This is ./out/music-glossary.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8
from out/music-glossary.nexi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU music project
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Glossary: (lilypond/music-glossary).  Glossary of music terms.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Musical terms A-Z,  Up: (dir)

Music glossary
**************

   This glossary was brought you by

`Adrian Mariano'
     Italian glossary,

`Bjoern Jacke'
     German glossary,

`Christian Mondrup'
     Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish glossary,

`Dadiv Gonzalez'
     Spanish glossary,

`Franc,ois Pinard'
     Original glossary of GNU music project, French glossary,

`Han-Wen Nienhuys'
     Dutch glossary,

`Jan Nieuwenhuizen'
     Dutch glossary,

`Mats Bengtsson'
     Swedish glossary,

`Neil Jerram'
     English glossary translations,

`Heikki Junes'
     Finnish glossary translations.

Copyright 1999-2006 by the authors

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
without Invariant Sections.

* Menu:

* Musical terms A-Z::
* Duration names notes and rests::
* Pitch names::
* Literature used::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Musical terms A-Z,  Next: Duration names notes and rests,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

1 Musical terms A-Z
*******************

Languages in this order.
   * ES - Spanish

   * I - Italian

   * F - French

   * D - German

   * NL - Dutch

   * UK - British English

   * DK - Danish

   * S - Swedish

   * FI - Finnish

* Menu:

* A::
* accent::
* accessory::
* accidental::
* accelerando::
* adagio::
* allegro::
* alteration::
* alto::
* alto clef::
* ambit::
* ancient minor scale::
* andante::
* appoggiatura::
* arpeggio::
* ascending interval::
* augmented interval::
* autograph::
* B::
* backfall::
* bar::
* bar line::
* baritone::
* baritone clef::
* bass clef::
* bass::
* beam::
* beat::
* bind::
* brace::
* brass::
* breath mark::
* breve::
* C::
* C clef::
* cadence::
* cadenza::
* canon::
* cent::
* central C::
* chord::
* chromatic scale::
* chromaticism::
* church mode::
* clef::
* cluster::
* comma::
* common meter::
* compound interval::
* complement::
* conjunct movement::
* consonance::
* contralto::
* counterpoint::
* counter tenor::
* copying music::
* crescendo::
* cue-notes::
* custos::
* D::
* da capo::
* dal segno::
* decrescendo::
* descending interval::
* diatonic scale::
* diminished interval::
* diminuendo::
* disjunct movement::
* dissonance::
* dissonant interval::
* dominant ninth chord::
* dominant seventh chord::
* dominant::
* dorian mode::
* dot (augmentation dot)::
* dotted note::
* double appoggiatura::
* double bar line::
* double dotted note::
* double flat::
* double sharp::
* double trill::
* duple meter::
* duplet::
* duration::
* dydimic comma::
* E::
* ecclesiastical mode::
* eighth note::
* eighth rest::
* embellishment::
* engraving::
* enharmonic::
* equal temperament::
* expression mark::
* F::
* F clef::
* fermata::
* fifth::
* figured bass::
* fingering::
* flag::
* flat::
* forefall::
* forte::
* fourth::
* fugue::
* functional harmony::
* G::
* G clef::
* glissando::
* grace notes::
* grand staff::
* grave::
* gruppetto::
* half note::
* half rest::
* harmonic cadence::
* harmony::
* homophony::
* interval::
* inverted interval::
* just intonation::
* key::
* key signature::
* largo::
* leading note::
* ledger line::
* legato::
* legato curve::
* leger line::
* lilypond::
* ligature::
* line::
* long appoggiatura::
* longa::
* lyrics::
* major interval::
* major::
* meantone temperament::
* measure::
* mediant::
* melisma::
* melodic cadence::
* meter::
* metronome::
* metronomic indication::
* mezzo-soprano::
* middle C::
* minor::
* minor interval::
* mode::
* modulation::
* mordent::
* motif::
* motive::
* movement::
* multibar rest::
* mixolydian mode::
* natural sign::
* neighbour tones::
* ninth::
* non-legato::
* note::
* note head::
* note value::
* octave sign::
* octave::
* ornament::
* ossia::
* part::
* pennant::
* percussion::
* perfect interval::
* phrase::
* phrasing::
* piano::
* pitch::
* pizzicato::
* polyphony::
* portato::
* presto::
* Pythagorean comma::
* quadruplet::
* quarter note::
* quarter rest::
* quintuplet::
* rallentando::
* relative key::
* repeat::
* rest::
* rhythm::
* ritardando::
* ritenuto::
* scale::
* scale degree::
* score::
* second::
* semitone::
* seventh::
* sextolet::
* sextuplet::
* shake::
* sharp::
* short appoggiatura::
* sixteenth note::
* sixteenth rest::
* sixth::
* sixty-fourth note::
* sixty-fourth rest::
* slur::
* solmization::
* sonata::
* sonata form::
* song texts::
* soprano::
* staccato::
* staff::
* staves::
* stem::
* strings::
* strong beat::
* subdominant::
* submediant::
* subtonic::
* superdominant::
* supertonic::
* symphony::
* syncopation::
* syntonic comma::
* system::
* temperament::
* tempo indication::
* tenor::
* tenth::
* tenuto::
* third::
* thirty-second note::
* thirty-second rest::
* thorough bass::
* tie::
* time::
* time signature::
* tone::
* tonic::
* transposition::
* treble clef::
* tremolo::
* triad::
* trill::
* triple meter::
* triplet::
* tritone::
* tuning fork::
* turn::
* unison::
* upbeat::
* voice::
* weak beat::
* whole note::
* whole rest::
* whole tone::
* woodwind::


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: A,  Next: accent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.1 A
=====

ES: la, I: la, F: la, D: A, a, NL: a, DK: a, S: a, FI: A, a.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accent,  Next: accessory,  Prev: A,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.2 accent
==========

ES: acento, I: accento, F: accent, D: Akzent, NL: accent, DK: accent,
S: accent, FI: aksentti, korostus.

   The stress of one tone over others.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accessory,  Next: accidental,  Prev: accent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.3 accessory
=============

-> *Note *ornament*: ornament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accidental,  Next: accelerando,  Prev: accessory,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.4 accidental
==============

ES: alteración accidentelle, I: accidento, F: altération accidentelle,
D: Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen, Akzidenz, NL: toevallig
(verplaatsings)teken, DK: løst fortegn, S: tillfälligt förtecken,
FI: tilapäinen etumerkki.

   An accidental has the effect of an -> *Note *alteration*:
alteration. of a note.  A sharp raises a tone by a -> *Note *semitone*:
semitone., a double sharp raises it by a -> *Note *whole tone*: whole
tone., a flat lowers it by a semitone and a double flat lowers it by a
whole tone.  A natural cancels the effect of a previous accidental.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: accelerando,  Next: adagio,  Prev: accidental,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.5 accelerando
===============

ES: acelerando, I: accelerando, F: accelerando, en accélérant, D:
accelerando, schneller werden, NL: accelerando, DK: accelerando, S:
accelerando, FI: accelerando, kiihdyttäen.

   Increase tempo.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: adagio,  Next: allegro,  Prev: accelerando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.6 adagio
==========

ES: adagio, I: adagio, F: adagio, lent, D: Adagio, Langsam, NL: adagio,
DK: adagio, S: adagio, FI: adagio, hitaasti.

   It. comfortable, easy.  1. Slow tempo, slower - especially in even
meter - than -> *Note *andante*: andante. and faster than -> *Note
*largo*: largo..  2. A movement in slow tempo, especially the second
(slow) movement of -> *Note *sonata*: sonata.s, symphonies, etc.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: allegro,  Next: alteration,  Prev: adagio,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.7 allegro
===========

ES: allegro, I: allegro, F: allegro, D: Allegro, Schnell, Fröhlich,
Lustig, NL: allegro, DK: allegro, S: allegro, FI: allegro, nopeasti.

   It. cheerful.  Quick tempo.  Also used as a title for pieces in a
quick tempo, especially the first and last movements of a -> *Note
*sonata*: sonata..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alteration,  Next: alto,  Prev: allegro,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.8 alteration
==============

ES: alteración, I: alterazione F: altération D: NL: verhoging of
verlaging, DK: S: FI:

   An alteration is the modification, raising or lowering, of a note's
pitch.  It is established by an -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alto,  Next: alto clef,  Prev: alteration,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.9 alto
========

ES: alto, I: contralto, F: alto, D: Alt, NL: alt, DK: alt, S: alt, FI:
altto, matala naisääni.

