables
average, Aggregate Functions, Aggregate Functions

## B

B-tree
  see index
backup, System Administration Functions, Backup and Restore
base type, The PostgreSQL Type System
BEGIN, BEGIN
BETWEEN, Comparison Operators
bgwriter_delay configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_maxpages configuration parameter, Background Writer
bgwriter_percent configuration parameter, Background Writer
bigint, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
bigserial, Serial Types
binary data, Binary Data Types
  functions, Binary String Functions and Operators
binary string
  concatenation, Binary String Functions and Operators
  length, Binary String Functions and Operators
bison, Requirements
bit string
  constant, Bit-String Constants
  data type, Bit String Types
bit strings
  functions, Bit String Functions and Operators
bit_and, Aggregate Functions
bit_or, Aggregate Functions
BLOB
  see large object
block_size configuration parameter, Preset Options
Boolean
  data type, Boolean Type
  operators
    see operators, logical
bool_and, Aggregate Functions
bool_or, Aggregate Functions
booting
  starting the server during, Starting the Database Server
box (data type), Boxes
BSD/OS
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
bytea, Binary Data Types
  in libpq, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands

## C

C, libpq - C Library, ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
canceling
  SQL command, Cancelling Queries in Progress
CASCADE
  with DROP, Dependency Tracking
  foreign key action, Foreign Keys
CASE, Conditional Expressions
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and ARRAY Constructs
case sensitivity
  of SQL commands, Identifiers and Key Words
char, Character Types
character, Character Types
character set, Locale and Formatting, Preset Options, Character Set Support
character string
  concatenation, String Functions and Operators
  constant, String Constants
  data types, Character Types
  length, String Functions and Operators
character varying, Character Types
check constraint, Check Constraints
checkpoint, WAL Configuration, CHECKPOINT
checkpoint_segments configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_timeout configuration parameter, Checkpoints
checkpoint_warning configuration parameter, Checkpoints
check_function_bodies configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
cid, Object Identifier Types
cidr, cidr
circle, Circles
client authentication, Client Authentication
  timeout during, Security and Authentication
client_encoding configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
client_min_messages configuration parameter, When To Log
CLOSE, CLOSE
CLUSTER, CLUSTER
  of databases
    see database cluster
clusterdb, clusterdb
cmax, System Columns
cmin, System Columns
COALESCE, COALESCE
column, Concepts, Table Basics
  adding, Adding a Column
  removing, Removing a Column
  renaming, Renaming a Column
  system column, System Columns
column data type
  changing, Changing a Column's Data Type
column reference, Column References
col_description, System Information Functions
COMMENT, COMMENT
  about database objects, System Information Functions
  in SQL, Comments
COMMIT, COMMIT
commit_delay configuration parameter, Settings
commit_siblings configuration parameter, Settings
comparison
  operators, Comparison Operators
  row-wise, Row and Array Comparisons
  subquery result row, Subquery Expressions
compiling
  libpq applications, Building libpq Programs
composite type, Composite Types, The PostgreSQL Type System
  constant, Composite Value Input
  constructor, Row Constructors
computed field, SQL Functions on Composite Types
concurrency, Concurrency Control
conditional expression, Conditional Expressions
configuration
  of the server, Run-time Configuration
  of the server
    functions, System Administration Functions
configure, Installation Procedure
config_file configuration parameter, File Locations
conjunction, Logical Operators
constant, Constants
constraint, Constraints
  adding, Adding a Constraint
  check, Check Constraints
  foreign key, Foreign Keys
  name, Check Constraints
  NOT NULL, Not-Null Constraints
  primary key, Primary Keys
  removing, Removing a Constraint
  unique, Unique Constraints
COPY, Populating a Table With Rows, COPY
  with libpq, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
count, Aggregate Functions
cpu_index_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_operator_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
cpu_tuple_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
CREATE DATABASE, Creating a Database
CREATE AGGREGATE, CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE CAST, CREATE CAST
CREATE CONSTRAINT, CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
CREATE CONVERSION, CREATE CONVERSION
CREATE DATABASE, CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DOMAIN, CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE FUNCTION, CREATE FUNCTION
CREATE GROUP, CREATE GROUP
CREATE INDEX, CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE, CREATE LANGUAGE
CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE OPERATOR
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS, CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE RULE, CREATE RULE
CREATE SCHEMA, CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE TABLE, Creating a New Table, CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE AS, CREATE TABLE AS
CREATE TABLESPACE, Tablespaces, CREATE TABLESPACE
CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE, CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER, Database Users, CREATE USER
CREATE VIEW, CREATE VIEW
createdb, Creating a Database, Creating a Database, createdb
createlang, createlang
createuser, Database Users, createuser
cross join, Joined Tables
crypt, Password authentication
  thread safety, Behavior in Threaded Programs
cstring, Pseudo-Types
ctid, System Columns, View Rules in Non-SELECT Statements
currval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
cursor
  CLOSE, CLOSE
  DECLARE, DECLARE
  FETCH, FETCH
  in PL/pgSQL, Cursors
  MOVE, MOVE
  showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
custom_variable_classes configuration parameter, Customized Options

