To:	Users
From:	Bob Supnik
Subj:	VAX Simulator Usage
Date:	01-Dec-2005

			COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The following copyright notice applies to both the SIMH source and binary:

   Original code published in 1993-2005, written by Robert M Supnik
   Copyright (c) 1993-2005, Robert M Supnik

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
   copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
   to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
   the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
   and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
   Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
   ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
   IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
   CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

   Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not be
   used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
   in this Software without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik.

This memorandum documents the VAX simulator.


1. Simulator Files

To compile the VAX, you must define VM_VAX and USE_INT64 as part of the compilation
command line.  To enable extended file support (files greater than 2GB), you must
define USE_ADDR64 as part of the command line as well.

sim/		scp.h
		sim_console.h
		sim_defs.h
		sim_ether.h
		sim_fio.h
		sim_rev.h
		sim_sock.h
		sim_tape.h
		sim_timer.h
		sim_tmxr.h
		scp.c
		sim_console.c
		sim_ether.c
		sim_fio.c
		sim_sock.c
		sim_tape.c
		sim_timer.c
		sim_tmxr.c

sim/vax/	vax_defs.h
		vaxmod_defs.h
		vax_cis.c
		vax_cmode.c
		vax_cpu.c
		vax_cpu1.c
		vax_fpa.c
		vax_io.c
		vax_mmu.c
		vax_octa.c
		vax_stddev.c
		vax_sys.c
		vax_syscm.c
		vax_sysdev.c
		vax_syslist.c

sim/pdp11/	pdp11_mscp.h
		pdp11_uqssp.h
		pdp11_xq.h
		pdp11_xq_bootrom.h
		pdp11_dz.c
		pdp11_lp.c
		pdp11_rl.c
		pdp11_ry.c
		pdp11_rq.c
		pdp11_tq.c
		pdp11_ts.c
		pdp11_vh.c
		pdp11_xq.c

Additional files are:

sim/vax/	ka655.bin		standard boot ROM code
		ka655x.bin		extended memory boot ROM code

2. VAX Features

The VAX simulator is configured as follows:

device		simulates
name(s)

CPU		KA655 CPU with 16MB-64MB of memory, or
		"KA655X" CPU with 16MB-512MB of memory
TLB		translation buffer
ROM		read-only memory
NVR		non-volatile memory
QBA		Qbus adapter
SYSD		system devices
TTI,TTO		console terminal
CLK		real-time clock
DZ		DZV11 4-line terminal multiplexor (up to 4)
VH		DHQ11 8-line terminal multiplexor (up to 4)
LPT		LPV11 line printer
RL		RLV12/RL01(2) cartridge disk controller with four drives
RQ		RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RQB		second RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RQC		third RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RQD		fourth RQDX3 MSCP controller with four drives
RY		RXV21 floppy disk controller with two drives
TS		TSV11/TSV05 magnetic tape controller with one drive
TQ		TQK50 TMSCP magnetic tape controller with four drives
XQ		DELQA/DEQNA Ethernet controller
XQB		second DELQA/DEQNA Ethernet controller

The DZ, VH, LPT, RL, RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD, RY, TS, TQ, XQ, and XQB
devices can be set DISABLED.  RQB, RQC, RQD, and XQB are disabled by
default.

The VAX simulator implements several unique stop conditions:

	- change mode to interrupt stack
	- illegal vector (bits<1:0> = 2 or 3)
	- unexpected exception during interrupt or exception
	- process PTE in P0 or P1 space instead of system space
	- unknown IPL
	- infinite loop (BRB/W to self at IPL 1F)

The VAX supports a simple binary format consisting of a stream of
binary bytes without origin or checksum, for loading memory, the boot
ROM, or the non-volatile memory.

2.1 CPU and System Devices

2.2 CPU

CPU options include the size of main memory and the treatment of the
HALT instruction.

	SET CPU 16M		set memory size = 16MB
	SET CPU 32M		set memory size = 32MB
	SET CPU 48M		set memory size = 48MB
	SET CPU 64M		set memory size = 64MB
	SET CPU 128M		set memory size = 128MB
	SET CPU 256M		set memory size = 256MB
	SET CPU 512M		set memory size = 512MB
	SET CPU SIMHALT		kernel HALT returns to simulator
	SET CPU CONHALT		kernel HALT returns to boot ROM console

The CPU implements a show command to display the I/O address map:

	SHOW CPU IOSPACE	show I/O space address map

The CPU also implements a command to display a virtual to physical address
translation:

	SHOW CPU VIRTUAL=n	show translation for address n

Notes on memory size:

- The real KA655 CPU only supported 16MB to 64MB of memory.  The simulator
  provides a KA655"X" mode, which increases supported memory to 512MB.
  The firmware (ka655x.bin) contains code to determine the size of extended
  memory and set up the PFN bit map accordingly.  Other than setting up
  the PFN bootmap, the firmware does not recognize extended memory and
  will behave as though memory size was 64MB. 
- If memory size is being reduced, and the memory being truncated contains
  non-zero data, the simulator asks for confirmation.  Data in the truncated
  portion of memory is lost.
- If the simulator is running VMS, the operating system may have a SYSGEN 
  parameter set called PHYSICAL PAGES (viewable from "MCR SYSGEN SHOW
  PHYSICALPAGES").  PHYSICALPAGES limits the maximum number of physical pages
  of memory the OS will recognize.  If it is set to a lower value than the
  new memory size of the machine, then only the first PHYSICALPAGES of
  memory will be recognized, otherwise the actual size of the extended
  memory will be realized by VMS upon each boot.  Some users and/or sites
  may specify the PHYSICALPAGES parameter in the input file to AUTOGEN
  (SYS$SYSTEM:MODPARAMS.DAT).  If PHYSICALPAGES is specified there, it will
  have to be adjusted before running AUTOGEN to recognize more memory.  The
  default value for PHYSICALPAGES is 1048576, which describes 512MB of RAM.

Initial memory size is 16MB.

Memory can be loaded with a binary byte stream using the LOAD command.
The LOAD command recognizes three switch:

	-o			origin argument follows file name
	-r			load the boot ROM
	-n			load the non-volatile RAM

The CPU supports the BOOT command and is the only VAX device to do so.
Note that the behavior of the bootstrap depends on the capabilities of
the console terminator emulator.  If the terminal window supports full
VT100 emulation (including Multilanguage Character Set support), the
bootstrap will ask the user to specify the language; otherwise, it will
default to English.

These switches are recognized when examining or depositing in CPU memory
(or any other byte oriented device):

	-b			examine/deposit bytes
	-w			examine/deposit words
	-l			examine/deposit longwords
	-d			data radix is decimal
	-o			data radix is octal
	-h			data radix is hexadecimal

These switches are recognized when examining or depositing in CPU memory
only:

	-m			examine (only) VAX instructions
	-p			examine/deposit PDP-11 (compatibility mode)
				instructions
	-r			examine (only) RADIX50 encoded data
	-v			interpret address as virtual, current mode

CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the
control registers for the interrupt system.

	name		size	comments

	PC		32	program counter
	R0..R14		32	R0..R14
	AP		32	alias for R12
	FP		32	alias for R13
	SP		32	alias for R14
	PSL		32	processor status longword
	CC		4	condition codes, PSL<3:0>
	KSP		32	kernel stack pointer
	ESP		32	executive stack pointer
	SSP		32	supervisor stack pointer
	USP		32	user stack pointer
	IS		32	interrupt stack pointer
	SCBB		32	system control block base
	PCBB		32	process controll block base
	P0BR		32	P0 base register
	P0LR		22	P0 length register
	P1BR		32	P1 base register
	P1LR		22	P1 length register
	SBR		32	system base register
	SLR		22	system length register
	SISR		16	software interrupt summary register
	ASTLVL		4	AST level register
	MAPEN		1	memory management enable
	PME		1	performance monitor enable
	TRPIRQ		8	trap/interrupt pending
	CRDERR		1	correctible read data error flag
	MEMERR		1	memory error flag
	PCQ[0:63]	32	PC prior to last PC change or interrupt;
				most recent PC change first
	WRU		8	interrupt character

The CPU can maintain a history of the most recently executed instructions.
This is controlled by the SET CPU HISTORY and SHOW CPU HISTORY commands:

	SET CPU HISTORY		clear history buffer
	SET CPU HISTORY=0	disable history
	SET CPU HISTORY=n	enable history, length = n
	SHOW CPU HISTORY	print CPU history
	SHOW CPU HISTORY=n	print first n entries of CPU history

The maximum length for the history is 65536 entries.

2.1.2 Translation Buffer (TLB)

The translation buffer consists of two units, representing the system
and user translation buffers, respectively.  It has no registers.  Each
translation buffer entry consists of two 32b words, as follows:

	word n		tag
	word n+1	cached PTE

An invalid entry is indicated by a tag of FFFFFFFF.