   A female voice of low range (_contralto_).  Originally the alto was a
high male voice (hence the name), which by the use of falsetto reached
the height of the female voice.  This type of voice is also known as ->
*Note *counter tenor*: counter tenor..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: alto clef,  Next: ambit,  Prev: alto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.10 alto clef
==============

ES: clave de do en tercera, I: chiave di contralto, F: clef d'ut
troisième ligne, D: Altschlüssel, Bratschenschlüssel, NL: alt
sleutel, DK: altnøgle, S: altklav, FI: alttoavain.

   C clef setting middle C on the middle line of the staff -> *Note *C
clef*: C clef..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ambit,  Next: ancient minor scale,  Prev: alto clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.11 ambit
==========

ES: ambitus, I: ambitus, F: ambitus, D: ambitus, NL: ambitus, DK:
ambitus, S: ambitus, FI: ambitus, ääniala, soitinala.

   The term ambit (from latin: ambitus, plural: ambitus) denotes a range
of pitches for a given voice in a part of music.  It may also denote
the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of playing.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ancient minor scale,  Next: andante,  Prev: ambit,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.12 ancient minor scale
========================

I: scala minore naturale, F: forme du mode mineur ancien, troisème
mode, mode hellénique D: reines Moll, NL: authentieke mineurtoonladder,
DK: ren mol, S: ren mollskala, FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko.

   -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: andante,  Next: appoggiatura,  Prev: ancient minor scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.13 andante
============

ES: andante, I: andante, F: andante, D: Andante, Gehend, NL: andante,
DK: andante, S: andante, FI: andante, käyden.

   Walking tempo/character.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: appoggiatura,  Next: arpeggio,  Prev: andante,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.14 appoggiatura
=================

ES: apoyatura, I: appoggiatura, F: appogiature, (port de voix), D:
Vorschlag, NL: voorslag, DK: forslag, S: förslag, FI: appoggiatura,
etuhele.

   Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected
with the main note following it.  In music before the 19th century a.
were usually performed on the beat, after that mostly before the beat.
While the short a. is performed as a short note regardless of the
duration of the main note the duration of the long a. is proportional
to that of the main note.

[image of music]

   An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: arpeggio,  Next: ascending interval,  Prev: appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.15 arpeggio
=============

ES: arpegio, I: arpeggio, F: arpège, D: Arpeggio, Akkordbrechungen,
gebrochener Akkord, NL: gebroken akoord, DK: arpeggio, akkordbrydning,
S: arpeggio, FI: arpeggio, murtosointu.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ascending interval,  Next: augmented interval,  Prev: arpeggio,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.16 ascending interval
=======================

ES: Intervalo ascendente, I: intervallo ascendente, F: intervalle
ascendant, D: steigendes Intervall, NL: stijgend interval, DK: stigende
interval, S: stigande intervall, FI: nouseva intervalli.

   A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: augmented interval,  Next: autograph,  Prev: ascending interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.17 augmented interval
=======================

ES: intervalo aumentado, I: intervallo aumentato, F: intervalle
augmenté, D: übermäßiges Intervall, NL: overmatig interval, DK:
forstørret interval, S: överstigande intervall, FI: ylinouseva
intervalli.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: autograph,  Next: B,  Prev: augmented interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.18 autograph
==============

I: autografo, F: manuscrit, D: Autograph, Handschrift, NL: manuscript,
DK: håndskrift, autograf, S: handskrift, FI: käsinkirjoitettu nuotti.

   1. A manuscript in the composer's own hand.  2. Music prepared for
photoreproduction by freehand drawing, with the aid of a straightedge
ruler and T-square only, which attempts to emulate engraving.  This
required more skill than did engraving.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: B,  Next: backfall,  Prev: autograph,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.19 B
======

ES: si, I: si, F: si, D: H, h, NL: b, DK: h, S: h, FI: H, h.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: backfall,  Next: bar,  Prev: B,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.20 backfall
=============

-> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bar,  Next: bar line,  Prev: backfall,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.21 bar
========

ES: compás, -> *Note *measure*: measure..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bar line,  Next: baritone,  Prev: bar,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.22 bar line
=============

ES: ?, I: stanghetta, barra (di divisione), F: barre (de mesure), D:
Taktstrich, NL: maatstreep, DK: taktstreg, S: taktstreck, FI:
tahtiviiva.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: baritone,  Next: baritone clef,  Prev: bar line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.23 baritone
=============

ES: barítono, I: baritono, F: bariton, D: Bariton, NL: bariton, DK:
baryton, S: baryton, FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen miesääni.

   The male voice intermediate between the -> *Note *bass*: bass. and
the -> *Note *tenor*: tenor..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: baritone clef,  Next: bass clef,  Prev: baritone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.24 baritone clef
==================

ES: clave de fa en tercera, I: chiave di baritono, F: clef d' Ut
cinquième ligne, clef de Fa troisième, D: Baritonschlüssel, NL:
baritonsleutel, DK: barytonnøgle, S: barytonklav, FI: baritoniavain.

   C or F clef setting middle C on the upper staff line.  -> *Note *C
clef*: C clef., -> *Note *F clef*: F clef..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bass clef,  Next: bass,  Prev: baritone clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.25 bass clef
==============

ES: clave de fa en cuarta, I: chiave di basso, F: clé de fa quatrième
ligne, D: Bassschlüssel, NL: bassleutel, DK: basnøgle, S: basklav,
FI: bassoavain.

   A clef setting with middle C on the first top ledger line.  -> *Note
*F clef*: F clef..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bass,  Next: beam,  Prev: bass clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.26 bass
=========

I: basso, F: basse, D: Bass, NL: bas, DK: bas, S: bas, FI: basso,
matala miesääni.

   1. The lowest male voice.  2. Sometimes, especially in jazz music,
used as an abbreviation for double bass.  -> *Note *strings*: strings..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: beam,  Next: beat,  Prev: bass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.27 beam
=========

I: coda, F: barre, D: Balken, NL: waardestreep, DK: bjælke, S: balk,
FI: palkki.

   Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note).
The number of beams determines the note value of the connected notes.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: beat,  Next: bind,  Prev: beam,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.28 beat
=========

ES: tiempo, I: tempi, F: temps, D: Takt, Taktschlag, Zeit (im Takt),
NL: tel, DK: (takt)slag, S: taktslag, FI: aika-arvo.

   Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth
notes.  The base counting value and the number of them per measure is
indicated at the start of the music.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: bind,  Next: brace,  Prev: beat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.29 bind
=========

-> *Note *tie*: tie..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: brace,  Next: brass,  Prev: bind,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.30 brace
==========

ES: llave, corchete, I: graffa, F: accolade, D: Klammer, Akkolade, NL:
accolade, teksthaak, DK: klamme, S: klammer, FI: yhdistävä
sulkumerkki.

   Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves.  Curly braces are
used for connecting piano staves, angular brackets for connecting parts
in an orchestral or choral score.

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: brass,  Next: breath mark,  Prev: brace,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.31 brass
==========

ES: metales, I: ottoni, D: Blechbläser, NL: koper (blazers), F:
cuivres, DK: messingblæsere, S: brassinstrument, mässingsinstrument,
FI: vaskisoitin.

   A family of blown musical instruments made of brass, all using a cup
formed mouth piece.  The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony
orchestra are trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tube.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: breath mark,  Next: breve,  Prev: brass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.32 breath mark
================

I: respiro, F: respiration, D: Atemzeichen, Trennungszeichen, NL:
repercussieteken, DK: vejrtrækningstegn, S: andningstecken, FI:
hengitysmerkki.

   Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: breve,  Next: C,  Prev: breath mark,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.33 breve
==========

ES: breve, I: breve, F: brève, D: Brevis, NL: brevis, DK: brevis, S:
brevis, FI: brevis.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value., twice as long as a whole note.
Mainly used in pre-1650 music.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: C,  Next: C clef,  Prev: breve,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.34 C
======

ES: do, I: do, F: ut, D: C, c, NL: c, DK: c, S: c, FI: C, c.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: C clef,  Next: cadence,  Prev: C,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.35 C clef
===========

ES: Clave de do, I: chiave di do, F: clé d'ut, D: C-Schlüssel, NL:
C-sleutel, DK: c-nøgle, S: c-klav, FI: C-avain.

