mod_ssl |
Introduction | Compatibility
``Try to understand everything, but believe nothing!''
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his chapter provides a reference to all configuration directives and additional user visible features mod_ssl provides. It's intended as the official resource when you want to know how a particilar mod_ssl functionality is actually configured or activated. Each directive is documented similar to the way standard Apache directives are documented in the official Apache documentation set, i.e. for each directive especially the syntax, default and context where applicable is given. Notice that there are three major classes of directives which are used by mod_ssl: First Global Directives (i.e. directives with context ``server config''), which can occur inside the server config files but only outside of any sectioning commands like <VirtualHost>. Second Per-Server Directives (i.e. those with context ``server config, virtual host''), which can occur inside the server config files both outside (for the main/default server) and inside <VirtualHost> sections. |  |
Table Of Contents
Configuration Directives SSLPassPhraseDialog SSLMutex SSLRandomSeed SSLSessionCache SSLSessionCacheTimeout SSLEngine SSLProtocol SSLCipherSuite SSLCertificateFile SSLCertificateKeyFile SSLCertificateChainFile SSLCACertificatePath SSLCACertificateFile SSLCARevocationPath SSLCARevocationFile SSLVerifyClient SSLVerifyDepth SSLLog SSLLogLevel SSLOptions SSLRequireSSL SSLRequire Additional Features Environment Variables Custom Log Formats
And third Per-Directory Directives (i.e. those with context ``server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess''), which can pretty much occur everywhere. Especially both inside the server config files and the per-directory `.htaccess` files. The three classes are subsets of each other, i.e. directives from the per-directory class can also be used in the per-server and global context, and directives from the per-server class can also be used the in the global context. Additional directives and environment variables provided by mod_ssl (via on-the-fly mapping) for backward compatiblity to other Apache SSL solutions are documented in the Compatibility chapter. # Configuration Directives The most visible and error-prone things of mod_ssl are its configuration directives. So we document them in great detail here to assist you in setting up the best possible configuration of your SSL-aware webserver. ## SSLPassPhraseDialog
Name: | SSLPassPhraseDialog
Description: | Type of pass phrase dialog for encrypted private keys
Syntax: | `SSLPassPhraseDialog` type
Default: | `SSLPassPhraseDialog builtin`
Context: | server config
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1
> When Apache starts up it has to read the various Certificate (see SSLCertificateFile) and Private Key (see SSLCertificateKeyFile) files of the SSL-enabled virtual servers. Because for security reasons the Private Key files are usually encrypted, mod_ssl needs to query the administrator for a Pass Phrase in order to decrypt those files. This query can be done in two ways which can be configured by type: `builtin` This is the default where an interactive terminal dialog occurs at startup time just before Apache detaches from the terminal. Here the administrator has to manually enter the Pass Phrase for each encrypted Private Key file. Because a lot of SSL-enabled virtual hosts can be configured, the following reuse-scheme is used to minimize the dialog: When a Private Key file is encrypted, all known Pass Phrases (at the beginning there are none, of course) are tried. If one of those known Pass Phrases succeeds no dialog pops up for this particular Private Key file. If none succeeded, another Pass Phrase is queried on the terminal and remembered for the next round (where it perhaps can be reused). This scheme allows mod_ssl to be maximally flexible (because for N encrypted Private Key files you can use N different Pass Phrases - but then you have to enter all of them, of course) while minimizing the terminal dialog (i.e. when you use a single Pass Phrase for all N Private Key files this Pass Phrase is queried only once). `exec:/path/to/program` Here an external program is configured which is called at startup for each encrypted Private Key file. It is called with two arguments (the first is of the form ```servername:portnumber`'', the second is either ```RSA`'' or ```DSA`''), which indicate for which server and algorithm it has to print the corresponding Pass Phrase to `stdout`. The intent is that this external program first runs security checks to make sure that the system is not compromised by an attacker, and only when these checks were passed successfully it provides the Pass Phrase. Both these security checks, and the way the Pass Phrase is determined, can be as complex as you like. Mod_ssl just defines the interface: an executable program which provides the Pass Phrase on `stdout`. Nothing more or less! So, if you're really paranoid about security, here is your interface. Anything else has to be left as an exercise to the administrator, because local security requirements are so different. The reuse-algorithm above is used here, too. In other words: The external program is called only once per unique Pass Phrase. Example:
>     SSLPassPhraseDialog exec:/usr/local/apache/sbin/pp-filter
## SSLMutex
Name: | SSLMutex
Description: | Semaphore for internal mutual exclusion of operations
Syntax: | `SSLMutex` type
Default: | `SSLMutex none`
Context: | server config
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1