2.1.3 Qbus Adapter (QBA)

The QBA represents the CQBIC Qbus adapter chip.  It recognizes the
following options:

	SET QBA AUTOCONFIGURE	enable autoconfiguration
	SET QBA NOAUTOCONFIGURE	disable autoconfiguration

and the following display command:

	SHOW QBA IOSPACE	show IO space addresses

The QBA registers are:

	name		size	comments

	SCR		16	system configuration register
	DSER		8	DMA system error register
	MEAR		13	master error address register
	SEAR		20	slave error address register
	MBR		29	Qbus map base register
	IPC		16	interprocessor communications register
	IPL17		32	IPL 17 interrupt flags
	IPL16		32	IPL 16 interrupt flags
	IPL15		32	IPL 15 interrupt flags
	IPL14		32	IPL 14 interrupt flags

2.1.4 Read-only memory (ROM)

The boot ROM consists of a single unit, representing the 128KB boot ROM.
It has no registers.  The boot ROM is loaded with a binary byte stream
using the LOAD -r command:

	LOAD -r KA655.BIN	load ROM image KA655.BIN (normal memory)
	LOAD -r KA655X.BIN	laod ROM image KA655X.BIN (extended memory)

ROM accesses a use a calibrated delay that slows ROM-based execution to
about 500K instructions per second.  This delay is required to make the
power-up self-test routines run correctly on very fast hosts.  The delay
is controlled with the commands:

	SET ROM NODELAY		ROM runs like RAM
	SET ROM DELAY		ROM runs slowly

2.1.5 Non-volatile Memory (NVR)

The NVR consists of a single unit, representing 1KB of battery-backed up
memory.  When the simulator starts, NVR is cleared to 0, and the SSC
battery-low indicator is set.  Normally, NVR is saved and restored like
other memory in the system.  Alternately, NVR can be attached to a file.
This allows its contents to be saved and restored independently of
other memories, so that NVR state can be preserved across simulator runs.

Successfully loading an NVR image clears the SSC battery-low indicator.

2.1.6 System Devices (SYSD)

The system devices are the system-specific facilities implemented in the
CVAX chip, the KA655 CPU board, the CMCTL memory controller, and the SSC
system support chip.  Note that the simulation of these devices is
incomplete and is intended strictly to allow the patched bootstrap and
console code to run.  The SYSD registers are:

	name		size	comments

	CADR		8	cache disable register
	MSER		8	memory system error register
	CONPC		32	PC at console halt
	CONPSL		32	PSL at console halt
	CMCSR[0:17]	32	CMCTL control and status registers
	CACR		8	second-level cache control register
	BDR		8	front panel jumper register
	BASE		29	SSC base address register
	CNF		32	SSC configuration register
	BTO		32	SSC bus timeout register
	TCSR0		32	SSC timer 0 control/status register
	TIR0		32	SSC timer 0 interval register
	TNIR0		32	SSC timer 0 next interval register
	TIVEC0		9	SSC timer 0 interrupt vector register
	TCSR1		32	SSC timer 1 control/status register
	TIR1		32	SSC timer 1 interval register
	TNIR1		32	SSC timer 1 next interval register
	TIVEC1		9	SSC timer 1 interrupt vector register
	ADSM0		32	SSC address match 0 address
	ADSK0		32	SSC address match 0 mask
	ADSM1		32	SSC address match 1 address
	ADSK1		32	SSC address match 1 mask
	CDGDAT[0:16383]	32	cache diagnostic data store

BDR<7> is the halt-enabled switch.  It controls how the console firmware
responds to a BOOT command, a kernel halt (if option CONHALT is set), or
a console halt (BREAK typed on the console terminal).  If BDR<7> is set,
the console firmware responds to all these conditions by entering its
interactive command mode.  If BDR<7> is clear, the console firmware
boots the operating system in response to these conditions.

2.2 I/O Device Addressing

Qbus I/O space is not large enough to allow all possible devices to be
configured simultaneously at fixed addresses.  Instead, many devices have
floating addresses; that is, the assigned device address depends on the
presense of other devices in the configuration:

	DZ11		all instances have floating addresses
	DHQ11		all instances have floating addresses
	RL11		first instance has fixed address, rest floating
	RX11/RX211	first instance has fixed address, rest floating
	MSCP disk	first instance has fixed address, rest floating
	TMSCP tape	first instance has fixed address, rest floating

To maintain addressing consistency as the configuration changes, the
simulator implements DEC's standard I/O address and vector autoconfiguration
algorithms for devices DZ, VH, RL, RQn, and TQ.  This allows the user to
enable or disable devices without needing to manage I/O addresses
and vectors.

In addition to autoconfiguration, most devices support the SET ADDRESS
command, which allows the I/O page address of the device to be changed,
and the SET VECTOR command, which allows the vector of the device to be
changed.  Explicitly setting the I/O address of a device which normally
uses autoconfiguration DISABLES autoconfiguration for that device and for
the entire system.  As a consequence, the user may have to manually configure
all other autoconfigured devices, because the autoconfiguration algorithm
no longer recognizes the explicitly configured device.  A device can be
reset to autoconfigure with the SET <device> AUTOCONFIGURE command.  Auto-
configuration can be restored for the entire system with the SET QBA
AUTOCONFIGURE command.