   Clef symbol indicating the position of the middle C.  Used on all
note lines.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cadence,  Next: cadenza,  Prev: C clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.36 cadence
============

ES: cadencia, I: cadenza, F: cadence, D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK:
kadence, S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

   -> *Note *harmonic cadence*: harmonic cadence., -> *Note *functional
harmony*: functional harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cadenza,  Next: canon,  Prev: cadence,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.37 cadenza
============

ES: cadenza, I: cadenza, F: cadence, D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK: kadence,
S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

   An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of
movement.  The purpose of a cadenza is to give singers or players a
chance to exhibit their technical skill and - not last - their ability
to improvise.  Since the middle of the 19th century, however, most
cadences have been written down by the composer.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: canon,  Next: cent,  Prev: cadenza,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.38 canon
==========

ES: canon, I: canone, F: canon, D: Kanon, NL: canon, DK: kanon, S:
kanon, FI: kaanon, tarkka jäljittely.

   -> *Note *counterpoint*: counterpoint..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cent,  Next: central C,  Prev: canon,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.39 cent
=========

ES: cent, I: cent, F: cent, D: Cent, NL: cent, DK: cent, S: cent, FI:
sentti, puolisävelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisessä
viritysjärjestelmässä.

   Logarithmic unit of measurement.  1 cent is 1/1200 of an octave
(1/100 of an equally tempered -> *Note *semitone*: semitone.).  ->
*Note *equal temperament*: equal temperament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: central C,  Next: chord,  Prev: cent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.40 central C
==============

-> *Note *middle C*: middle C..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: chord,  Next: chromatic scale,  Prev: central C,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.41 chord
==========

ES: acorde, I: accordo, F: accord, D: Akkord, NL: akkoord, DK: akkord,
S: ackord, FI: sointu.

   Three or more tones sounding simultaneously.  In traditional
European music the base chord is a _triad_ consisting of 2 thirds.
_Major_ (major + minor -> *Note *third*: third.) as well as _minor_
(minor + major third) chords may be extended with more thirds.
Four-tone _seventh chords_ and five-tone _ninth_ major chords are most
often used as dominants (-> *Note *functional harmony*: functional
harmony.).  A special case is chords having no third above the lower
notes to define their quality as major or minor.  Such chords are
denoted open chords

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: chromatic scale,  Next: chromaticism,  Prev: chord,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.42 chromatic scale
====================

ES: escala cromática, I: scala cromatica, F: gamme chromatique, D:
chromatische Tonleiter, NL: chromatische toonladder, DK: kromatisk
skala, S: kromatisk skala, FI: kromaattinen asteikko.

   A scale consisting of all 12 -> *Note *semitone*: semitone.s.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: chromaticism,  Next: church mode,  Prev: chromatic scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.43 chromaticism
=================

ES: cromatismo, I: cromatismo, F: chromatisme, D: Chromatik, NL:
chromatiek, DK: kromatik, S: kromatik, FI: kromatiikka.

   Use of tones extraneous to a -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic
scale. (minor, major).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: church mode,  Next: clef,  Prev: chromaticism,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.44 church mode
================

ES: modo eclesiástico, I: modo ecclesiastico, F: mode ecclésiastique,
D: Kirchentonart, NL: kerktoonladder, DK: kirketoneart, S: kyrkotonart,
FI: moodi, kirkkosävellaji.

   -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: clef,  Next: cluster,  Prev: church mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.45 clef
=========

ES: clave, I: chiave, F: clé, clef, D: Schlüssel, Notenschlüssel,
NL: sleutel, DK: nøgle, S: klav, FI: avain, nuottiavain.

   -> *Note *C clef*: C clef., -> *Note *F clef*: F clef., -> *Note *G
clef*: G clef..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cluster,  Next: comma,  Prev: clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.46 cluster
============

A _cluster_ is a range of simultaneously sounding pitches that may
change over time.  The set of available pitches to apply usually
depends on the acoustic source.  Thus, in piano music, a cluster
typically consists of a continuous range of the semitones as provided
by the piano's fixed set of a chromatic scale.  In choral music, each
singer of the choir typically may sing an arbitrary pitch within the
cluster's range that is not bound to any diatonic, chromatic or other
scale.  In electronic music, a cluster (theoretically) may even cover a
continuous range of pitches, thus resulting in colored noise, such as
pink noise.

   Clusters can be denoted in the context of ordinary staff notation by
engraving simple geometrical shapes that replace ordinary notation of
notes.  Ordinary notes as musical events specify starting time and
duration of pitches; however, the duration of a note is expressed by
the shape of the note head rather than by the horizontal graphical
extent of the note symbol.  In contrast, the shape of a cluster
geometrically describes the development of a range of pitches (vertical
extent) over time (horizontal extent).  Still, the geometrical shape of
a cluster covers the area in which any single pitch contained in the
cluster would be notated as an ordinary note.


\makeClusters { <c e> <b f'> <b g'> <c g> <f e> }
   [image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: comma,  Next: common meter,  Prev: cluster,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.47 comma
==========

I: comma, F: comma, D: Komma, NL: komma, DK: komma, S: komma, FI:
komma, korvinkuultava ero äänenkorkeudessa.

   Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the
same note derived from some other tuning method.  -> *Note
*temperament*: temperament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: common meter,  Next: compound interval,  Prev: comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.48 common meter
=================

-> *Note *meter*: meter..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: compound interval,  Next: complement,  Prev: common meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.49 compound interval
======================

ES: intervalo compuesto, I: intervallo composto, F: intervalle composé,
D: weites Intervall, NL: samengesteld interval, DK: sammensat interval,
S: sammansatt intervall, FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli.

   Intervals larger than an octave.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: complement,  Next: conjunct movement,  Prev: compound interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.50 complement
===============

I: rivolto, F: intervalle complémentaire, D: Komplementärintervall,
NL: complementair interval, DK: komplementærinterval, S:
komplementärintervall (?), FI: täydentävä intervalli.

   -> *Note *inverted interval*: inverted interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: conjunct movement,  Next: consonance,  Prev: complement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.51 conjunct movement
======================

ES: movimiento conjunto, I: moto congiunto, F: mouvement conjoint, D:
schrittweise, stufenweise Bewegung, NL: stapsgewijze, trapsgewijze
beweging, DK: trinvis bevægelse, S: stegvis rörelse, FI: asteittainen
liike.

   Progressing melodically by intervals of a second.  The opposite of a
-> *Note *disjunct movement*: disjunct movement..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: consonance,  Next: contralto,  Prev: conjunct movement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.52 consonance
===============

ES: consonancia, I: consonanza, F: consonance, D: Konsonanz, NL:
consonant, DK: konsonans, S: konsonans, FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi.

   -> *Note *harmony*: harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: contralto,  Next: counterpoint,  Prev: consonance,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.53 contralto
==============

ES: contralto, I: contralto, F: contralto, D: Alt, NL: contralto, DK:
alt, S: alt, FI: kontra-altto.

   -> *Note *alto*: alto..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: counterpoint,  Next: counter tenor,  Prev: contralto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.54 counterpoint
=================

ES: contrapunto, I: contrappunto, F: contrepoint, D: Kontrapunkt, NL:
contrapunt, DK: kontrapunkt, S: kontrapunkt, FI: kontrapunkti, ääni
ääntä vastaan.

   From latin _punctus contra punctum_, note against note.  The
combination into a single musical fabric of lines or parts which have
distinct melodic significance.  A frequently used polyphonic technique
is imitation, in its strictest form found in the canon needing only one
part to be written down while the other parts are performed with a
given displacement.  Imitation is also the contrapunctal technique used
in the _fugue_ which, since the music of the baroque era, has been one
of the most popular polyphonic composition methods.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: counter tenor,  Next: copying music,  Prev: counterpoint,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.55 counter tenor
==================

ES: contratenor, I: controtenore, F: contre-tenor, D: Countertenor,
Kontratenor, NL: contratenor, DK: kontratenor, S: kontratenor, counter
tenor, FI: kontratenori.

   -> *Note *contralto*: contralto..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: copying music,  Next: crescendo,  Prev: counter tenor,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.56 copying music
==================

A music copyist did fast freehand scores and parts on preprinted staff
lines for performance.  Some of their conventions (e.g., the placement
of note heads on stems) varied slightly from those of engravers.  Some
of their working methods were superior and could well be adopted by
music typesetters.  This required more skill than engraving.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: crescendo,  Next: cue-notes,  Prev: copying music,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.57 crescendo
==============

ES: crescendo, I: crescendo, F: crescendo, D: Crescendo, lauter werden,
NL: crescendo, DK: crescendo, S: crescendo, FI: cresendo, voimistuen.