> This configures the SSL engine's semaphore (aka. lock) which is used for mutual exclusion of operations which have to be done in a synchronized way between the pre-forked Apache server processes. This directive can only be used in the global server context because it's only useful to have one global mutex. The following Mutex types are available: `none` This is the default where no Mutex is used at all. Use it at your own risk. But because currently the Mutex is mainly used for synchronizing write access to the SSL Session Cache you can live without it as long as you accept a sometimes garbled Session Cache. So it's not recommended to leave this the default. Instead configure a real Mutex. `file:/path/to/mutex` This is the portable and (under Unix) always provided Mutex variant where a physical (lock-)file is used as the Mutex. Always use a local disk filesystem for `/path/to/mutex` and never a file residing on a NFS- or AFS-filesystem. Note: Internally, the Process ID (PID) of the Apache parent process is automatically appended to `/path/to/mutex` to make it unique, so you don't have to worry about conflicts yourself. Notice that this type of mutex is not available under the Win32 environment. There you have to use the semaphore mutex. `sem` This is the most elegant but also most non-portable Mutex variant where a SysV IPC Semaphore (under Unix) and a Windows Mutex (under Win32) is used when possible. It is only available when the underlying platform supports it. Example:
>     SSLMutex file:/usr/local/apache/logs/ssl_mutex
## SSLRandomSeed
Name: | SSLRandomSeed
Description: | Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) seeding source
Syntax: | `SSLRandomSeed` context source [bytes]
Default: | none
Context: | server config
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.2
> This configures one or more sources for seeding the Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) in OpenSSL at startup time (context is `startup`) and/or just before a new SSL connection is established (context is `connect`). This directive can only be used in the global server context because the PRNG is a global facility. The following source variants are available: `builtin` This is the always available builtin seeding source. It's usage consumes minimum CPU cycles under runtime and hence can be always used without drawbacks. The source used for seeding the PRNG contains of the current time, the current process id and (when applicable) a randomly choosen 1KB extract of the inter-process scoreboard structure of Apache. The drawback is that this is not really a strong source and at startup time (where the scoreboard is still not available) this source just produces a few bytes of entropy. So you should always, at least for the startup, use an additional seeding source. `file:/path/to/source` This variant uses an external file `/path/to/source` as the source for seeding the PRNG. When bytes is specified, only the first bytes number of bytes of the file form the entropy (and bytes is given to `/path/to/source` as the first argument). When bytes is not specified the whole file forms the entropy (and `0` is given to `/path/to/source` as the first argument). Use this especially at startup time, for instance with an available `/dev/random` and/or `/dev/urandom` devices (which usually exist on modern Unix derivates like FreeBSD and Linux). But be careful: Usually `/dev/random` provides only as much entropy data as it actually has, i.e. when you request 512 bytes of entropy, but the device currently has only 100 bytes available two things can happen: On some platforms you receive only the 100 bytes while on other platforms the read blocks until enough bytes are available (which can take a long time). Here using an existing `/dev/urandom` is better, because it never blocks and actually gives the amount of requested data. The drawback is just that the quality of the received data may not be the best. On some platforms like FreeBSD one can even control how the entropy is actually generated, i.e. by which system interrupts. More details one can find under rndcontrol(8) on those platforms. Alternatively, when your system lacks such a random device, you can use tool like EGD (Entropy Gathering Daemon) and run it's client program with the `exec:/path/to/program/` variant (see below) or use `egd:/path/to/egd-socket` (see below). `exec:/path/to/program` This variant uses an external executable `/path/to/program` as the source for seeding the PRNG. When bytes is specified, only the first bytes number of bytes of its `stdout` contents form the entropy. When bytes is not specified, the entirety of the data produced on `stdout` form the entropy. Use this only at startup time when you need a very strong seeding with the help of an external program (for instance as in the example above with the `truerand` utility you can find in the mod_ssl distribution which is based on the AT&T truerand library). Using this in the connection context slows down the server too dramatically, of course. So usually you should avoid using external programs in that context. `egd:/path/to/egd-socket` (Unix only) This variant uses the Unix domain socket of the external Entropy Gathering Daemon (EGD) (see http://www.lothar.com/tech /crypto/) to seed the PRNG. Use this if no random device exists on your platform. Example:
>     SSLRandomSeed startup builtin
>     SSLRandomSeed startup file:/dev/random
>     SSLRandomSeed startup file:/dev/urandom 1024
>     SSLRandomSeed startup exec:/usr/local/bin/truerand 16
>     SSLRandomSeed connect builtin
>     SSLRandomSeed connect file:/dev/random
>     SSLRandomSeed connect file:/dev/urandom 1024
## SSLSessionCache
Name: | SSLSessionCache
Description: | Type of the global/inter-process SSL Session Cache
Syntax: | `SSLSessionCache` type
Default: | `SSLSessionCache none`
Context: | server config
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1
> This configures the storage type of the global/inter-process SSL Session Cache. This cache is an optional facility which speeds up parallel request processing. For requests to the same server process (via HTTP keep-alive), OpenSSL already caches the SSL session information locally. But because modern clients request inlined images and other data via parallel requests (usually up to four parallel requests are common) those requests are served by different pre-forked server processes. Here an inter-process cache helps to avoid unneccessary session handshakes. The following two storage types are currently supported: `none` This is the default and just disables the global/inter-process Session Cache. There is no drawback in functionality, but a noticeable speed penalty can be observed. `dbm:/path/to/datafile` This makes use of a DBM hashfile on the local disk to synchronize the local OpenSSL memory caches of the server processes. The slight increase in I/O on the server results in a visible request speedup for your clients, so this type of storage is generally recommended. `shm:/path/to/datafile`[`(`size`)`] This makes use of a high-performance hash table (approx. size bytes in size) inside a shared memory segment in RAM (established via `/path/to/datafile`) to synchronize the local OpenSSL memory caches of the server processes. This storage type is not available on all platforms. See the mod_ssl `INSTALL` document for details on how to build Apache+EAPI with shared memory support. Examples:
>     SSLSessionCache dbm:/usr/local/apache/logs/ssl_gcache_data
>     SSLSessionCache shm:/usr/local/apache/logs/ssl_gcache_data(512000)
## SSLSessionCacheTimeout
Name: | SSLSessionCacheTimeout
Description: | Number of seconds before an SSL session expires in the Session Cache
Syntax: | `SSLSessionCacheTimeout` seconds
Default: | `SSLSessionCacheTimeout 300`
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0
> This directive sets the timeout in seconds for the information stored in the global/inter-process SSL Session Cache and the OpenSSL internal memory cache. It can be set as low as 15 for testing, but should be set to higher values like 300 in real life. Example:
>     SSLSessionCacheTimeout 600
## SSLEngine
Name: | SSLEngine
Description: | SSL Engine Operation Switch
Syntax: | `SSLEngine` on|off
Default: | `SSLEngine off`
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1
> This directive toggles the usage of the SSL/TLS Protocol Engine. This is usually used inside a <VirtualHost> section to enable SSL/TLS for a particular virtual host. By default the SSL/TLS Protocol Engine is disabled for both the main server and all configured virtual hosts. Example:
>     <VirtualHost _default_:443>
>     SSLEngine on
>     ...
>     </VirtualHost>
## SSLProtocol
Name: | SSLProtocol
Description: | Configure usable SSL protocol flavors
Syntax: | `SSLProtocol` [+-]protocol ...
Default: | `SSLProtocol all`
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Options
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.2
> This directive can be used to control the SSL protocol flavors mod_ssl should use when establishing its server environment. Clients then can only connect with one of the provided protocols. The available (case-insensitive) protocols are: `SSLv2` This is the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, version 2.0. It is the original SSL protocol as designed by Netscape Corporation. `SSLv3` This is the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol, version 3.0. It is the successor to SSLv2 and the currently (as of February 1999) de-facto standardized SSL protocol from Netscape Corporation. It's supported by almost all popular browsers. `TLSv1` This is the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, version 1.0. It is the successor to SSLv3 and currently (as of February 1999) still under construction by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It's still not supported by any popular browsers. `All` This is a shortcut for ```+SSLv2 +SSLv3 +TLSv1`'' and a convinient way for enabling all protocols except one when used in combination with the minus sign on a protocol as the example above shows. Example:
>     #   enable SSLv3 and TLSv1, but not SSLv2
>     SSLProtocol all -SSLv2
## SSLCipherSuite
Name: | SSLCipherSuite
Description: | Cipher Suite available for negotiation in SSL handshake
Syntax: | `SSLCipherSuite` cipher-spec
Default: | `SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP`
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
Override: | AuthConfig
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1
This complex directive uses a colon-separated cipher-spec string consisting of OpenSSL cipher specifications to configure the Cipher Suite the client is permitted to negotiate in the SSL handshake phase. Notice that this directive can be used both in per-server and per-directory context. In per-server context it applies to the standard SSL handshake when a connection is established. In per-directory context it forces a SSL renegotation with the reconfigured Cipher Suite after the HTTP request was read but before the HTTP response is sent. An SSL cipher specification in cipher-spec is composed of 4 major attributes plus a few extra minor ones: Key Exchange Algorithm: RSA or Diffie-Hellman variants. Authentication Algorithm: RSA, Diffie-Hellman, DSS or none. Cipher/Encryption Algorithm: DES, Triple-DES, RC4, RC2, IDEA or none. MAC Digest Algorithm: MD5, SHA or SHA1. An SSL cipher can also be an export cipher and is either a SSLv2 or SSLv3/TLSv1 cipher (here TLSv1 is equivalent to SSLv3). To specify which ciphers to use, one can either specify all the Ciphers, one at a time, or use aliases to specify the preference and order for the ciphers (see Table 1).
Table 1: OpenSSL Cipher Specification Tags
Tag | Description
Key Exchange Algorithm:
`kRSA` | RSA key exchange
`kDHr` | Diffie-Hellman key exchange with RSA key
`kDHd` | Diffie-Hellman key exchange with DSA key
`kEDH` | Ephemeral (temp.key) Diffie-Hellman key exchange (no cert)
Authentication Algorithm:
`aNULL` | No authentication
`aRSA` | RSA authentication
`aDSS` | DSS authentication
`aDH` | Diffie-Hellman authentication
Cipher Encoding Algorithm:
`eNULL` | No encoding
`DES` | DES encoding
`3DES` | Triple-DES encoding
`RC4` | RC4 encoding
`RC2` | RC2 encoding
`IDEA` | IDEA encoding
MAC Digest Algorithm:
`MD5` | MD5 hash function
`SHA1` | SHA1 hash function
`SHA` | SHA hash function
Aliases:
`SSLv2` | all SSL version 2.0 ciphers
`SSLv3` | all SSL version 3.0 ciphers
`TLSv1` | all TLS version 1.0 ciphers
`EXP` | all export ciphers
`EXPORT40` | all 40-bit export ciphers only
`EXPORT56` | all 56-bit export ciphers only
`LOW` | all low strength ciphers (no export, single DES)
`MEDIUM` | all ciphers with 128 bit encryption
`HIGH` | all ciphers using Triple-DES
`RSA` | all ciphers using RSA key exchange
`DH` | all ciphers using Diffie-Hellman key exchange
`EDH` | all ciphers using Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange
`ADH` | all ciphers using Anonymous Diffie-Hellman key exchange
`DSS` | all ciphers using DSS authentication
`NULL` | all ciphers using no encryption