The current I/O map can be displayed with the SHOW QBA IOSPACE command.
Addresses that have set by autoconfiguration are marked with an asterisk (*). 

All devices support the SHOW ADDRESS and SHOW VECTOR commands, which display
the device address and vector, respectively.

2.3 Programmed I/O Devices

2.3.1 Terminal Input (TTI)

The console interfaces (TTI, TTO) can be set to one of three modes, 
7P, 7B or 8B:

	mode	input characters	output characters

	7P	high-order bit cleared	high-order bit cleared,
					non-printing characters
					 suppressed	
	7B	high-order bit cleared	high-order bit cleared
	8B	no changes		no changes

The default mode is 8B.

When the console terminal is attached to a Telnet session, it
recognizes BREAK.  If BREAK is entered, and BDR<7> is set, control
returns to the console firmware; otherwise, BREAK is treated as a
normal terminal input condition.

The terminal input (TTI) polls the console keyboard for input.  It
implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	number of characters input
	TIME		24	keyboard polling interval

2.3.2 Terminal Output (TTO)

The terminal output (TTO) writes to the simulator console window.  It
implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	number of characters input
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt

2.3.3 Line Printer (LPT)

The line printer (LPT) writes data to a disk file.  The POS register
specifies the number of the next data item to be written.  Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the printer.

The line printer implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	POS		32	position in the output file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of paper

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.3.4 Real-Time Clock (CLK)

The clock (CLK) implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CSR		16	control/status register
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	TODR		32	time-of-day register
	BLOW		1	TODR battery low indicator
	TIME		24	clock frequency
	TPS		8	ticks per second (100)

The real-time clock autocalibrates; the clock interval is adjusted up or
down so that the clock tracks actual elapsed time.

2.4 Disks

2.4.1 RLV12/RL01,RL02 Cartridge Disk (RL)

RLV12 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked,
to set the drive size to RL01, RL02, or autosize, and to write a DEC standard
044 compliant bad block table on the last track:

	SET RLn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RLn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RLn RL01		set size to RL01
	SET RLn RL02		set size to RL02
	SET RLn AUTOSIZE	set size based on file size at attach
	SET RLn BADBLOCK	write bad block table on last track

The size options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.  The
bad block option can be used only when a unit is attached to a file.  Units
can also be set ENABLED or DISABLED.

The RL11 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	RLCS		16	control/status
	RLDA		16	disk address
	RLBA		16	memory address
	RLBAE		6	memory address extension (RLV12)
	RLMP..RLMP2	16	multipurpose register queue
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	STIME		24	seek time, per cylinder
	RTIME		24	rotational delay
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	disk not ready

	end of file	x	assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.4.2 RQDX3 MSCP Disk Controllers (RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD)

The simulator implements four MSCP disk controllers, RQ, RQB, RQC, RQD.
Initially, RQB, RQC, and RQD are disabled.  Each RQ controller simulates
an RQDX3 MSCP disk controller.  RQ options include the ability to set
units write enabled or write locked, and to set the drive type to one
of many disk types:

	SET RQn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RQn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RQn RX50		set type to RX50
	SET RQn RX33		set type to RX33
	SET RQn RD51		set type to RD51
	SET RQn RD52		set type to RD52
	SET RQn RD53		set type to RD53
	SET RQn RD54		set type to RD54
	SET RQn RD31		set type to RD31
	SET RQn RA82		set type to RA82
	SET RQn RA72		set type to RA72
	SET RQn RA90		set type to RA90
	SET RQn RA92		set type to RA92
	SET RQn RAUSER{=n}	set type to RA81 with n MB's
	SET -L RQn RAUSER{=n}	set type to RA81 with n LBN's

The type options can be used only when a unit is not attached to a file.
RAUSER is a "user specified" disk; the user can specify the size of the
disk in either MB (1000000 bytes) or logical block numbers (LBN's, 512
bytes each).  The minimum size is 5MB; the maximum size is 2GB without
extended addressing, 1000GB with extended addressing.

Units can also be set ENABLED or DISABLED.