   Increasing volume.  Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal
wedge or the abbreviation "cresc.".

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: cue-notes,  Next: custos,  Prev: crescendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.58 cue-notes
==============

ES: notas guia, I: notine, F: petites notes précédent l'entrée d'in
instrument, réplique, D: Stichnoten, NL: stichnoten, DK: stiknoder, S:
inprickningar, FI: vihjenuotit.

   In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose
of hinting when to start playing.  Usually printed in a smaller type.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: custos,  Next: D,  Prev: cue-notes,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.59 custos
===========

A custos is a staff symbol that appears at the end of a staff line with
monophonic musical contents (i.e., with a single voice).  It
anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line and thus
helps the player or singer to manage line breaks during performance,
thus enhancing readability of a score.

   Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th
century.  There were different appearences for different notation
styles.  Nowadays, they have survived only in special forms of musical
notation such as via the editio vaticana dating back to the beginning
of the 20th century

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: D,  Next: da capo,  Prev: custos,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.60 D
======

ES: Re, I: re, F: ré, D: D, d, NL: d, DK: d, S: d, FI: D, d.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: da capo,  Next: dal segno,  Prev: D,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.61 da capo
============

ES: da capo, I: da capo, F: da capo, depuis le commencement, D: da
capo, von Anfang, NL: da capo, DK: da capo, S: da capo, FI: da capo,
alusta.

   The term indicates repetition of the piece from the beginning to the
end or to a certain place marked _fine_.  Mostly abbreviated as "D.C.".


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dal segno,  Next: decrescendo,  Prev: da capo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.62 dal segno
==============

ES: dal segno, I: dal segno, F: dal segno, depuis le signe, D: dal
segno, ab dem Zeichen, NL: dal segno, DK: dal segno, S: dal segno, FI:
dal segno, lähtien merkistä.

   Abbreviated "d.s.".  Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign:

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: decrescendo,  Next: descending interval,  Prev: dal segno,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.63 decrescendo
================

ES: decrescendo, I: decrescendo, D: Decrescendo, leiser werden, NL:
decrescendo, DK: decrescendo, S: decrescendo, FI: decresendo,
hiljentyen.

   Decreasing tone volume.  Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal
wedge or the abbreviation "decresc.".

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: descending interval,  Next: diatonic scale,  Prev: decrescendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.64 descending interval
========================

ES: intervalo descendente, I: intervallo discendente, F: intervalle
descendant, D: fallendes Intervall, absteigendes Intervall, NL: dalend
interval, DK: faldende interval, S: fallande intervall, FI: laskeva
intervalli.

   A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diatonic scale,  Next: diminished interval,  Prev: descending interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.65 diatonic scale
===================

ES: escala diatónica, I: scala diatonica, F: gamme diatonique, D:
diatonische Tonleiter, NL: diatonische toonladder, DK: diatonisk skala,
S: diatonisk skala, FI: diatoninen asteikko.

   A scale consisting of 5 -> *Note *whole tone*: whole tone.s and 2 ->
*Note *semitone*: semitone.s (S).  Scales played on the white keys of a
piano keybord are diatonic.

   The church modes are used in gregorial chant and in pre-baroque early
music but also to some extent in newer jazz music.

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]

   From the beginning of the 17th century the scales used in European
compositional music are primarily the major and the minor scales.  In
the harmonic minor scale type an augmented second (A) occurs between
the 6th and 7th tone.

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diminished interval,  Next: diminuendo,  Prev: diatonic scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.66 diminished interval
========================

ES: intervalo disminuído, I: intervallo diminuito, F: intervalle
diminué, D: vermindertes Intervall, NL: verminderd interval, DK:
formindsket interval, S: förminskat intervall, FI: vähennetty
intervalli.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: diminuendo,  Next: disjunct movement,  Prev: diminished interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.67 diminuendo
===============

ES: diminuendo, I: diminuendo, F: diminuendo, D: Diminuendo, NL:
diminuendo, DK: diminuendo, S: diminuendo, FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen.

   -> *Note *decrescendo*: decrescendo..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: disjunct movement,  Next: dissonance,  Prev: diminuendo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.68 disjunct movement
======================

ES: movimiendo disjunto, I: moto disgiunto, F: mouvement disjoint, D:
sprunghafte Bewegung, NL: sprongsgewijze beweging, DK: springende
bevægelse, S: hoppande rörelse, FI: melodian hyppivä liike.

   Progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second.
Opposite of -> *Note *conjunct movement*: conjunct movement..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dissonance,  Next: dissonant interval,  Prev: disjunct movement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.69 dissonance
===============

*Note dissonant interval::.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dissonant interval,  Next: dominant ninth chord,  Prev: dissonance,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.70 dissonant interval
=======================

ES: intervalo disonante, disonancias, I: intervallo dissonante,
dissonanza, F: dissonance, D: Dissonanz, NL: dissonant interval;
dissonant, DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans, S: dissonans, FI:
dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi.

   -> *Note *harmony*: harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dominant ninth chord,  Next: dominant seventh chord,  Prev: dissonant interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.71 dominant ninth chord
=========================

I: accordo di nona di dominante, F: accord de neuvième dominante, D:
Dominantnonenakkord, NL: dominant noon akkoord, DK: dominantnoneakkord,
S: dominantnonackord, FI: dominanttinoonisointu.

   -> *Note *chord*: chord., -> *Note *functional harmony*: functional
harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dominant seventh chord,  Next: dominant,  Prev: dominant ninth chord,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.72 dominant seventh chord
===========================

ES: acorde de séptima de dominante, I: accordo di settima di dominante,
F: accord de septième dominante, D: Dominantseptakkord, NL: dominant
septiem akkoord, DK: dominantseptimakkord, S: dominantseptimackord, FI:
dominanttiseptimisointu.

   -> *Note *chord*: chord., -> *Note *functional harmony*: functional
harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dominant,  Next: dorian mode,  Prev: dominant seventh chord,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.73 dominant
=============

ES: dominante, I: dominante, F: dominante, D: Dominante, NL: dominant,
DK: dominant, S: dominant, FI: dominantti, huippusointu.

   The fifth -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree., -> *Note
*functional harmony*: functional harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dorian mode,  Next: dot (augmentation dot),  Prev: dominant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.74 dorian mode
================

ES: modo dórico, I: modo dorico, F: mode dorien, D: dorisch, dorischer
Kirchenton, NL: dorische toonladder, DK: dorisk skala, S: dorisk tonart,
FI: doorinen moodi.

   -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dot (augmentation dot),  Next: dotted note,  Prev: dorian mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.75 dot (augmentation dot)
===========================

ES: puntillo, I: punto (di valore), F: point, D: Punkt
(Verlängerungspunkt), NL: punt, DK: punkt, S: punkt, FI: piste.

   -> *Note *dotted note*: dotted note..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dotted note,  Next: double appoggiatura,  Prev: dot (augmentation dot),  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.76 dotted note
================

ES: nota con puntillo, I: nota puntata, F: note pointée, D: punktierte
Note, NL: gepuncteerde noot, DK: punkteret node, S: punkterad not, FI:
pisteellinen nuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double appoggiatura,  Next: double bar line,  Prev: dotted note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.77 double appoggiatura
========================

ES: apoyatura doble, I: appoggiatura doppia, F: appoggiature double, D:
doppelter Vorschlag, NL: dubbele voorslag, DK: dobbelt forslag, S:
dubbelslag, FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele.

   -> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double bar line,  Next: double dotted note,  Prev: double appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.78 double bar line
====================

I: doppia barra, F: double barre, D: Doppelstrich, NL: dubbele
maatstreep, DK: dobbeltstreg, S: dubbelstreck, FI: kaksoistahtiviiva.

   Indicates the end of a section within a movement.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double dotted note,  Next: double flat,  Prev: double bar line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.79 double dotted note
=======================

ES: nota con dos puntillos, I: nota doppiamente puntata, F: note
doublement pointée, D: doppelt punktierte Note, NL: dubbelgepuncteerde
noot, DK: dobbeltpunkteret node, S: dubbelpunkterad not, FI:
kaksoispisteellinen nuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double flat,  Next: double sharp,  Prev: double dotted note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.80 double flat
================

ES: doble bemol, I: doppio bemolle, F: double bémol, D: Doppel-B, NL:
dubbelmol, DK: dobbelt-b, S: dubbelbe, FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki.