Now where this becomes interesting is that these can be put together to specify the order and ciphers you wish to use. To speed this up there are also aliases (`SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1, EXP, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH`) for certain groups of ciphers. These tags can be joined together with prefixes to form the cipher-spec. Available prefixes are:

- none: add cipher to list
- `+`: add ciphers to list and pull them to current location in list
- `-`: remove cipher from list (can be added later again)
- `!`: kill cipher from list completely (can not be added later again)

A simpler way to look at all of this is to use the ```openssl ciphers -v`'' command which provides a nice way to successively create the correct cipher-spec string. The default cipher-spec string is ```ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP`'' which means the following: first, remove from consideration any ciphers that do not authenticate, i.e. for SSL only the Anonymous Diffie-Hellman ciphers. Next, use ciphers using RC4 and RSA. Next include the high, medium and then the low security ciphers. Finally pull all SSLv2 and export ciphers to the end of the list.

>     $ openssl ciphers -v 'ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP'
>     NULL-SHA                SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=None      Mac=SHA1
>     NULL-MD5                SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=None      Mac=MD5
>     EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA    SSLv3 Kx=DH       Au=RSA  Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1
>     ...                     ...               ...     ...           ...
>     EXP-RC4-MD5             SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(40)   Mac=MD5  export
>     EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5         SSLv2 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC2(40)   Mac=MD5  export
>     EXP-RC4-MD5             SSLv2 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(40)   Mac=MD5  export

The complete list of particular RSA & DH ciphers for SSL is given in Table 2.

Example:

>     SSLCipherSuite RSA:!EXP:!NULL:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:-LOW

Table 2: Particular SSL Ciphers
Cipher-Tag | Protocol | Key Ex. | Auth. | Enc. | MAC | Type
RSA Ciphers:
`DES-CBC3-SHA` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | 3DES(168) | SHA1 |
`DES-CBC3-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA | RSA | 3DES(168) | MD5 |
`IDEA-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | IDEA(128) | SHA1 |
`RC4-SHA` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | RC4(128) | SHA1 |
`RC4-MD5` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | RC4(128) | MD5 |
`IDEA-CBC-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA | RSA | IDEA(128) | MD5 |
`RC2-CBC-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA | RSA | RC2(128) | MD5 |
`RC4-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA | RSA | RC4(128) | MD5 |
`DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | DES(56) | SHA1 |
`RC4-64-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA | RSA | RC4(64) | MD5 |
`DES-CBC-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA | RSA | DES(56) | MD5 |
`EXP-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | RSA(512) | RSA | DES(40) | SHA1 | export
`EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5` | SSLv3 | RSA(512) | RSA | RC2(40) | MD5 | export
`EXP-RC4-MD5` | SSLv3 | RSA(512) | RSA | RC4(40) | MD5 | export
`EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA(512) | RSA | RC2(40) | MD5 | export
`EXP-RC4-MD5` | SSLv2 | RSA(512) | RSA | RC4(40) | MD5 | export
`NULL-SHA` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | None | SHA1 |
`NULL-MD5` | SSLv3 | RSA | RSA | None | MD5 |
Diffie-Hellman Ciphers:
`ADH-DES-CBC3-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH | None | 3DES(168) | SHA1 |
`ADH-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH | None | DES(56) | SHA1 |
`ADH-RC4-MD5` | SSLv3 | DH | None | RC4(128) | MD5 |
`EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH | RSA | 3DES(168) | SHA1 |
`EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH | DSS | 3DES(168) | SHA1 |
`EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH | RSA | DES(56) | SHA1 |
`EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH | DSS | DES(56) | SHA1 |
`EXP-EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH(512) | RSA | DES(40) | SHA1 | export
`EXP-EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH(512) | DSS | DES(40) | SHA1 | export
`EXP-ADH-DES-CBC-SHA` | SSLv3 | DH(512) | None | DES(40) | SHA1 | export
`EXP-ADH-RC4-MD5` | SSLv3 | DH(512) | None | RC4(40) | MD5 | export

## SSLCertificateFile

Name: | SSLCertificateFile
Description: | Server PEM-encoded X.509 Certificate file
Syntax: | `SSLCertificateFile` filename
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive points to the PEM-encoded Certificate file for the server and optionally also to the corresponding RSA or DSA Private Key file for it (contained in the same file). If the contained Private Key is encrypted the Pass Phrase dialog is forced at startup time. This directive can be used up to two times (referencing different filenames) when both a RSA and a DSA based server certificate is used in parallel.

Example:

>     SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/server.crt

## SSLCertificateKeyFile

Name: | SSLCertificateKeyFile
Description: | Server PEM-encoded Private Key file
Syntax: | `SSLCertificateKeyFile` filename
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive points to the PEM-encoded Private Key file for the server. If the Private Key is not combined with the Certificate in the `SSLCertificateFile`, use this additional directive to point to the file with the stand-alone Private Key. When `SSLCertificateFile` is used and the file contains both the Certificate and the Private Key this directive need not be used. But we strongly discourage this practice. Instead we recommend you to separate the Certificate and the Private Key. If the contained Private Key is encrypted, the Pass Phrase dialog is forced at startup time. This directive can be used up to two times (referencing different filenames) when both a RSA and a DSA based private key is used in parallel.