## D

data area
  see database cluster
data type, Data Types
  base, The PostgreSQL Type System
  category, Overview
  composite, The PostgreSQL Type System
  constant, Constants of Other Types
  conversion, Type Conversion
  internal organisation, Base Types in C-Language Functions
  numeric, Numeric Types
  type cast, Type Casts
  user-defined, User-Defined Types
database, Managing Databases
  creating, Creating a Database
  privilege to create, User Attributes
database activity
  monitoring, Monitoring Database Activity
database cluster, Concepts, Creating a Database Cluster
data_directory configuration parameter, File Locations
date, Date/Time Types, Dates
  constants, Special Values
  current, Current Date/Time
  output format, Date/Time Output
    see also formatting
DateStyle configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
DBI, Database Access from PL/Perl
db_user_namespace configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
deadlock, Deadlocks
  timeout during, Lock Management
deadlock_timeout configuration parameter, Lock Management
DEALLOCATE, DEALLOCATE
debug_assertions configuration parameter, Developer Options
debug_pretty_print configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_print_parse configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_print_plan configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_print_rewritten configuration parameter, What To Log
debug_shared_buffers configuration parameter, Developer Options
decimal
  see numeric
DECLARE, DECLARE
default value, Default Values
  changing, Changing a Column's Default Value
default_statistics_target configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
default_tablespace configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_isolation configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_transaction_read_only configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
default_with_oids configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
DELETE, Deletions, Deleting Data, DELETE
deleting, Deleting Data
Digital UNIX
  see Tru64 UNIX
dirty read, Transaction Isolation
disjunction, Logical Operators
disk drive, Internals
disk space, Recovering disk space
disk usage, Determining Disk Usage
DISTINCT, Querying a Table, DISTINCT
dollar quoting, Dollar-Quoted String Constants
double precision, Floating-Point Types
DROP AGGREGATE, DROP AGGREGATE
DROP CAST, DROP CAST
DROP CONVERSION, DROP CONVERSION
DROP DATABASE, Destroying a Database, DROP DATABASE
DROP DOMAIN, DROP DOMAIN
DROP FUNCTION, DROP FUNCTION
DROP GROUP, DROP GROUP
DROP INDEX, DROP INDEX
DROP LANGUAGE, DROP LANGUAGE
DROP OPERATOR, DROP OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR CLASS, DROP OPERATOR CLASS
DROP RULE, DROP RULE
DROP SCHEMA, DROP SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE, DROP SEQUENCE
DROP TABLE, Creating a New Table, DROP TABLE
DROP TABLESPACE, DROP TABLESPACE
DROP TRIGGER, DROP TRIGGER
DROP TYPE, DROP TYPE
DROP USER, Database Users, DROP USER
DROP VIEW, DROP VIEW
dropdb, Destroying a Database, dropdb
droplang, droplang
dropuser, Database Users, dropuser
duplicate, Querying a Table
duplicates, DISTINCT
dynamic loading, Other Defaults, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path, Dynamic Loading
dynamic_library_path configuration parameter, Other Defaults

## E

ECPG, ECPG - Embedded SQL in C, ecpg
effective_cache_size configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
elog, Reporting Errors Within the Server
  in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
  in PL/Python, Database Access
  in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
embedded SQL
  in C, ECPG - Embedded SQL in C
enable_hashagg configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_hashjoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_indexscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_mergejoin configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_nestloop configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_seqscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_sort configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
enable_tidscan configuration parameter, Planner Method Configuration
encryption, Encryption Options
END, END
environment variable, Environment Variables
ereport, Reporting Errors Within the Server
error codes
  libpq, Main Functions
  list of, PostgreSQL Error Codes
error message, Connection Status Functions
escaping strings, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
every, Aggregate Functions
EXCEPT, Combining Queries
EXECUTE, EXECUTE
EXISTS, Subquery Expressions
EXPLAIN, Using EXPLAIN, EXPLAIN
explain_pretty_print configuration parameter, Other Defaults
expression
  order of evaluation, Expression Evaluation Rules
  syntax, Value Expressions
extending SQL, Extending SQL
extensions, Extensions
external_pid_file configuration parameter, File Locations
extra_float_digits configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting

## F

false, Boolean Type
FAQ-Liste, Further Information
fast path, The Fast-Path Interface
FETCH, FETCH
field
  computed, SQL Functions on Composite Types
field selection, Field Selection
flex, Requirements
float4
  see real
float8
  see double precision
floating point, Floating-Point Types
floating-point
  display, Locale and Formatting
foreign key, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
formatting, Data Type Formatting Functions
format_type, System Information Functions
FreeBSD
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
FROM
  missing, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
from_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options
fsync, Benefits of WAL
fsync configuration parameter, Settings
function, Functions and Operators
  in the FROM clause, Table Functions
  internal, Internal Functions
  invocation, Function Calls
  polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
  type resolution in an invocation, Functions
  user-defined, User-Defined Functions
    in C, Query Language (SQL) Functions
    in SQL, Query Language (SQL) Functions

## G

genetic query optimization, Genetic Query Optimizer
GEQO
  see genetic query optimization
geqo configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_effort configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_generations configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_pool_size configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_selection_bias configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
geqo_threshold configuration parameter, Genetic Query Optimizer
get_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators
get_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
GiST
  see index
global data
  in PL/Python, PL/Python Functions
  in PL/Tcl, Global Data in PL/Tcl
GRANT, Privileges, GRANT
group, Groups
GROUP BY, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
grouping, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses

## H

hash
  see index
has_database_privilege, System Information Functions
has_function_privilege, System Information Functions
has_language_privilege, System Information Functions
has_schema_privilege, System Information Functions
has_tablespace_privilege, System Information Functions
has_table_privilege, System Information Functions
HAVING, Aggregate Functions, The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
hba_file configuration parameter, File Locations
hierarchical database, Concepts
history
  of PostgreSQL, A Brief History of PostgreSQL
host name, Database Connection Control Functions
HP-UX
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions

## I

ident, Ident-based authentication
identifier
  length, Identifiers and Key Words
  syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
ident_file configuration parameter, File Locations
IMMUTABLE, Function Volatility Categories
IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
index, Indexes
  B-tree, Index Types
  examining usage, Examining Index Usage
  on expressions, Indexes on Expressions
  for user-defined data type, Interfacing Extensions To Indexes
  GiST, Introduction
  hash, Index Types
  locks, Locking and Indexes
  multicolumn, Multicolumn Indexes
  partial, Partial Indexes
  R-tree, Index Types
  unique, Unique Indexes
index scan, Planner Method Configuration
inet (data type), inet
inet_client_addr, System Information Functions
inet_client_port, System Information Functions
inet_server_addr, System Information Functions
inet_server_port, System Information Functions
information schema, The Information Schema
inheritance, Inheritance, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
initdb, Creating a Database Cluster, initdb
input function, User-Defined Types
  of a data type, User-Defined Types
INSERT, Populating a Table With Rows, Inserting Data, INSERT
inserting, Inserting Data
installation, Installation Instructions
  on Windows, Requirements, Client-Only Installation on Windows
instr, Porting Examples
int2
  see smallint
int4
  see integer
int8
  see bigint
integer, Numeric Constants, Integer Types
integer_datetimes configuration parameter, Preset Options
interfaces, Externally Developed Interfaces
internal, Pseudo-Types
INTERSECT, Combining Queries
interval, Date/Time Types, Intervals
ipcclean, ipcclean
IRIX
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
IS DISTINCT FROM, Comparison Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS FALSE, Comparison Operators
IS NOT FALSE, Comparison Operators
IS NOT NULL, Comparison Operators, Row and Array Comparisons
IS NOT TRUE, Comparison Operators
IS NOT UNKNOWN, Comparison Operators
IS NULL, Comparison Operators, Row and Array Comparisons, Platform and Client Compatibility
IS TRUE, Comparison Operators
IS UNKNOWN, Comparison Operators
ISNULL, Comparison Operators

## J

join, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables
  controlling the order, Controlling the Planner with Explicit JOIN Clauses
  cross, Joined Tables
  left, Joined Tables
  natural, Joined Tables
  outer, Joins Between Tables, Joined Tables
  right, Joined Tables
  self, Joins Between Tables
join_collapse_limit configuration parameter, Other Planner Options

## K

Kerberos, Kerberos authentication
key word
  list of, SQL Key Words
  syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter, Security and Authentication