   -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double sharp,  Next: double trill,  Prev: double flat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.81 double sharp
=================

ES: doble sostenido, I: doppio diesis, F: double dièse, D: Doppelkreuz,
NL: dubbelkruis, DK: dobbeltkryds, S: dubbelkors, FI:
kaksoisylennysmerkki.

   -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: double trill,  Next: duple meter,  Prev: double sharp,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.82 double trill
=================

ES: trino doble, I: doppio trillo, F: trille double, D: Doppeltriller,
NL: dubbele triller, DK: dobbelttrille, S: dubbeldrill, FI:
kaksoistrilli.

   A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a
third.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: duple meter,  Next: duplet,  Prev: double trill,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.83 duple meter
================

ES: tiempo binario, I: tempo binario, F: temps binaire, D: in zwei, NL:
tweedelige maatsoort, DK: todelt takt, S: tvåtakt, FI: kaksoistempo.

   -> *Note *meter*: meter..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: duplet,  Next: duration,  Prev: duple meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.84 duplet
===========

ES: dosillo, I: duina, F: duolet, D: Duole, NL: duool, DK: duol, S:
duol, FI: duoli.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: duration,  Next: dydimic comma,  Prev: duplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.85 duration
=============

ES: duración, I: durata, F: durée, D: Dauer, Länge, NL: duur, lengte,
DK: varighed, S: tonlängd, FI: kesto, aika-arvo.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: dydimic comma,  Next: E,  Prev: duration,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.86 dydimic comma
==================

-> *Note *syntonic comma*: syntonic comma..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: E,  Next: ecclesiastical mode,  Prev: dydimic comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.87 E
======

ES: mi, I: mi, F: mi, D: E, e, NL: e, DK: e, S: e, FI: E, e.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ecclesiastical mode,  Next: eighth note,  Prev: E,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.88 ecclesiastical mode
========================

-> *Note *church mode*: church mode..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: eighth note,  Next: eighth rest,  Prev: ecclesiastical mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.89 eighth note
================

ES: corchea, I: croma, F: croche, UK: quaver, D: Achtel, Achtelnote,
NL: achtste noot, DK: ottendedelsnode, S: åttondelsnot, FI:
kahdeksasosanuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: eighth rest,  Next: embellishment,  Prev: eighth note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.90 eighth rest
================

ES: silencio de corchea, I: pausa di croma, F: demi-soupir, UK: quaver
rest, D: Achtelpause, NL: achtste rust, DK: ottendedelspause, S:
åttonddelspaus, FI: kahdeksasosatauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: embellishment,  Next: engraving,  Prev: eighth rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.91 embellishment
==================

-> *Note *ornament*: ornament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: engraving,  Next: enharmonic,  Prev: embellishment,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.92 engraving
==============

ES: Grabar I: incisione, F: gravure, D: Notenstechen, Notendruck NL:
steken, DK: nodestik, S: nottryck, FI: painatus.

   Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for printing.
Photoengraving means drawing music with ink in a manner similar to
drafting or engineering drawing, using similar tools.

   The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting in
a plate of metal.  Now also the term for the art of music typesetting.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: enharmonic,  Next: equal temperament,  Prev: engraving,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.93 enharmonic
===============

ES: enharmónico, I: enarmonico, F: enharmonique, D: enharmonisch, NL:
enharmonisch, DK: enharmonisk, S: enharmonisk, FI: enharmoninen.

   Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have
different names but equal pitch.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: equal temperament,  Next: expression mark,  Prev: enharmonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.94 equal temperament
======================

ES: ?, I: temperamento equabile, F: tempérament égal, D:
gleichschwebende Stimmung, NL: gelijkzwevende temperatuur, DK:
ligesvævende temperatur, S: liksvävande temperatur, FI: tasavireinen.

   Tuning system dividing the octave into 12 equal -> *Note *semitone*:
semitone.s (precisely 100 -> *Note *cent*: cent.s).  -> *Note
*temperament*: temperament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: expression mark,  Next: F,  Prev: equal temperament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.95 expression mark
====================

ES: ?, I: segno d'espressione, F: signe d'expression, indication de
nuance, D: Vortragszeichen, NL: voordrachtsteken, DK:
foredragsbetegnelse, S: föredragsbeteckning, FI: nyanssiosoitus,
esitysmerkki.

   Performance indications concerning 1. volume, dynamics (for example
-> *Note *forte*: forte., -> *Note *crescendo*: crescendo.), 2. tempo
(for example -> *Note *andante*: andante., -> *Note *allegro*:
allegro.).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: F,  Next: F clef,  Prev: expression mark,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.96 F
======

ES: fa, I: fa, F: fa, D: F, f, NL: f, DK: f, S: f, FI: F, f.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: F clef,  Next: fermata,  Prev: F,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.97 F clef
===========

ES: Clave de Fa, I: chiave di fa, F: clé de fa, D: F-Schlüssel, NL:
F-sleutel, DK: F-nøgle, S: f-klav, FI: F-avain.

   The position between the dots of the key symbol is the line of the F
below central C.  Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line.  A
digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes must be played
an octave higher (for example bass recorder) while 8 below the clef
symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example on double bass ->
*Note *strings*: strings.).

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fermata,  Next: fifth,  Prev: F clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.98 fermata
============

ES: Calderón, I: corona, F: point d'orgue, point d'arre^t, D: Fermate,
NL: fermate, DK: fermat, S: fermat, FI: fermaatti, pidäke.

   Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fifth,  Next: figured bass,  Prev: fermata,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.99 fifth
==========

ES: quinta, I: quinta, F: quinte, D: Quinte, NL: kwint, DK: kvint, S:
kvint, FI: kvintti.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: figured bass,  Next: fingering,  Prev: fifth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.100 figured bass
==================

ES: bajo cifrado, -> *Note *thorough bass*: thorough bass..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fingering,  Next: flag,  Prev: figured bass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.101 fingering
===============

ES: digitación, I: diteggiatura, F: doigté, D: Fingersatz, NL:
vingerzetting, DK: fingersætning, S: fingersättning, FI: sormitus.

   The methodical use of fingers in the playing of instruments.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: flag,  Next: flat,  Prev: fingering,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.102 flag
==========

ES: corchete, I: coda (uncinata), bandiera, F: crochet, D: Fahne,
Fähnchen, NL: vlaggetje, DK: fane, S: flagga, FI: lippu, viiri.

   Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values
less than a quarter note.  The number of flags determines the -> *Note
*note_value*: note value..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: flat,  Next: forefall,  Prev: flag,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.103 flat
==========

ES: bemol, I: bemolle, F: bémol, D: B, b, NL: mol, DK: b, S:
beförtecken, FI: alennusmerkki.

   -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: forefall,  Next: forte,  Prev: flat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.104 forefall
==============

-> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: forte,  Next: fourth,  Prev: forefall,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.105 forte
===========

ES: forte, I: forte, F: forte, D: forte, laut, NL: forte, DK: forte, S:
forte, FI: forte, voimakkaasti.

   Loud, abbreviated f, _fortissimo_ (ff) very loud, _mezzoforte_ (mf)
medium loud.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fourth,  Next: fugue,  Prev: forte,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.106 fourth
============

ES: cuarta, I: quarta, F: quarte, D: Quarte, NL: kwart, DK: kvart, S:
kvart, FI: kvartti.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: fugue,  Next: functional harmony,  Prev: fourth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.107 fugue
===========

ES: fuga, I: fuga, F: fugue, D: Fuge, NL: fuga, DK: fuga, S: fuga, FI:
fuuga.

   -> *Note *counterpoint*: counterpoint..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: functional harmony,  Next: G,  Prev: fugue,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.108 functional harmony
========================

ES: armonía funcional, I: armonia funzionale, F: étude des functions,
D: Funktionslehre, NL: functionele harmonie, DK: funktionsanalyse,
funktionsharmonik, S: funktionslära, FI: harmoniajärjestelmä.