Each RQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:

	SHOW RQn TYPE		show drive type
	SHOW RQ RINGS		show command and response rings
	SHOW RQ FREEQ		show packet free queue
	SHOW RQ RESPQ		show packet response queue
	SHOW RQ UNITQ		show unit queues
	SHOW RQ ALL		show all ring and queue state
	SHOW RQn UNITQ		show unit queues for unit n

Each RQ controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	SA		16	status/address register
	S1DAT		16	step 1 init host data
	CQBA		22	command queue base address
	CQLNT		8	command queue length
	CQIDX		8	command queue index
	RQBA		22	request queue base address
	RQLNT		8	request queue length
	RQIDX		8	request queue index
	FREE		5	head of free packet list
	RESP		5	head of response packet list
	PBSY		5	number of busy packets
	CFLGS		16	controller flags
	CSTA		4	controller state
	PERR		9	port error number
	CRED		5	host credits
	HAT		17	host available timer
	HTMO		17	host timeout value
	CPKT[0:3]	5	current packet, units 0-3
	PKTQ[0:3]	5	packet queue, units 0-3
	UFLG[0:3]	16	unit flags, units 0-3
	INT		1	interrupt request
	ITIME		1	response time for initialization steps
				(except for step 4)
	QTIME		24	response time for 'immediate' packets
	XTIME		24	response time for data transfers
	PKTS[33*32]	16	packet buffers, 33W each,
				32 entries

While VMS is not timing sensitive, most of the BSD-derived operating systems
(NetBSD, OpenBSD, etc) are.  The QTIME and XTIME parameters are set to
values that allow these operating systems to run correctly.

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     		processed as

	not attached		disk not ready

	end of file		assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error		report error and stop

2.4.3 RXV21/RX02 Floppy Disk (RY)

RXV21 options include the ability to set units write enabled or write
locked, single or double density, or autosized:

	SET RYn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET RYn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET RYn SINGLE		set unit n single density
	SET RYn DOUBLE		set unit n double density (default)
	SET RYn AUTOSIZE	set unit n autosized

The RXV21 does not support the boot command.

The RXV21 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	RYCS		16	status
	RYBA		16	buffer address
	RYWC		8	word count
	RYDB		16	data buffer
	RYES		12	error status
	RYERR		8	error code
	RYTA		8	current track
	RYSA		8	current sector
	STAPTR		4	controller state
	INT		1	interrupt pending flag
	ERR		1	error flag (CSR<15>)
	TR		1	transfer ready flag (CSR<7>)
	IE		1	interrupt enable flag (CSR<6>)
	DONE		1	device done flag (CSR<5>)
	CTIME		24	command completion time
	STIME		24	seek time, per track
	XTIME		24	transfer ready delay
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error
	SBUF[0:255]	8	sector buffer array

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	disk not ready

RX02 data files are buffered in memory; therefore, end of file and OS
I/O errors cannot occur.

2.5 Tapes

2.5.1 TSV11/TSV05 Magnetic Tape (TS)

TS options include the ability to make the unit write enabled or write locked.

	SET TS LOCKED		set unit write locked
	SET TS WRITEENABLED	set unit write enabled

The magnetic tape controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	TSSR		16	status register
	TSBA		16	bus address register
	TSDBX		16	data buffer extension register
	CHDR		16	command packet header
	CADL		16	command packet low address or count
	CADH		16	command packet high address
	CLNT		16	command packet length
	MHDR		16	message packet header
	MRFC		16	message packet residual frame count
	MXS0		16	message packet extended status 0
	MXS1		16	message packet extended status 1
	MXS2		16	message packet extended status 2
	MXS3		16	message packet extended status 3
	MXS4		16	message packet extended status 4
	WADL		16	write char packet low address
	WADH		16	write char packet high address
	WLNT		16	write char packet length
	WOPT		16	write char packet options
	WXOPT		16	write char packet extended options
	ATTN		1	attention message pending
	BOOT		1	boot request pending
	OWNC		1	if set, tape owns command buffer
	OWNM		1	if set, tape owns message buffer
	TIME		24	delay
	POS		32	position

Error handling is as follows:

	error			processed as

	not attached		tape not ready

	end of file		(read or space) end of physical tape
				(write) ignored

	OS I/O error		fatal tape error

2.5.2 TQK50 TMSCP Disk Controller (TQ)

The TQ controller simulates the TQK50 TMSCP disk controller.  TQ options
include the ability to set units write enabled or write locked, and to
specify the controller type and tape length:

	SET TQn LOCKED		set unit n write locked
	SET TQn WRITEENABLED	set unit n write enabled
	SET TQ TK50		set controller type to TK50
	SET TQ TK70		set controller type to TK70
	SET TQ TU81		set controller type to TU81
	SET TQ TKUSER{=n}	set controller type to TK50 with
				tape capacity of n MB

User-specified capacity must be between 50 and 2000 MB.