## L

label
  see alias
language_handler, Pseudo-Types
large object
  backup, Caveats
large object, Large Objects
lc_collate configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_ctype configuration parameter, Preset Options
lc_messages configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_monetary configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_numeric configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
lc_time configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
ldconfig, Shared Libraries
left join, Joined Tables
length
  of a binary string
    see binary strings, length
  of a character string
    see character strings, length
libperl, Requirements
libpq, libpq - C Library
libpq-fe.h, libpq - C Library, Connection Status Functions
libpq-int.h, Connection Status Functions, Building libpq Programs
libpython, Requirements
LIKE, LIKE
  and locales, Behavior
LIMIT, LIMIT and OFFSET
line segment, Line Segments
Linux
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
LISTEN, LISTEN
listen_addresses configuration parameter, Connection Settings
LOAD, LOAD
locale, Creating a Database Cluster, Locale Support
lock, Explicit Locking, Table-Level Locks, LOCK
  monitoring, Viewing Locks
log_connections configuration parameter, What To Log
log_destination configuration parameter, Where to log
log_directory configuration parameter, Where to log
log_disconnections configuration parameter, What To Log
log_duration configuration parameter, What To Log
log_error_verbosity configuration parameter, When To Log
log_executor_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_filename configuration parameter, Where to log
log_hostname configuration parameter, What To Log
log_line_prefix configuration parameter, What To Log
log_min_duration_statement configuration parameter, When To Log
log_min_error_statement configuration parameter, When To Log
log_min_messages configuration parameter, When To Log
log_parser_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_planner_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_rotation_age configuration parameter, Where to log
log_rotation_size configuration parameter, Where to log
log_statement configuration parameter, What To Log
log_statement_stats configuration parameter, Statistics Monitoring
log_truncate_on_rotation configuration parameter, Where to log
loop
  in PL/pgSQL, Simple Loops
lo_close, Closing a Large Object Descriptor
lo_creat, Creating a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_export, Exporting a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_import, Importing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_lseek, Seeking in a Large Object
lo_open, Opening an Existing Large Object
lo_read, Reading Data from a Large Object
lo_tell, Obtaining the Seek Position of a Large Object
lo_unlink, Removing a Large Object, Server-Side Functions
lo_write, Writing Data to a Large Object
lseg, Line Segments

## M

MAC address
  see macaddr
macaddr (data type), macaddr
MacOS X
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
maintenance, Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
maintenance_work_mem configuration parameter, Memory
make, Requirements
MANPATH, Environment Variables
max, Aggregate Functions
max_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
max_files_per_process configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage
max_fsm_pages configuration parameter, Free Space Map
max_fsm_relations configuration parameter, Free Space Map
max_function_args configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_identifier_length configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_index_keys configuration parameter, Preset Options
max_locks_per_transaction configuration parameter, Lock Management
max_stack_depth configuration parameter, Memory
MD5, Password authentication
memory context
  in SPI, Memory Management
min, Aggregate Functions
monitoring
  database activity, Monitoring Database Activity
MOVE, MOVE
MVCC, Introduction

## N

name
  qualified, Creating a Schema
  syntax of, Identifiers and Key Words
  unqualified, The Schema Search Path
natural join, Joined Tables
negation, Logical Operators
NetBSD
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
network
  data types, Network Address Types
nextval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
nonblocking connection, Database Connection Control Functions, Asynchronous Command Processing
nonrepeatable read, Transaction Isolation
NOT (operator), Logical Operators
NOT IN, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
not-null constraint, Not-Null Constraints
notice processing
  in libpq, Notice Processing
notice processor, Notice Processing
notice receiver, Notice Processing
NOTIFY, NOTIFY
  in libpq, Asynchronous Notification
NOTNULL, Comparison Operators
null value
  with check constraints, Check Constraints
  comparing, Comparison Operators
  default value, Default Values
  in DISTINCT, DISTINCT
  in libpq, Retrieving Query Result Information
  in PL/Perl, PL/Perl Functions and Arguments
  in PL/Python, PL/Python Functions
  with unique constraints, Unique Constraints
NULLIF, NULLIF
number
  constant, Numeric Constants
numeric, Numeric Constants
numeric (data type), Arbitrary Precision Numbers

## O

object identifier
  data type, Object Identifier Types
object-oriented database, Concepts
obj_description, System Information Functions
OFFSET, LIMIT and OFFSET
oid, Object Identifier Types
  column, System Columns
  in libpq, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
on-line backup, Backup and Restore
ONLY, The FROM Clause
opaque, Pseudo-Types
OpenBSD
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
OpenSSL, Installation Procedure
  see also SSL
operator, Functions and Operators
  invocation, Operator Invocations
  logical, Logical Operators
  precedence, Lexical Precedence
  syntax, Operators
  type resolution in an invocation, Operators
  user-defined, User-Defined Operators
operator class, Operator Classes, Index Methods and Operator Classes
OR (operator), Logical Operators
Oracle
  porting from PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
ORDER BY, Querying a Table, Sorting Rows
  and locales, Behavior
ordering operator, System Dependencies on Operator Classes
outer join, Joined Tables
output function
  of a data type, User-Defined Types
output function, User-Defined Types
overlay, String Functions and Operators
overloading
  functions, Function Overloading
  operators, User-Defined Operators
owner, Privileges