   A system of harmonic analysis.  It is based on the idea that, in a
given key, there are only three functionally different chords: tonic
(T, the chord on the first note of the scale), subdominant (S, the
chord on the fourth note), and dominant (D, the chord on the fifth
note).  Others are considered to be variants of the base chords.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: G,  Next: G clef,  Prev: functional harmony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.109 G
=======

ES: sol, I: sol, F: sol, D: G, g, NL: g, DK: g, S: g, FI: G, g.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: G clef,  Next: glissando,  Prev: G,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.110 G clef
============

ES: Clave de sol, I: chiave di sol, F: clé de sol, D: G-Schlüssel,
Violinschlüssel, NL: G-sleutel, DK: g-nøgle, S: g-klav, FI: G-avain.

   A clef symbol indicating the G above central C.  Used on the first
and second note lines.  A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that
the notes must be played an octave higher while 8 below the clef symbol
indicates playing or singing an octave lower (most tenor parts in choral
scores are notated like that).

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: glissando,  Next: grace notes,  Prev: G clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.111 glissando
===============

ES: glissando, I: glissando, F: glissando, D: Glissando, NL: glissando,
DK: glissando, S: glissando, FI: glissando, liukuen.

   Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: grace notes,  Next: grand staff,  Prev: glissando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.112 grace notes
=================

ES: ?, I: abbellimenti, F: fioriture, D: Verzierungen, Vorschläge,
Vorschlagsnoten, NL: versieringen, DK: forsiringer, S: ornament, FI:
korunuotit.

   Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values are
not counted in the rhythm of the bar.  -> *Note *appoggiatura*:
appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: grand staff,  Next: grave,  Prev: grace notes,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.113 grand staff
=================

I: accolatura, F: accolade, D: Akkolade, NL: piano systeem, DK:
klaversystem, S: ackolad, böjd klammer, FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto.

   -> *Note *brace*: brace..

   A combination of two staves with a brace.  Usually used for piano
music.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: grave,  Next: gruppetto,  Prev: grand staff,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.114 grave
===========

ES: grave, I: grave, F: grave, D: grave, langsam, NL: grave, ernstig,
DK: grave, S: grave, FI: grave, raskaasti.

   Slow, solemn.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: gruppetto,  Next: half note,  Prev: grave,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.115 gruppetto
===============

-> *Note *turn*: turn..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: half note,  Next: half rest,  Prev: gruppetto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.116 half note
===============

ES: blanca, I: minima, F: blanche, UK: minim, D: Halbe, halbe Note, NL:
halve noot, DK: halvnode, S: halvnot, FI: puolinuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: half rest,  Next: harmonic cadence,  Prev: half note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.117 half rest
===============

ES: ?, I: pausa di minima, F: demi-pause, UK: minim rest, D: halbe
Pause, NL: halve, rust, DK: halvnodespause, S: halvpaus, FI: puolitauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: harmonic cadence,  Next: harmony,  Prev: half rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.118 harmonic cadence
======================

ES: cadencia (armónica), I: cadenza (armonica), F: cadence harmonique,
D: Schlusskadenz, NL: harmonische cadens, DK: harmonisk kadence, S:
(harmonisk) kadens, FI: harmoninen kadenssi.

   A sequence of chords that terminates a musical phrase or section.  ->
*Note *functional harmony*: functional harmony..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: harmony,  Next: homophony,  Prev: harmonic cadence,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.119 harmony
=============

ES: armonía, I: armonia, F: harmonie, D: Harmonie, Zusammenklang, NL:
harmonie, DK: samklang, S: samklang, FI: harmonia, yhteissointi.

   Tones sounding simultaneously.  Two note harmonies fall into the
categories _consonances_ and _dissonances_.

   Consonances:

[image of music]

   Dissonances:

[image of music]

   Three note harmony -> *Note *chord*: chord..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: homophony,  Next: interval,  Prev: harmony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.120 homophony
===============

ES: homofonía, I: omofonia, F: homophonie, D: Homophonie, NL:
homofonie, DK: homofoni, S: homofoni, FI: homofonia, yksiäänisyys.

   Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other
voices more or less in the same rhythm.  In contrast to -> *Note
*polyphony*: polyphony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: interval,  Next: inverted interval,  Prev: homophony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.121 interval
==============

ES: intervalo, I: intervallo, F: intervalle, D: Intervall, NL: interval,
DK: interval, S: intervall, FI: intervalli, kahden sävelen korkeusero.

   Difference in pitch between two notes.  Intervals may be perfect,
minor, major, diminished, or augmented.  The augmented fourth and the
diminished fifth are identical (-> *Note *enharmonic*: enharmonic.) and
are called _tritonus_ because they consist of three -> *Note *whole
tone*: whole tone.s.  The addition of such two intervals forms an
octave.

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: inverted interval,  Next: just intonation,  Prev: interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.122 inverted interval
=======================

ES: intervalo invertido, I: intervallo rivolto, F: intervalle reversé,
D: umgekehrtes Intervall, NL: interval inversie, DK: omvendingsinterval,
S: intervallets omvändning, FI: käänteisintervalli.

   The difference between an interval and an octave.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: just intonation,  Next: key,  Prev: inverted interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.123 just intonation
=====================

I: intonazione giusta, F: intonation juste, D: reine Stimmung, NL:
reine stemming, DK: ren stemning, S: ren stämning, FI: puhdas viritys.

   Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and
subtracting natural fifths and thirds.  -> *Note *temperament*:
temperament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: key,  Next: key signature,  Prev: just intonation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.124 key
=========

ES: tonalidad, I: tonalit� , F: tonalité, D: Tonart, NL: toonsoort,
DK: toneart, S: tonart, FI: tonaliteetti.

   According to the 12 tones of the -> *Note *chromatic scale*:
chromatic scale.  there are 12 keys, one on c, one on c-sharp, etc.  ->
*Note *key signature*: key signature..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: key signature,  Next: largo,  Prev: key,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.125 key signature
===================

ES: armadura de clave, I: armatura di chiave, F: armure, armature [de
la clé], D: Vorzeichen, Tonart, NL: toonsoort (voortekens), DK: faste
fortegn, S: tonartssignatur, FI: sävellajiosoitus.

   The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff
indicating the key of the music.  -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: largo,  Next: leading note,  Prev: key signature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.126 largo
===========

ES: largo, I: largo, F: largo, D: Largo, Langsam, Breit, NL: largo, DK:
largo, S: largo, FI: largo, hitaasti, leveästi.

   Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great expressiveness.
_Larghetto_ is less slow than largo.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: leading note,  Next: ledger line,  Prev: largo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.127 leading note
==================

ES: sensible, I: sensibile, F: note sensible, D: Leitton, NL: leidtoon,
DK: ledetone, S: ledton, FI: johtosävel.

   The seventh -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree., a -> *Note
*semitone*: semitone. below the tonic; so called because of its strong
tendency to "lead up" (resolve upwards) to the tonic scale degree.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ledger line,  Next: legato,  Prev: leading note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.128 ledger line
=================

ES: líneas adicionales, I: tagli addizionali, F: ligne supplémentaire,
D: Hilfslinie, NL: hulplijntje, DK: hjælpelinie, S: hjälplinje, FI:
apuviiva.

   A ledger line is an extension of the staff.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: legato,  Next: legato curve,  Prev: ledger line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.129 legato
============

ES: ligado, I: legato, F: legato, lié, D: legato, NL: legato, DK:
legato, S: legato, FI: legato, sitoen.

   To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the
notes, unlike (b) _leggiero_ or _non-legato_, (c) _portato_, and (d) ->
*Note *staccato*: staccato..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: legato curve,  Next: leger line,  Prev: legato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.130 legato curve
==================

-> *Note *slur*: slur., -> *Note *legato*: legato..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: leger line,  Next: lilypond,  Prev: legato curve,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.131 leger line
================

-> *Note *ledger line*: ledger line..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: lilypond,  Next: ligature,  Prev: leger line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.132 lilypond
==============

ES: estanque de lilas, I: stagno del giglio, F: étang de lis, UK: lily
pond, D: Seerosenteich, NL: lelievijver, DK: liliedam, S: liljedamm,
FI: liljalampi.

   A pond with lilies floating in it, also the name of a music
typesetter.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ligature,  Next: line,  Prev: lilypond,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.133 ligature
==============

A ligature is a coherent graphical symbol that represents at least two
distinct notes.  Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of
Gregorian chant notation roughly since the 9th century to denote
ascending or descending sequences of notes.  In early notation,
ligatures were used for monophonic tunes (Gregorian chant) and very
soon denoted also the way of performance in the sense of articulation.
With the invention of the metric system of the white mensural notation,
the need for ligatures to denote such patterns disappeared.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: line,  Next: long appoggiatura,  Prev: ligature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.134 line
==========

ES: línea, I: linea, F: ligne, D: Linie, Notenlinie, NL: lijn, DK:
nodelinie, S: notlinje, FI: viiva, nuottiviiva.