Example:

>     SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.key/server.key

## SSLCertificateChainFile

Name: | SSLCertificateChainFile
Description: | File of PEM-encoded Server CA Certificates
Syntax: | `SSLCertificateChainFile` filename
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.3.6

This directive sets the optional all-in-one file where you can assemble the certificates of Certification Authorities (CA) which form the certificate chain of the server certificate. This starts with the issuing CA certificate of of the server certificate and can range up to the root CA certificate. Such a file is simply the concatenation of the various PEM-encoded CA Certificate files, usually in certificate chain order.

This should be used alternatively and/or additionally to SSLCACertificatePath for explicitly constructing the server certificate chain which is sent to the browser in addition to the server certificate. It is especially useful to avoid conflicts with CA certificates when using client authentication. Because although placing a CA certificate of the server certificate chain into SSLCACertificatePath has the same effect for the certificate chain construction, it has the side-effect that client certificates issued by this same CA certificate are also accepted on client authentication. That's usually not one expect.

But be careful: Providing the certificate chain works only if you are using a single (either RSA or DSA) based server certificate. If you are using a coupled RSA+DSA certificate pair, this will work only if actually both certificates use the same certificate chain. Else the browsers will be confused in this situation.

Example:

>     SSLCertificateChainFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt

## SSLCACertificatePath

Name: | SSLCACertificatePath
Description: | Directory of PEM-encoded CA Certificates for Client Auth.
Syntax: | `SSLCACertificatePath` directory
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive sets the directory where you keep the Certificates of Certification Authorities (CAs) whose clients you deal with. These are used to verify the client certificate on Client Authentication.

The files in this directory have to be PEM-encoded and are accessed through hash filenames. So usually you can't just place the Certificate files there: you also have to create symbolic links named hash-value`.N`. And you should always make sure this directory contains the appropriate symbolic links. Use the `Makefile` which comes with mod_ssl to accomplish this task.

Example:

>     SSLCACertificatePath /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/

## SSLCACertificateFile

Name: | SSLCACertificateFile
Description: | File of concatenated PEM-encoded CA Certificates for Client Auth.
Syntax: | `SSLCACertificateFile` filename
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive sets the all-in-one file where you can assemble the Certificates of Certification Authorities (CA) whose clients you deal with. These are used for Client Authentication. Such a file is simply the concatenation of the various PEM-encoded Certificate files, in order of preference. This can be used alternatively and/or additionally to SSLCACertificatePath.

Example:

>     SSLCACertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/ca-bundle-client.crt

## SSLCARevocationPath

Name: | SSLCARevocationPath
Description: | Directory of PEM-encoded CA CRLs for Client Auth.
Syntax: | `SSLCARevocationPath` directory
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.3

This directive sets the directory where you keep the Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL) of Certification Authorities (CAs) whose clients you deal with. These are used to revoke the client certificate on Client Authentication.

The files in this directory have to be PEM-encoded and are accessed through hash filenames. So usually you have not only to place the CRL files there. Additionally you have to create symbolic links named hash-value`.rN`. And you should always make sure this directory contains the appropriate symbolic links. Use the `Makefile` which comes with mod_ssl to accomplish this task.

Example:

>     SSLCARevocationPath /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crl/

## SSLCARevocationFile

Name: | SSLCARevocationFile
Description: | File of concatenated PEM-encoded CA CRLs for Client Auth.
Syntax: | `SSLCARevocationFile` filename
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.3

This directive sets the all-in-one file where you can assemble the Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL) of Certification Authorities (CA) whose clients you deal with. These are used for Client Authentication. Such a file is simply the concatenation of the various PEM-encoded CRL files, in order of preference. This can be used alternatively and/or additionally to SSLCARevocationPath.

Example:

>     SSLCARevocationFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crl/ca-bundle-client.crl

## SSLVerifyClient

Name: | SSLVerifyClient
Description: | Type of Client Certificate verification
Syntax: | `SSLVerifyClient` level
Default: | `SSLVerifyClient none`
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
Override: | AuthConfig
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive sets the Certificate verification level for the Client Authentication. Notice that this directive can be used both in per-server and per-directory context. In per-server context it applies to the client authentication process used in the standard SSL handshake when a connection is established. In per-directory context it forces a SSL renegotation with the reconfigured client verification level after the HTTP request was read but before the HTTP response is sent.

The following levels are available for level:

- none: no client Certificate is required at all
- optional: the client may present a valid Certificate
- require: the client has to present a valid Certificate
- optional_no_ca: the client may present a valid Certificate
  but it need not to be (successfully) verifiable.

In practice only levels none and require are really interesting, because level optional doesn't work with all browsers and level optional_no_ca is actually against the idea of authentication (but can be used to establish SSL test pages, etc.)