## P

palloc, Writing Code
PAM, Installation Procedure, PAM authentication
parameter
  syntax, Positional Parameters
parenthesis, Value Expressions
password, User Attributes
  authentication, Password authentication
  of the superuser, Creating a Database Cluster
password file, The Password File
password_encryption configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
PATH, Environment Variables
  for schemas, Statement Behavior
path (data type), Paths
pattern matching, Pattern Matching
performance, Performance Tips
Perl, PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
permission
  see privilege
pfree, Writing Code
PGcancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PGCLIENTENCODING, Environment Variables
PGconn, Database Connection Control Functions
PGCONNECT_TIMEOUT, Environment Variables
PGDATA, Creating a Database Cluster
PGDATABASE, Environment Variables
PGDATESTYLE, Environment Variables
PGGEQO, Environment Variables
PGHOST, Environment Variables
PGHOSTADDR, Environment Variables
PGLOCALEDIR, Environment Variables
PGOPTIONS, Environment Variables
PGPASSWORD, Environment Variables
PGPORT, Environment Variables
PGREALM, Environment Variables
PGREQUIRESSL, Environment Variables
PGresult, Main Functions
PGSERVICE, Environment Variables
PGSSLMODE, Environment Variables
PGSYSCONFDIR, Environment Variables
PGTZ, Environment Variables
PGUSER, Environment Variables
pgxs, Extension Building Infrastructure
pg_aggregate, pg_aggregate
pg_am, pg_am
pg_amop, pg_amop
pg_amproc, pg_amproc
pg_attrdef, pg_attrdef
pg_attribute, pg_attribute
pg_cancel_backend, System Administration Functions
pg_cast, pg_cast
pg_class, pg_class
pg_config, pg_config
  with libpq, Building libpq Programs
  with user-defined C functions, Writing Code
pg_constraint, pg_constraint
pg_controldata, pg_controldata
pg_conversion, pg_conversion
pg_conversion_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_ctl, Starting the Database Server, pg_ctl
pg_database, Template Databases, pg_database
pg_depend, pg_depend
pg_description, pg_description
pg_dump, pg_dump
pg_dumpall, pg_dumpall
  use during upgrade, If You Are Upgrading
pg_function_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_get_constraintdef, System Information Functions
pg_get_expr, System Information Functions
pg_get_indexdef, System Information Functions
pg_get_ruledef, System Information Functions
pg_get_serial_sequence, System Information Functions
pg_get_triggerdef, System Information Functions
pg_get_userbyid, System Information Functions
pg_get_viewdef, System Information Functions
pg_group, pg_group
pg_hba.conf, The pg_hba.conf file
pg_ident.conf, Ident Maps
pg_index, pg_index
pg_indexes, pg_indexes
pg_inherits, pg_inherits
pg_language, pg_language
pg_largeobject, pg_largeobject
pg_listener, pg_listener
pg_locks, pg_locks
pg_namespace, pg_namespace
pg_opclass, pg_opclass
pg_opclass_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_operator, pg_operator
pg_operator_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_proc, pg_proc
pg_restore, pg_restore
pg_rewrite, pg_rewrite
pg_rules, pg_rules
pg_settings, pg_settings
pg_shadow, pg_shadow
pg_start_backup, System Administration Functions
pg_statistic, Statistics Used by the Planner, pg_statistic
pg_stats, Statistics Used by the Planner, pg_stats
pg_stop_backup, System Administration Functions
pg_tables, pg_tables
pg_tablespace, pg_tablespace
pg_tablespace_databases, System Information Functions
pg_table_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_trigger, pg_trigger
pg_type, pg_type
pg_type_is_visible, System Information Functions
pg_user, pg_user
pg_views, pg_views
phantom read, Transaction Isolation
PIC, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
PID
  determining PID of server process
    in libpq, Connection Status Functions
PITR, Backup and Restore
PL/Perl, PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language
PL/PerlU, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
PL/pgSQL, PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language
PL/Python, PL/Python - Python Procedural Language
PL/SQL (Oracle)
  porting to PL/pgSQL, Porting from Oracle PL/SQL
PL/Tcl, PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
point, Points
point-in-time recovery, Backup and Restore
polygon, Polygons
polymorphic function, Polymorphic Types
polymorphic type, Polymorphic Types
port, Database Connection Control Functions
port configuration parameter, Connection Settings
POSTGRES, The Berkeley POSTGRES Project
postgres (the program), postgres
postgres user, The PostgreSQL User Account
Postgres95, Postgres95
postgresql.conf, Run-time Configuration
postmaster, Architectural Fundamentals, Starting the Database Server, postmaster
PQbackendPID, Connection Status Functions
PQbinaryTuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
  with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQcancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQclear, Main Functions
PQcmdStatus, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQcmdTuples, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQconndefaults, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconnectStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQconsumeInput, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQdb, Connection Status Functions
PQendcopy, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQerrorMessage, Connection Status Functions
PQescapeBytea, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQescapeString, Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQexec, Main Functions
PQexecParams, Main Functions
PQexecPrepared, Main Functions
PQfformat, Retrieving Query Result Information
  with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQfinish, Database Connection Control Functions
PQflush, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQfmod, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfn, The Fast-Path Interface
PQfname, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfnumber, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQfreeCancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQfreemem, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQfsize, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftable, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftablecol, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQftype, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetCancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQgetCopyData, Functions for Receiving COPY Data
PQgetisnull, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetlength, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQgetline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetlineAsync, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQgetResult, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQgetssl, Connection Status Functions
PQgetvalue, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQhost, Connection Status Functions
PQisBusy, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQisnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQmakeEmptyPGresult, Main Functions
PQnfields, Retrieving Query Result Information
  with COPY, Functions Associated with the COPY Command
PQnotifies, Asynchronous Notification
PQntuples, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQoidStatus, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQoidValue, Retrieving Result Information for Other Commands
PQoptions, Connection Status Functions
PQparameterStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQpass, Connection Status Functions
PQport, Connection Status Functions
PQprepare, Main Functions
PQprint, Retrieving Query Result Information
PQprotocolVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQputCopyData, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputCopyEnd, Functions for Sending COPY Data
PQputline, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQputnbytes, Obsolete Functions for COPY
PQrequestCancel, Cancelling Queries in Progress
PQreset, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetPoll, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresetStart, Database Connection Control Functions
PQresStatus, Main Functions
PQresultErrorField, Main Functions
PQresultErrorMessage, Main Functions
PQresultStatus, Main Functions
PQsendPrepare, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQuery, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryParams, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsendQueryPrepared, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQserverVersion, Connection Status Functions
PQsetdb, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetdbLogin, Database Connection Control Functions
PQsetErrorVerbosity, Control Functions
PQsetnonblocking, Asynchronous Command Processing
PQsetNoticeProcessor, Notice Processing
PQsetNoticeReceiver, Notice Processing
PQsocket, Connection Status Functions
PQstatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtrace, Control Functions
PQtransactionStatus, Connection Status Functions
PQtty, Connection Status Functions
PQunescapeBytea, Escaping Binary Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands
PQuntrace, Control Functions
PQuser, Connection Status Functions
predicate locking, Serializable Isolation versus True Serializability
preload_libraries configuration parameter, Kernel Resource Usage
PREPARE, PREPARE
prepared statements
  creating, PREPARE
  executing, EXECUTE
  removing, DEALLOCATE
  showing the query plan, EXPLAIN
preparing a query
  in PL/Tcl, Database Access from PL/Tcl
  in PL/pgSQL, Overview
  in PL/Python, Database Access
pre_auth_delay configuration parameter, Developer Options
primary key, Primary Keys
privilege, Privileges, Privileges
  querying, System Information Functions
  with rules, Rules and Privileges
  for schemas, Schemas and Privileges
  with views, Rules and Privileges
procedural language, Procedural Languages
  handler for, Writing A Procedural Language Handler
ps
  to monitor activity, Standard Unix Tools
psql, Accessing a Database, psql
Python, PL/Python - Python Procedural Language