   -> *Note *staff*: staff..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: long appoggiatura,  Next: longa,  Prev: line,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.135 long appoggiatura
=======================

ES: apoyatura larga, I: appoggiatura lunga, F: appoggiature longue, D:
langer Vorschlag, NL: Lange voorslag, DK: langt forslag, S: långt
förslag, FI: pitkä appoggiatura, pitkä etuhele.

   -> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: longa,  Next: lyrics,  Prev: long appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.136 longa
===========

ES: longa, I: longa, F: longa, D: Longa, NL: longa, DK: longa, S: longa,
FI: longa.

   Note value: double length of -> *Note *breve*: breve..  -> *Note
*note_value*: note value..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: lyrics,  Next: major interval,  Prev: longa,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.137 lyrics
============

ES: ., I: ., F: ., D: Liedtext, NL: liedtekst, DK: ., S: ., FI,
sanoitus.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: major interval,  Next: major,  Prev: lyrics,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.138 major interval
====================

ES: intervalo mayor, I: intervallo maggiore, F: intervalle majeur, D:
großes Intervall, NL: groot interval, DK: stort interval, S: stort
intervall, FI: suuri intervalli.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: major,  Next: meantone temperament,  Prev: major interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.139 major
===========

ES: mayor, I: maggiore, F: [mode] majeur, D: Dur, NL: majeur, DK: dur,
S: dur, FI: duuri.

   -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: meantone temperament,  Next: measure,  Prev: major,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.140 meantone temperament
==========================

I: accordatura mesotonica, F: tempérament mésotonique, D:
mitteltönige Stimmung, NL: middenstemming, middentoonstemming, DK:
middeltonetemperatur, S: medeltonstemperatur, FI: keskisävelviritys.

   Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the
natural fifth by 16 -> *Note *cent*: cent.s.  Due to the non-circular
character of this -> *Note *temperament*: temperament. only a limited
set of keys are playable.  Used for tuning keyboard instruments for
performance of pre-1650 music.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: measure,  Next: mediant,  Prev: meantone temperament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.141 measure
=============

ES: compás, I: misura, battuta, F: mesure, D: Takt, NL: maat, DK: takt,
S: takt, FI: tahti.

   A group of -> *Note *beat*: beat.s (units of musical time) the first
of which bears an accent.  Such groups in numbers of two or more recur
consistently throughout the composition and are marked from each other
by bar-lines.  -> *Note *meter*: meter..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mediant,  Next: melisma,  Prev: measure,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.142 mediant
=============

ES: mediante, I: mediante, modale, F: médiante, NL: mediant, D:
Mediante, DK: mediant, S: mediant, FI: keskisävel.

   1. The third scale degree.  2. A -> *Note *chord*: chord. having its
base tone a third from that of another chord.  For example, the tonic
chord may be replaced by its lower mediant (variant tonic).  -> *Note
*functional harmony*: functional harmony., -> *Note *relative key*:
relative key..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: melisma,  Next: melodic cadence,  Prev: mediant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.143 melisma
=============

NL: melisma, FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sävelkuvio.

   A melisma (plural: melismata) is a group of notes or tones sung on
one syllable in plainsong


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: melodic cadence,  Next: meter,  Prev: melisma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.144 melodic cadence
=====================

-> *Note *cadenza*: cadenza..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: meter,  Next: metronome,  Prev: melodic cadence,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.145 meter
===========

ES: compás, I: tempo, metro, F: indication de mésure, D: Taktart,
Metrum, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktart, S: taktart, FI: aika-arvo.

   The basic scheme of -> *Note *note_value*: note value.s and -> *Note
*accent*: accent.s which remains unaltered throughout a composition or
a section of it.  For instance, 3/4 meter means that the basic -> *Note
*note_value*: note value.s are quarter notes and that a -> *Note
*measure*: measure. consists of three of those.  According to whether
there are two, three, or four units to the measure, one speaks of
_duple_ (2/2, 2/4, 2/8), _triple_ (3/2, 3/4, 3/8), or _quadruple_ (4/2,
4/4, 4/8) meter.  4/4 is also called common meter.

[image of music]

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: metronome,  Next: metronomic indication,  Prev: meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.146 metronome
===============

ES: metrónomo, I: metronomo, F: métronome, D: Metronom, NL: metronoom,
DK: metronom, S: metronom, FI: metronomi.

   Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece.  -> *Note *metronomic
indication*: metronomic indication..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: metronomic indication,  Next: mezzo-soprano,  Prev: metronome,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.147 metronomic indication
===========================

ES: indicación metronómica, I: indicazione metronomica, F: indication
métronomique, D: Metronomangabe, NL: metronoom aanduiding, DK:
metronomtal, S: metronomangivelse, FI: metronomiosoitus.

   Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute).  Also denoted by M.M.
(Mälzels Metronom).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mezzo-soprano,  Next: middle C,  Prev: metronomic indication,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.148 mezzo-soprano
===================

ES: mezzo soprano, I: mezzo-soprano, F: mezzo-soprano, D: Mezzosopran,
NL: mezzosopraan, DK: mezzosopran, S: mezzosopran, FI: mezzosopraano.

   The female voice between -> *Note *soprano*: soprano. and -> *Note
*contralto*: contralto..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: middle C,  Next: minor,  Prev: mezzo-soprano,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.149 middle C
==============

ES: do central, I: do centrale, F: do central, D: eingestrichenes c,
NL: centrale c, DK: enstreget c, S: ettstruket c, FI: keski-C.

   First C below the 440 Hz A.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: minor,  Next: minor interval,  Prev: middle C,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.150 minor
===========

ES: menor, I: minore, F: mode mineur, D: Moll, NL: mineur, DK: mol, S:
moll, FI: molli.

   -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: minor interval,  Next: mode,  Prev: minor,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.151 minor interval
====================

ES: intervalo mayor, I: intervallo minore, F: intervalle mineur, D:
kleines Intervall, NL: klein interval, DK: lille interval, S: litet
intervall, FI: pieni intervalli.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mode,  Next: modulation,  Prev: minor interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.152 mode
==========

ES: modo, I: modo, F: mode, D: Modus, NL: modus, DK: skala, S: modus,
skala, FI: moodi, kirkkosävelasteikko.

   -> *Note *church mode*: church mode., -> *Note *diatonic scale*:
diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: modulation,  Next: mordent,  Prev: mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.153 modulation
================

ES: modulación, I: modulazione, F: modulation, D: Modulation, NL:
modulatie, DK: modulation, S: modulering, FI: modulaatio, sävellajin
vaihdos.

   Moving from one -> *Note *key*: key. to another.  For example, the
second subject of a -> *Note *sonata form*: sonata form. movement
modulates to the dominant key if the key is major and to the -> *Note
*relative key*: relative key. if the key is minor.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mordent,  Next: motif,  Prev: modulation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.154 mordent
=============

I: mordente, F: mordant, D: Mordent, NL: mordent, DK: mordent, S:
mordent, FI: mordent, korukuvio.

   -> *Note *ornament*: ornament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: motif,  Next: motive,  Prev: mordent,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.155 motif
===========

-> *Note *motive*: motive..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: motive,  Next: movement,  Prev: motif,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.156 motive
============

ES: tema, I: inciso, F: incise, D: Motiv, NL: motief, DK: motiv, S:
motiv, FI: teema, sävelaihe.

   The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical
theme or subject.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: movement,  Next: multibar rest,  Prev: motive,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.157 movement
==============

ES: movimiento, I: movimento, F: mouvement, D: Satz, NL: deel, DK: sats,
S: sats, FI: osa.

   Greater musical works like -> *Note *symphony*: symphony. and ->
*Note *sonata*: sonata. most often consist of several - more or less -
independant pieces called movements.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: multibar rest,  Next: mixolydian mode,  Prev: movement,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.158 multibar rest
===================

ES: compases de espera, I: pausa multipla, F: pause multiple, NL:
meermaats rust, D: mehrtaktige Pause, DK: flertaktspause, S:
flertaktspaus, FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: mixolydian mode,  Next: natural sign,  Prev: multibar rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.159 mixolydian mode
=====================

-> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: natural sign,  Next: neighbour tones,  Prev: mixolydian mode,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.160 natural sign
==================

ES: becuadro, I: bequadro, F: bécarre, D: Auflösungszeichen, NL:
herstellingsteken, DK: opløsningstegn, S: återställningstecken, FI:
palautusmerkki.