Example:

>     SSLVerifyClient require

## SSLVerifyDepth

Name: | SSLVerifyDepth
Description: | Maximum depth of CA Certificates in Client Certificate verification
Syntax: | `SSLVerifyDepth` number
Default: | `SSLVerifyDepth 1`
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
Override: | AuthConfig
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive sets how deeply mod_ssl should verify before deciding that the clients don't have a valid certificate. Notice that this directive can be used both in per-server and per-directory context. In per-server context it applies to the client authentication process used in the standard SSL handshake when a connection is established. In per-directory context it forces a SSL renegotation with the reconfigured client verification depth after the HTTP request was read but before the HTTP response is sent.

The depth actually is the maximum number of intermediate certificate issuers, i.e. the number of CA certificates which are max allowed to be followed while verifying the client certificate. A depth of 0 means that self-signed client certificates are accepted only, the default depth of 1 means the client certificate can be self-signed or has to be signed by a CA which is directly known to the server (i.e. the CA's certificate is under `SSLCACertificatePath`), etc.

Example:

>     SSLVerifyDepth 10

## SSLLog

Name: | SSLLog
Description: | Where to write the dedicated SSL engine logfile
Syntax: | `SSLLog` filename
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1

This directive sets the name of the dedicated SSL protocol engine logfile. Error type messages are additionally duplicated to the general Apache error log file (directive `ErrorLog`). Put this somewhere where it cannot be used for symlink attacks on a real server (i.e. somewhere where only root can write). If the filename does not begin with a slash ('`/`') then it is assumed to be relative to the Server Root. If filename begins with a bar ('`|`') then the following string is assumed to be a path to an executable program to which a reliable pipe can be established. The directive should occur only once per virtual server config.

Example:

>     SSLLog /usr/local/apache/logs/ssl_engine_log

## SSLLogLevel

Name: | SSLLogLevel
Description: | Logging level for the dedicated SSL engine logfile
Syntax: | `SSLLogLevel` level
Default: | `SSLLogLevel none`
Context: | server config, virtual host
Override: | Not applicable
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1

This directive sets the verbosity degree of the dedicated SSL protocol engine logfile. The level is one of the following (in ascending order where higher levels include lower levels):

- `none`
  no dedicated SSL logging is done, but messages of level ```error`'' are still written to the general Apache error logfile.

- `error`
  log messages of error type only, i.e. messages which show fatal situations (processing is stopped). Those messages are also duplicated to the general Apache error logfile.

- `warn`
  log also warning messages, i.e. messages which show non-fatal problems (processing is continued).

- `info`
  log also informational messages, i.e. messages which show major processing steps.

- `trace`
  log also trace messages, i.e. messages which show minor processing steps.

- `debug`
  log also debugging messages, i.e. messages which show development and low-level I/O information.

Example:

>     SSLLogLevel warn

## SSLOptions

Name: | SSLOptions
Description: | Configure various SSL engine run-time options
Syntax: | `SSLOptions` [+-]option ...
Default: | None
Context: | server config, virtual host, directory, .htaccess
Override: | Options
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1

This directive can be used to control various run-time options on a per-directory basis. Normally, if multiple `SSLOptions` could apply to a directory, then the most specific one is taken completely; the options are not merged. However if all the options on the `SSLOptions` directive are preceded by a plus (`+`) or minus (`-`) symbol, the options are merged. Any options preceded by a `+` are added to the options currently in force, and any options preceded by a `-` are removed from the options currently in force.

The available options are:

- `StdEnvVars`

  When this option is enabled, the standard set of SSL related CGI/SSI environment variables are created. This per default is disabled for performance reasons, because the information extraction step is a rather expensive operation. So one usually enables this option for CGI and SSI requests only.

- `CompatEnvVars`

  When this option is enabled, additional CGI/SSI environment variables are created for backward compatibility to other Apache SSL solutions. Look in the Compatibility chapter for details on the particular variables generated.

- `ExportCertData`

  When this option is enabled, additional CGI/SSI environment variables are created: `SSL_SERVER_CERT`, `SSL_CLIENT_CERT` and `SSL_CLIENT_CERT_CHAIN` n (with n = 0,1,2,..). These contain the PEM-encoded X.509 Certificates of server and client for the current HTTPS connection and can be used by CGI scripts for deeper Certificate checking. Additionally all other certificates of the client certificate chain are provided, too. This bloats up the environment a little bit which is why you have to use this option to enable it on demand.

- `FakeBasicAuth`

  When this option is enabled, the Subject Distinguished Name (DN) of the Client X509 Certificate is translated into a HTTP Basic Authorization username. This means that the standard Apache authentication methods can be used for access control. The user name is just the Subject of the Client's X509 Certificate (can be determined by running OpenSSL's `openssl x509` command: `openssl x509 -noout -subject -in` certificate`.crt`). Note that no password is obtained from the user. Every entry in the user file needs this password: ```xxj31ZMTZzkVA`'', which is the DES-encrypted version of the word ``password`''. Those who live under MD5-based encryption (for instance under FreeBSD or BSD/OS, etc.) should use the following MD5 hash of the same word: ```$1$OXLyS...$Owx8s2/m9/gfkcRVXzgoE/`''.

- `StrictRequire`

  This forces forbidden access when `SSLRequireSSL` or `SSLRequire` successfully decided that access should be forbidden. Usually the default is that in the case where a ```Satisfy any`'' directive is used, and other access restrictions are passed, denial of access due to `SSLRequireSSL` or `SSLRequire` is overridden (because that's how the Apache `Satisfy` mechanism should work.) But for strict access restriction you can use `SSLRequireSSL` and/or `SSLRequire` in combination with an ```SSLOptions +StrictRequire`''. Then an additional ```Satisfy Any`'' has no chance once mod_ssl has decided to deny access.