## Q

qualified name, Creating a Schema
query, Querying a Table, Queries
query plan, Using EXPLAIN
query tree, The Query Tree
quotation marks
  and identifiers, Identifiers and Key Words
  escaping, String Constants
quote_ident, String Functions and Operators
  use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands
quote_literal, String Functions and Operators
  use in PL/pgSQL, Executing Dynamic Commands

## R

R-tree
  see index
random_page_cost configuration parameter, Planner Cost Constants
range table, The Query Tree
read-only transaction, Statement Behavior
readline, Requirements
real, Floating-Point Types
record, Pseudo-Types
rectangle, Boxes
redirect_stderr configuration parameter, Where to log
referential integrity, Foreign Keys, Foreign Keys
regclass, Object Identifier Types
regex_flavor configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
regoper, Object Identifier Types
regoperator, Object Identifier Types
regproc, Object Identifier Types
regprocedure, Object Identifier Types
regression test, Installation Procedure
regression tests, Regression Tests
regtype, Object Identifier Types
regular expression, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions, POSIX Regular Expressions
  see also pattern matching
regular expressions, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
reindex, Routine Reindexing, REINDEX
relation, Concepts
relational database, Concepts
RELEASE SAVEPOINT, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
rendezvous_name configuration parameter, Connection Settings
RESET, RESET
RESTRICT
  with DROP, Dependency Tracking
  foreign key action, Foreign Keys
REVOKE, Privileges, REVOKE
right join, Joined Tables
ROLLBACK, ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
row, Concepts, Row Constructors, Table Basics
row type, Composite Types
  constructor, Row Constructors
rule, The Rule System
  and views, Views and the Rule System
  for DELETE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
  for INSERT, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
  for SELECT, How SELECT Rules Work
  compared with triggers, Rules versus Triggers
  for UPDATE, Rules on INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE

## S

SAVEPOINT, SAVEPOINT
savepoints
  defining, SAVEPOINT
  releasing, RELEASE SAVEPOINT
  rolling back, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
scalar
  see expression
schema, Schemas, Overview
  creating, Creating a Schema
  current, The Schema Search Path, System Information Functions
  public, The Public Schema
  removing, Creating a Schema
SCO OpenServer
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
search path, The Schema Search Path
  current, System Information Functions
search_path, The Schema Search Path
search_path configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
SELECT, Querying a Table, Queries, SELECT
  select list, Select Lists
SELECT INTO, SELECT INTO
  in PL/pgSQL, SELECT INTO
semaphores, Shared Memory and Semaphores
sequence, Sequence Manipulation Functions
  and serial type, Serial Types
sequential scan, Planner Method Configuration
serial, Serial Types
serial4, Serial Types
serial8, Serial Types
serializability, Serializable Isolation versus True Serializability
server log, Error Reporting and Logging
  log file maintenance, Log File Maintenance
server_encoding configuration parameter, Preset Options
server_version configuration parameter, Preset Options
SET, System Administration Functions, SET
SET CONSTRAINTS, SET CONSTRAINTS
set difference, Combining Queries
set intersection, Combining Queries
set operation, Combining Queries
set returning functions
  functions, Set Returning Functions
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
SET TRANSACTION, SET TRANSACTION
set union, Combining Queries
SETOF, Query Language (SQL) Functions
setval, Sequence Manipulation Functions
set_bit, Binary String Functions and Operators
set_byte, Binary String Functions and Operators
shared library, Shared Libraries, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
shared memory, Shared Memory and Semaphores
shared_buffers configuration parameter, Memory
SHMMAX, Shared Memory and Semaphores
SHOW, System Administration Functions, SHOW
shutdown, Shutting Down the Server
SIGHUP, Run-time Configuration, The pg_hba.conf file, Ident Maps
SIGINT, Shutting Down the Server
signal
  backend processes, System Administration Functions
significant digits, Locale and Formatting
SIGQUIT, Shutting Down the Server
SIGTERM, Shutting Down the Server
silent_mode configuration parameter, When To Log
SIMILAR TO, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
sliced bread
  see TOAST
smallint, Integer Types
Solaris
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
  start script, Starting the Database Server
SOME, Aggregate Functions, Subquery Expressions, Row and Array Comparisons
sorting, Sorting Rows
SPI, Server Programming Interface
SPI_connect, SPI_connect
SPI_copytuple, SPI_copytuple
SPI_cursor_close, SPI_cursor_close
SPI_cursor_fetch, SPI_cursor_fetch
SPI_cursor_find, SPI_cursor_find
SPI_cursor_move, SPI_cursor_move
SPI_cursor_open, SPI_cursor_open
SPI_exec, SPI_exec
SPI_execp, SPI_execp
SPI_execute, SPI_execute
SPI_execute_plan, SPI_execute_plan
spi_exec_query
  in PL/Perl, Database Access from PL/Perl
SPI_finish, SPI_finish
SPI_fname, SPI_fname
SPI_fnumber, SPI_fnumber
SPI_freeplan, SPI_freeplan
SPI_freetuple, SPI_freetuple
SPI_freetuptable, SPI_freetuptable
SPI_getargcount, SPI_getargcount
SPI_getargtypeid, SPI_getargtypeid
SPI_getbinval, SPI_getbinval
SPI_getrelname, SPI_getrelname
SPI_gettype, SPI_gettype
SPI_gettypeid, SPI_gettypeid
SPI_getvalue, SPI_getvalue
SPI_is_cursor_plan, SPI_is_cursor_plan
spi_lastoid, Database Access from PL/Tcl
SPI_modifytuple, SPI_modifytuple
SPI_palloc, SPI_palloc
SPI_pfree, SPI_pfree
SPI_pop, SPI_pop
SPI_prepare, SPI_prepare
SPI_push, SPI_push
SPI_repalloc, SPI_repalloc
SPI_returntuple, SPI_returntuple
SPI_saveplan, SPI_saveplan
sql_inheritance configuration parameter, Previous PostgreSQL Versions
ssh, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels
SSL, Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSL, SSL Support
  with libpq, Database Connection Control Functions, Connection Status Functions
ssl configuration parameter, Security and Authentication
STABLE, Function Volatility Categories
standard deviation, Aggregate Functions
START TRANSACTION, START TRANSACTION
statement_timeout configuration parameter, Statement Behavior
statistics, The Statistics Collector
  of the planner, Statistics Used by the Planner, Updating planner statistics
stats_block_level configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
stats_command_string configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
stats_reset_on_server_start configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
stats_row_level configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
stats_start_collector configuration parameter, Query and Index Statistics Collector
string
  see character string
subquery, Aggregate Functions, Scalar Subqueries, Subqueries, Subquery Expressions
subscript, Subscripts
substring, String Functions and Operators, Binary String Functions and Operators, SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
sum, Aggregate Functions
superuser, Accessing a Database, User Attributes
superuser_reserved_connections configuration parameter, Connection Settings
syntax
  SQL, SQL Syntax
syslog_facility configuration parameter, Where to log
syslog_identity configuration parameter, Where to log
system catalog
  schema, The System Catalog Schema