The TQ controller implements the following special SHOW commands:

	SHOW TQ TYPE		show controller type
	SHOW TQ RINGS		show command and response rings
	SHOW TQ FREEQ		show packet free queue
	SHOW TQ RESPQ		show packet response queue
	SHOW TQ UNITQ		show unit queues
	SHOW TQ ALL		show all ring and queue state
	SHOW TQn UNITQ		show unit queues for unit n

The TQ controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	SA		16	status/address register
	S1DAT		16	step 1 init host data
	CQBA		22	command queue base address
	CQLNT		8	command queue length
	CQIDX		8	command queue index
	RQBA		22	request queue base address
	RQLNT		8	request queue length
	RQIDX		8	request queue index
	FREE		5	head of free packet list
	RESP		5	head of response packet list
	PBSY		5	number of busy packets
	CFLGS		16	controller flags
	CSTA		4	controller state
	PERR		9	port error number
	CRED		5	host credits
	HAT		17	host available timer
	HTMO		17	host timeout value
	CPKT[0:3]	5	current packet, units 0-3
	PKTQ[0:3]	5	packet queue, units 0-3
	UFLG[0:3]	16	unit flags, units 0-3
	POS[0:3]	32	tape position, units 0-3
	OBJP[0:3]	32	object position, units 0-3
	INT		1	interrupt request
	ITIME		1	response time for initialization steps
				(except for step 4)
	QTIME		24	response time for 'immediate' packets
	XTIME		24	response time for data transfers
	PKTS[33*32]	16	packet buffers, 33W each,
				32 entries

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     		processed as

	not attached		tape not ready

	end of file		end of medium

	OS I/O error		report error and stop

2.6 Communications Devices

2.6.1 DZV11 Terminal Multiplexor (DZ)

The DZV11 is an 4-line terminal multiplexor.  Up to 4 DZ11's (16 lines)
are supported.  The number of lines can be changed with the command

	SET DZ LINES=n		set line count to n

The line count must be a multiple of 4, with a maximum of 16.

The DZ11 supports three character processing modes, 7P, 7B, and 8B:

	mode	input characters	output characters

	7P	high-order bit cleared	high-order bit cleared,
					non-printing characters
					 suppressed	
	7B	high-order bit cleared	high-order bit cleared
	8B	no changes		no changes

The default is 8B.

The DZ11 supports logging on a per-line basis.  The command

	SET DZ LOG=line=filename

enables logging for the specified line to the indicated file.  The
command

	SET DZ NOLOG=line

disables logging for the specified line and closes any open log file.
Finally, the command

	SHOW DZ LOG

displays logging information for all DZ lines.

The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions
connected to a user-specified port.  The ATTACH command specifies
the port to be used:

	ATTACH {-am} DZ <port>	set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used
for other TCP/IP activities.  The optional switch -m turns on the DZV11's
modem controls; the optional switch -a turns on active disconnects
(disconnect session if computer clears Data Terminal Ready).  Without
modem control, the DZ behaves as though terminals were directly connected;
disconnecting the Telnet session does not cause any operating system-
visible change in line status.

Once the DZ is attached and the simulator is running, the DZ will listen
for connections on the specified port.  It assumes that the incoming
connections are Telnet connections.  The connection remains open until
disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client, a SET DZ
DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH DZ command.

The SHOW DZ CONNECTIONS command displays the current connections to the DZ.
The SHOW DZ STATISTICS command displays statistics for active connections.
The SET DZ DISCONNECT=linenumber command disconnects the specified line.

The DZV11 implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CSR[0:3]	16	control/status register, boards 0-3
	RBUF[0:3]	16	receive buffer, boards 0-3
	LPR[0:3]	16	line parameter register, boards 0-3
	TCR[0:3]	16	transmission control register, boards 0-3
	MSR[0:3]	16	modem status register, boards 0-3
	TDR[0:3]	16	transmit data register, boards 0-3
	SAENB[0:3]	1	silo alarm enabled, boards 0-3
	RXINT		4	receive interrupts, boards 3..0
	TXINT		4	transmit interrupts, boards 3..0
	MDMTCL		1	modem control enabled
	AUTODS		1	autodisconnect enabled

The DZV11 does not support save and restore.  All open connections are
lost when the simulator shuts down or the DZ is detached.

2.6.2 DHQ11 Terminal Multiplexor (VH)

The DHQ11 is an 8-line terminal multiplexor for Qbus systems.  Up
to 4 DHQ11's are supported.