- `OptRenegotiate`

  This enables optimized SSL connection renegotiation handling when SSL directives are used in per-directory context. By default a strict scheme is enabled where every per-directory reconfiguration of SSL parameters causes a full SSL renegotiation handshake. When this option is used mod_ssl tries to avoid unnecessary handshakes by doing more granular (but still safe) parameter checks. Nevertheless these granular checks sometimes maybe not what the user expects, so enable this on a per-directory basis only, please.

Example:

>     SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth -StrictRequire
>     <Files ~ "\.(cgi|shtml)$">
>         SSLOptions +StdEnvVars +CompatEnvVars -ExportCertData
>     <Files>

## SSLRequireSSL

Name: | SSLRequireSSL
Description: | Deny access when SSL is not used for the HTTP request
Syntax: | `SSLRequireSSL`
Default: | None
Context: | directory, .htaccess
Override: | AuthConfig
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.0

This directive forbids access unless HTTP over SSL (i.e. HTTPS) is enabled for the current connection. This is very handy inside the SSL-enabled virtual host or directories for defending against configuration errors that expose stuff that should be protected. When this directive is present all requests are denied which are not using SSL.

Example:

>     SSLRequireSSL

## SSLRequire

Name: | SSLRequire
Description: | Allow access only when an arbitrarily complex boolean expression is true
Syntax: | `SSLRequire` expression
Default: | None
Context: | directory, .htaccess
Override: | AuthConfig
Status: | Extension
Module: | mod_ssl
Compatibility: | mod_ssl 2.1

This directive specifies a general access requirement which has to be fulfilled in order to allow access. It's a very powerful directive because the requirement specification is an arbitrarily complex boolean expression containing any number of access checks.

The expression must match the following syntax (given as a BNF grammar notation):

>     expr     ::= "true" | "false"
>                | "!" expr
>                | expr "&&" expr
>                | expr "||" expr
>                | "(" expr ")"
>                | comp

>     comp     ::= word "==" word | word "eq" word
>                | word "!=" word | word "ne" word
>                | word "<"  word | word "lt" word
>                | word "<=" word | word "le" word
>                | word ">"  word | word "gt" word
>                | word ">=" word | word "ge" word
>                | word "in" "{" wordlist "}"
>                | word "=~" regex
>                | word "!~" regex

>     wordlist ::= word
>                | wordlist "," word

>     word     ::= digit
>                | cstring
>                | variable
>                | function

>     digit    ::= [0-9]+
>     cstring  ::= "..."
>     variable ::= "%{" varname "}"
>     function ::= funcname "(" funcargs ")"

while for `varname` any variable from Table 3 can be used. Finally for `funcname` the following functions are available:

- `file(`filename`)`

  This function takes one string argument and expands to the contents of the file. This is especially useful for matching this contents against a regular expression, etc.

Notice that expression is first parsed into an internal machine representation and then evaluated in a second step. Actually, in Global and Per-Server Class context expression is parsed at startup time and at runtime only the machine representation is executed. For Per-Directory context this is different: here expression has to be parsed and immediately executed for every request.

Example:

>     SSLRequire (    %{SSL_CIPHER} !~ m/^(EXP|NULL)-/ \
>                 and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O} eq "Snake Oil, Ltd." \
>                 and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"Staff", "CA", "Dev"} \
>                 and %{TIME_WDAY} >= 1 and %{TIME_WDAY} <= 5 \
>                 and %{TIME_HOUR} >= 8 and %{TIME_HOUR} <= 20       ) \
>                or %{REMOTE_ADDR} =~ m/^192\.76\.162\.[0-9]+$/

Table 3: Available Variables for SSLRequire
Standard CGI/1.0 and Apache variables:
    HTTP_USER_AGENT        PATH_INFO             AUTH_TYPE
    HTTP_REFERER           QUERY_STRING          SERVER_SOFTWARE
    HTTP_COOKIE            REMOTE_HOST           API_VERSION
    HTTP_FORWARDED         REMOTE_IDENT          TIME_YEAR
    HTTP_HOST              IS_SUBREQ             TIME_MON
    HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION  DOCUMENT_ROOT         TIME_DAY
    HTTP_ACCEPT            SERVER_ADMIN          TIME_HOUR
    HTTP:headername        SERVER_NAME           TIME_MIN
    THE_REQUEST            SERVER_PORT           TIME_SEC
    REQUEST_METHOD         SERVER_PROTOCOL       TIME_WDAY
    REQUEST_SCHEME         REMOTE_ADDR           TIME
    REQUEST_URI            REMOTE_USER           ENV:variablename
    REQUEST_FILENAME
SSL-related variables:
    HTTPS                  SSL_CLIENT_M_VERSION   SSL_SERVER_M_VERSION
                           SSL_CLIENT_M_SERIAL    SSL_SERVER_M_SERIAL
    SSL_PROTOCOL           SSL_CLIENT_V_START     SSL_SERVER_V_START
    SSL_SESSION_ID         SSL_CLIENT_V_END       SSL_SERVER_V_END
    SSL_CIPHER             SSL_CLIENT_S_DN        SSL_SERVER_S_DN
    SSL_CIPHER_EXPORT      SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_C      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_C
    SSL_CIPHER_ALGKEYSIZE  SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_ST     SSL_SERVER_S_DN_ST
    SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE  SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_L      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_L
    SSL_VERSION_LIBRARY    SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_O
    SSL_VERSION_INTERFACE  SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU     SSL_SERVER_S_DN_OU
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_CN     SSL_SERVER_S_DN_CN
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_T      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_T
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_I      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_I
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_G      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_G
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_S      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_S
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_D      SSL_SERVER_S_DN_D
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_UID    SSL_SERVER_S_DN_UID
                           SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_Email  SSL_SERVER_S_DN_Email
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN        SSL_SERVER_I_DN
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_C      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_C
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_ST     SSL_SERVER_I_DN_ST
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_L      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_L
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_O      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_O
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_OU     SSL_SERVER_I_DN_OU
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_CN     SSL_SERVER_I_DN_CN
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_T      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_T
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_I      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_I
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_G      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_G
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_S      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_S
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_D      SSL_SERVER_I_DN_D
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_UID    SSL_SERVER_I_DN_UID
                           SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_Email  SSL_SERVER_I_DN_Email
                           SSL_CLIENT_A_SIG       SSL_SERVER_A_SIG
                           SSL_CLIENT_A_KEY       SSL_SERVER_A_KEY
                           SSL_CLIENT_CERT        SSL_SERVER_CERT
                           SSL_CLIENT_CERT_CHAINn
                           SSL_CLIENT_VERIFY