## T

table, Concepts, Table Basics
  creating, Table Basics
  modifying, Modifying Tables
  removing, Table Basics
  renaming, Renaming a Table
table expression, Table Expressions
table function, Table Functions
tableoid, System Columns
tablespace, Tablespaces
  default, Statement Behavior
target list, The Query Tree
Tcl, PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language
template0, Template Databases
template1, Creating a Database, Template Databases
test, Regression Tests
text, Character Types
threads
  with libpq, Behavior in Threaded Programs
tid, Object Identifier Types
time, Date/Time Types, Times
  constants, Special Values
  current, Current Date/Time
  output format, Date/Time Output
    see also formatting
time span, Date/Time Types
time with time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time without time zone, Date/Time Types, Times
time zone, Time Zones, Locale and Formatting
  Australian, Locale and Formatting
  configuration names, Date/Time Key Words
  conversion, AT TIME ZONE
  input abbreviations, Date/Time Key Words
timelines, Backup and Restore
timeout
  client authentication, Security and Authentication
  deadlock, Lock Management
timestamp, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp with time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timestamp without time zone, Date/Time Types, Time Stamps
timezone configuration parameter, Locale and Formatting
TOAST, TOAST
  and user-defined types, User-Defined Types
  per-column storage settings, Description
  versus large objects, History
token, Lexical Structure
to_char, Data Type Formatting Functions
trace_notify configuration parameter, Developer Options
transaction, Transactions
transaction ID
  wraparound, Preventing transaction ID wraparound failures
transaction isolation, Transaction Isolation
transaction isolation level, Transaction Isolation, Statement Behavior
  read committed, Read Committed Isolation Level
  serializable, Serializable Isolation Level
transaction log
  see WAL
transform_null_equals configuration parameter, Platform and Client Compatibility
trigger, Pseudo-Types, Triggers
  arguments for trigger functions, Overview of Trigger Behavior
  in C, Writing Trigger Functions in C
  in PL/pgSQL, Trigger Procedures
  in PL/Python, Trigger Functions
  in PL/Tcl, Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl
  compared with rules, Rules versus Triggers
Tru64 UNIX
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
true, Boolean Type
TRUNCATE, TRUNCATE
trusted
  PL/Perl, Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl
type
  see data type
  polymorphic, Polymorphic Types
type cast, Numeric Constants, Type Casts

## U

UNION, Combining Queries
  determination of result type, UNION, CASE, and ARRAY Constructs
unique constraint, Unique Constraints
Unix domain socket, Database Connection Control Functions
UnixWare
  IPC configuration, Shared Memory and Semaphores
  shared library, Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions
unix_socket_directory configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_group configuration parameter, Connection Settings
unix_socket_permissions configuration parameter, Connection Settings
UNLISTEN, UNLISTEN
unqualified name, The Schema Search Path
UPDATE, Updates, Updating Data, UPDATE
updating, Updating Data
upgrading, If You Are Upgrading, Migration Between Releases
user, Database Users
  current, System Information Functions

## V

vacuum, Routine Vacuuming, VACUUM
vacuumdb, vacuumdb
vacuum_cost_delay configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_limit configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_dirty configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_hit configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
vacuum_cost_page_miss configuration parameter, Cost-Based Vacuum Delay
value expression, Value Expressions
varchar, Character Types
variance, Aggregate Functions
version, Accessing a Database, System Information Functions
  compatibility, Migration Between Releases
view, Views
  implementation through rules, Views and the Rule System
  updating, Cooperation with Views
void, Pseudo-Types
VOLATILE, Function Volatility Categories
volatility
  functions, Function Volatility Categories

## W

WAL, Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
wal_buffers configuration parameter, Settings
wal_debug configuration parameter, Developer Options
wal_sync_method configuration parameter, Settings
WHERE, The WHERE Clause
where to log, Where to log
work_mem configuration parameter, Memory

## X

xid, Object Identifier Types
xmax, System Columns
xmin, System Columns

## Y

yacc, Requirements

## Z

zero_damaged_pages configuration parameter, Developer Options
zlib, Installation Procedure

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