The DHQ11 is a programmable asynchronous terminal multiplexor.  It
has two programming modes: DHV11 and DHU11.  The register sets are
compatible with these devices.  For transmission, the DHQ11 can be
used in either DMA or programmed I/O mode.  For reception, there
is a 256-entry FIFO for received characters, dataset status changes,
and diagnostic information, and a programmable input interrupt
timer (in DHU mode).  The device supports 16-, 18-, and 22-bit
addressing.  The DHQ11 can be programmed to filter and/or handle
XON/XOFF characters independently of the processor.  The DHQ11
supports programmable bit width (between 5 and 8) for the input
and output of characters.

The DHQ11 has a rocker switch for determining the programming mode.
By default, the DHV11 mode is selected, though DHU11 mode is
recommended for applications that can support it.  The VH controller
may be adjusted on a per controller basis as follows:

	SET VHn DHU		use the DHU programming mode and registers
	SET VHn DHV		use the DHV programming mode and registers

DMA output is supported.  In a real DHQ11, DMA is not initiated
immediately upon receipt of TX.DMA.START but is dependent upon some
internal processes.  The VH controller mimics this behavior by default.
It may be desirable to alter this and start immediately, though
this may not be compatible with all operating systems and diagnostics.
You can change the behavior of the VH controller as follows:

	SET VHn NORMAL		use normal DMA procedures
	SET VHn FASTDMA		set DMA to initiate immediately

The terminal lines perform input and output through Telnet sessions
connected to a user-specified port.  The ATTACH command specifies
the port to be used:

        ATTACH VH <port>	set up listening port
	DETACH VH

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not
being used for other TCP/IP activities.  This port is the point of
entry for al lines on all VH controllers.

Modem and auto-disconnect support may be set on an individual
controller basis.  The SET MODEM command directs the controller to
report modem status changes to the computer.  The SET HANGUP command
turns on active disconnects (disconnect session if computer clears
Data Terminal Ready).

	SET VHn [NO]MODEM	disable/enable modem control
	SET VHn [NO]HANGUP	disable/enable disconnect on DTR drop

Once the VH is attached and the simulator is running, the VH will
listen for connections on the specified port.  It assumes that the
incoming connections are Telnet connections.  The connection remains
open until disconnected by the simulated program, the Telnet client,
a SET VH DISCONNECT command, or a DETACH VH command.

The SHOW VH CONNECTIONS command displays the current connections to the VH.
The SHOW VH STATISTICS command displays statistics for active connections.
The SET VH DISCONNECT=linenumber command disconnects the specified line.

The DHQ11 implements these registers, though not all can be examined
from SCP:

        name            size    comments

        CSR[0:3]        16      control/status register, boards 0..3
        RBUF[0:3]       16      receive buffer, boards 0..3
        LPR[0:3]        16      line parameter register, boards 0..3
        RXINT           4       receive interrupts, boards 3..0
        TXINT           4       transmit interrupts, boards 3..0
[more to be described...]

The DHQ11 does not support save and restore.  All open connections
are lost when the simulator shuts down or the VH is detached.

2.6.3 DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet Controllers (XQ, XQB)

The simulator implements two DELQA/DEQNA Qbus Ethernet controllers (XQ,
XQB).  Initially, XQ is enabled, and XQB is disabled.  Options allow
control of the MAC address, the controller mode, and the sanity timer.

	SET  XQ MAC=<mac-address>	ex. 08-00-2B-AA-BB-CC
        SHOW XQ MAC

These commands are used to change or display the MAC address.  <mac-address>
is a valid ethernet MAC, delimited by dashes or periods.  The controller
defaults to 08-00-2B-AA-BB-CC, which should be sufficient if there is
only one SIMH controller on your LAN.  Two cards with the same MAC address
will see each other's packets, resulting in a serious mess.

	SET  XQ TYPE={DEQNA|[DELQA]}
        SHOW XQ TYPE

These commands are used to change or display the controller mode. DELQA
mode is better and faster but may not be usable by older or non-DEC OS's.
Also, be aware that DEQNA mode is not supported by many modern OS's. The
DEQNA-LOCK mode of the DELQA card is emulated by setting the the controller
to DEQNA - there is no need for a separate mode.  DEQNA-LOCK mode behaves
exactly like a DEQNA, except for the operation of the VAR and MOP processing.

	SET  XQ SANITY={ON|[OFF]}
	SHOW XQ SANITY

These commands change or display the INITIALIZATION sanity timer (DEQNA
jumper W3/DELQA switch S4).  The INITIALIZATION sanity timer has a default
timeout of 4 minutes, and cannot be turned off, just reset.  The normal
sanity timer can be set by operating system software regardless of the
state of this switch.  Note that only the DEQNA (or the DELQA in DEQNA-
LOCK mode (=DEQNA)) supports the sanity timer - it is ignored by a DELQA
in Normal mode, which uses switch S4 for a different purpose.