# Additional Features

## Environment Variables

This module provides a lot of SSL information as additional environment variables to the SSI and CGI namespace. The generated variables are listed in Table 4. For backward compatibility the information can be made available under different names, too. Look in the Compatibility chapter for details on the compatibility variables.

Table 4: SSI/CGI Environment Variables
Variable Name: | Value Type: | Description:
`HTTPS` | flag | HTTPS is being used.
`SSL_PROTOCOL` | string | The SSL protocol version (SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1)
`SSL_SESSION_ID` | string | The hex-encoded SSL session id
`SSL_CIPHER` | string | The cipher specification name
`SSL_CIPHER_EXPORT` | string | `true` if cipher is an export cipher
`SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE` | number | Number of cipher bits (actually used)
`SSL_CIPHER_ALGKEYSIZE` | number | Number of cipher bits (possible)
`SSL_VERSION_INTERFACE` | string | The mod_ssl program version
`SSL_VERSION_LIBRARY` | string | The OpenSSL program version
`SSL_CLIENT_M_VERSION` | string | The version of the client certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_M_SERIAL` | string | The serial of the client certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_S_DN` | string | Subject DN in client's certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_`x509 | string | Component of client's Subject DN
`SSL_CLIENT_I_DN` | string | Issuer DN of client's certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_I_DN_`x509 | string | Component of client's Issuer DN
`SSL_CLIENT_V_START` | string | Validity of client's certificate (start time)
`SSL_CLIENT_V_END` | string | Validity of client's certificate (end time)
`SSL_CLIENT_A_SIG` | string | Algorithm used for the signature of client's certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_A_KEY` | string | Algorithm used for the public key of client's certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_CERT` | string | PEM-encoded client certificate
`SSL_CLIENT_CERT_CHAIN` n | string | PEM-encoded certificates in client certificate chain
`SSL_CLIENT_VERIFY` | string | `NONE`, `SUCCESS`, `GENEROUS` or `FAILED:`reason
`SSL_SERVER_M_VERSION` | string | The version of the server certificate
`SSL_SERVER_M_SERIAL` | string | The serial of the server certificate
`SSL_SERVER_S_DN` | string | Subject DN in server's certificate
`SSL_SERVER_S_DN_`x509 | string | Component of server's Subject DN
`SSL_SERVER_I_DN` | string | Issuer DN of server's certificate
`SSL_SERVER_I_DN_`x509 | string | Component of server's Issuer DN
`SSL_SERVER_V_START` | string | Validity of server's certificate (start time)
`SSL_SERVER_V_END` | string | Validity of server's certificate (end time)
`SSL_SERVER_A_SIG` | string | Algorithm used for the signature of server's certificate
`SSL_SERVER_A_KEY` | string | Algorithm used for the public key of server's certificate
`SSL_SERVER_CERT` | string | PEM-encoded server certificate
[ where x509 is a component of a X.509 DN: `C,ST,L,O,OU,CN,T,I,G,S,D,UID,Email` ]

## Custom Log Formats

When mod_ssl is built into Apache or at least loaded (under DSO situation) additional functions exist for the Custom Log Format of mod_log_config. First there is an additional ```%{`varname`}x`'' eXtension format function which can be used to expand any variables provided by any module, especially those provided by mod_ssl which can you find in Table 4.

For backward compatibility there is additionally a special ```%{`name`}c`'' cryptography format function provided. Information about this function is provided in the Compatibility chapter.

Example:

>     CustomLog logs/ssl_request_log \
>               "%t %h %{SSL_PROTOCOL}x %{SSL_CIPHER}x \"%r\" %b"

Introduction | Compatibility
mod_ssl 2.8, User Manual The Apache Interface to OpenSSL | Copyright © 1998-2001 Ralf S. Engelschall All Rights Reserved