	SET  XQ POLL={DEFAULT|4..2500}
	SHOW XQ POLL

These commands change or display the service polling timer.  The polling
timer is calibrated to run the service thread 200 times per second.  This
value can be changed to accomodate particular system requirements for
more (or less) frequent polling.

	SHOW XQ STATS

This command will display the accumulated statistics for the simulated
Ethernet controller.
To access the network, the simulated Ethernet controller must be attached
to a real Ethernet interface:

	ATTACH XQ0 {ethX|<device_name>}		ex. eth0 or /dev/era0
        SHOW XQ ETH

where X in 'ethX' is the number of the ethernet controller to attach, or
the real device name.  The X number is system dependant.  If you only have
one ethernet controller, the number will probably be 0. To find out what
your system thinks the ethernet numbers are, use the SHOW XQ ETH command.
The device list can be quite cryptic, depending on the host system, but
is probably better than guessing. If you do not attach the device, the
controller will behave as though the ethernet cable were unplugged.

XQ and XQB have the following registers:

	name		size	comments

	SA0		16	station address word 0
	SA1		16	station address word 1
	SA2		16	station address word 2
	SA3		16	station address word 3
	SA4		16	station address word 4
	SA5		16	station address word 5
	RBDL		32	receive buffer descriptor list
	XBDL		32	trans(X)mit buffer descriptor list
	CSR		16	control status register
	VAR		16	vector address register
	INT		1	interrupt request flag

One final note: because of it's asynchronous nature, the XQ controller is
not limited to the ~1.5Mbit/sec of the real DEQNA/DELQA controllers,
nor the 10Mbit/sec of a standard Ethernet.  Attach it to a Fast Ethernet
(100 Mbit/sec) card, and "Feel the Power!" :-)

2.7 Symbolic Display and Input

The VAX simulator implements symbolic display and input.  Display is
controlled by command line switches:

	-a,-c			display as ASCII data
	-m			display instruction mnemonics
	-p			display compatibility mode mnemonics
	-r			display RADIX50 encoding

Input parsing is controlled by the first character typed in or by command
line switches:

	' or -a			ASCII characters (determined by length)
	" or -c			ASCII string (maximum 60 characters)
	-p			compatibility mode instruction mnemonic
	alphabetic		instruction mnemonic
	numeric			octal number

VAX instruction input uses standard VAX assembler syntax.  Compatibility
mode instruction input uses standard PDP-11 assembler syntax.

The syntax for VAX specifiers is as follows:

syntax		specifier	displacement	comments

#s^n, #n	0n		-		short literal, integer only
[Rn]		4n		-		indexed, second specifier
						follows
Rn		5n		-		PC illegal
(Rn)		6n		-		PC illegal
-(Rn)		7n              -		PC illegal
(Rn)+		8n		-
#i^n, #n	8F		n		immediate
@(Rn)+		9n		-
@#addr		9F		addr		absolute
{+/-}b^d(Rn)	An		{+/-}d		byte displacement
b^d		AF		d - PC		byte PC relative
@{+/-}b^d(Rn)	Bn		{+/-}d		byte displacement deferred
@b^d		BF		d - PC		byte PC relative deferred
{+/-}w^d(Rn)	Cn		{+/-}d		word displacement
w^d		CF		d - PC		word PC relative
@{+/-}w^d(Rn)	Dn		{+/-}d		word displacement deferred
@w^d		DF		d - PC		word PC relative deferred
{+/-}l^d(Rn)	En		{+/-}d		long displacement
l^d		EF		d - PC		long PC relative
@{+/-}l^d(Rn)	Fn		{+/-}d		long displacement deferred
@l^d		FF		d - PC		long PC relative deferred

If no override is given for a literal (s^ or i^) or for a displacement or PC
relative addres (b^, w^, or l^), the simulator chooses the mode automatically.

Appendix - The KA655"X"

The real KA655 is limited to 64MB of memory, and the KA655 firmware is coded
to this limit.  However, the VAX operating systems (VMS, Ultrix, NetBSD)
know very little about the hardware details.  Instead, they take their memory
size information from the Restart Parameter Block (RPB).  If the firmware
sets up an RPB for more than 64MB, the operating systems use the extra
memory without requiring source changes.

In extended memory mode, the simulator implements an 18th CMCTL register.
This read-only register gives the size of main memory in MB.  The extended
memory firmware (ka655x.bin) bootstrap code uses this to set up the RPB.
No other parts of the firmware are aware of extended memory; thus, all the
diagnostic and display commands operate only on the first 64MB of memory.

If extended memory mode is disabled, the 18th CMCTL register is invisible,
and the simulator operates like a real KA655.