   -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: neighbour tones,  Next: ninth,  Prev: natural sign,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.161 neighbour tones
=====================

-> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ninth,  Next: non-legato,  Prev: neighbour tones,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.162 ninth
===========

ES: novena, I: nona, F: neuvième, D: None, NL: noon, DK: none, S: nona,
FI: nooni.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: non-legato,  Next: note,  Prev: ninth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.163 non-legato
================

-> *Note *legato*: legato..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note,  Next: note head,  Prev: non-legato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.164 note
==========

ES: nota, I: nota, F: note, D: Note, NL: noot, DK: node, S: not, FI:
nuotti.

   Notes are signs by means of which music is fixed in writing.  The
term is also used for the sound indicated by a note, and even for the
key of the piano which produces the sound.  However, a clear
distinction between the terms tone and -> *Note *note*: note. is
strongly recommended.  Briefly, one sees a note, and hears a tone.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note head,  Next: note value,  Prev: note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.165 note head
===============

ES: oval, I: testa, testina, capocchia, F: te^te de la note, D:
Notenkopf, NL: nootballetje, DK: nodehovede, S: nothuvud, FI: nuotin
pää.

   A head-like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a -> *Note
*staff*: staff. provided with a -> *Note *clef*: clef., and duration by
a variety of shapes such as hollow or black heads with or without ->
*Note *stem*: stem.s, -> *Note *flag*: flag.s, etc.  For percussion
instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may indicate
the instrument.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: note value,  Next: octave sign,  Prev: note head,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.166 note value
================

ES: valor, I: valore, durata, F: durée, valeur (d'une note), D:
Notenwert, NL: nootwaarde, DK nodeværdi, S: notvärde, FI: nuotin
aika-arvo.

   Note values (durations) are measured as fractions, normally 1/2, of
the next higher note value.  The longest duration normally used is
called _brevis_, but sometimes (mostly in pre-baroque music) the double
length note value _longa_ is used.

[image of music]

[image of music]

   An augmentation dot after a note multiplies the duration by one and a
half.  Another dot adds yet a fourth of the duration.

[image of music]

   Alternatively note values may be subdivided by other ratios.  Most
common is subdivision by 3 (_triplets_) and 5 (_quintuplets_).
Subdivisions by 2 (_tuplets_) or 4 (_quadruplets_) of dotted notes are
also frequently used.

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octave sign,  Next: octave,  Prev: note value,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.167 octave sign
=================

-> *Note *G clef*: G clef., -> *Note *F clef*: F clef..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: octave,  Next: ornament,  Prev: octave sign,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.168 octave
============

ES: octava, I: ottava, F: octave, D: Oktave, NL: octaaf, DK: oktav, S:
oktav, FI: oktaavi.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ornament,  Next: ossia,  Prev: octave,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.169 ornament
==============

ES: adorno, I: abbellimento, fioriture, F: agrément, ornement, D:
Verzierung, Ornament, NL: versiering, DK: forsiring, S: ornament, FI:
koru, hele.

   Most commonly used is the _trill_, the rapid alternation of a given
note with the diatonic -> *Note *second*: second. above it.  In the
music from the middle of the 19th century and onwards the trill is
performed with the main note first while in the music from the
preceding baroque and classic periods the upper note is played first.

[image of music]

   Other frequently used ornaments are the _turn_, the _mordent_, and
the _prall_ (inverted mordent).

[image of music]

   -> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ossia,  Next: part,  Prev: ornament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.170 ossia
===========

ES: ossia, I: ossia, F: ossia, D: Ossia, NL: alternatief, DK: ossia, S:
ossia, FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa.

   Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative.  It is an added staff or
piano score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another
version of the music, for example for small hands.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: part,  Next: pennant,  Prev: ossia,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.171 part
==========

ES: parte, I: voce, parte, F: partie, D: Stimme, NL: partij, DK: stemme,
S: stämma, FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus.

   1. In instrumental or choral music the music for the single
instrument or voice.  2. in contrapuntal music -> *Note *counterpoint*:
counterpoint. the single melodic line of the contrapunctal web.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pennant,  Next: percussion,  Prev: part,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.172 pennant
=============

-> *Note *flag*: flag..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: percussion,  Next: perfect interval,  Prev: pennant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.173 percussion
================

ES: percusión, I: percussioni, F: percussion, D: Schlagzeug,
Schlagwerk, NL: slagwerk, DK: slagtøj, S: slagverk, FI:
lyömäsoittimet.

   A family of musical instruments which are played on by striking or
shaking.  Percussion instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra
are kettledrums (I: _timpani_, D: _Pauken_), snare drum, bass drum,
tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle, celesta,
glockenspiel, and xylophone.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: perfect interval,  Next: phrase,  Prev: percussion,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.174 perfect interval
======================

ES: intervalo justo, I: intervallo giusto, F: intervalle juste, D:
reines Intervall, NL: rein interval, DK: rent interval, S: rent
intervall, FI: puhdas intervalli.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: phrase,  Next: phrasing,  Prev: perfect interval,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.175 phrase
============

ES: frase, I: frase, F: phrase, D: Phrase, NL: frase, zin, DK: frase,
S: fras, FI: fraasi, lause.

   A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of
speech.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: phrasing,  Next: piano,  Prev: phrase,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.176 phrasing
==============

ES: fraseo, I: fraseggio, F: phrasé, D: Phrasierung, NL: frasering,
DK: frasering, S: frasering, FI: fraseeraus, jäsentäminen.

   The clear rendering in musical performance of the -> *Note *phrase*:
phrase.s of the melody.  Phrasing may be indicated by a -> *Note
*slur*: slur..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: piano,  Next: pitch,  Prev: phrasing,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.177 piano
===========

ES: piano, I: piano, F: piano, D: piano, leise, NL: piano, DK: piano,
S: piano, FI, piano, hiljaa.

   _piano_ (p) soft, _pianissimo_ (pp) very soft, _mezzopiano_ (mp)
medium soft.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pitch,  Next: pizzicato,  Prev: piano,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.178 pitch
===========

ES: altura, I: altezza, F: hauteur, D: Tonhöhe, NL: toonhoogte, DK:
tonehøjde, S: tonhöjd, FI: sävelkorkeus.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: pizzicato,  Next: polyphony,  Prev: pitch,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.179 pizzicato
===============

ES: pizzicato, I: pizzicato, F: pizzicato, D: pizzicato, NL: pizzicato,
getokkeld, DK: pizzicato, S: pizzicato, FI: pizzicato, näppäillen.

   Play by plucking the strings.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: polyphony,  Next: portato,  Prev: pizzicato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.180 polyphony
===============

ES: polifonía, I: polifonia, F: polyphonie, D: Polyphonie,
Mehrstimmigkeit, NL: polyfonie, DK: polyfoni, S: polyfoni, FI:
polyfonia, moniäänisyys.

   Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices
(parts) of a more or less pronounced individuality.  -> *Note
*counterpoint*: counterpoint..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: portato,  Next: presto,  Prev: polyphony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.181 portato
=============

-> *Note *legato*: legato..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: presto,  Next: Pythagorean comma,  Prev: portato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.182 presto
============

ES: presto, I: presto, F: presto, D: Presto, Sehr schnell, NL: presto,
Sehr schnell, DK: presto, S: presto, FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti.

   Very quick, i.e., quicker than -> *Note *allegro*: allegro.;
_prestissimo_ denotes the highest possible degree of speed.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Pythagorean comma,  Next: quadruplet,  Prev: presto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.183 Pythagorean comma
=======================

ES: coma pitagórico, I: comma pitagorico, F: comma pythagoricien, D:
Pythagoräisches Komma, NL: komma van Pythagoras, DK: pythagoræisk
komma, S: pytagoreiskt komma, FI: pytagorinen komma.

   A sequence of fifths starting on C eventually circles back to C, but
this C, obtained by adding 12 fifths, is 24 -> *Note *cent*: cent.s
higher than the C obtained by adding 7 octaves.  The difference between
those two pitches is called the Pythagorean comma.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quadruplet,  Next: quarter note,  Prev: Pythagorean comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.184 quadruplet
================

ES: cuatrillo, I: quartina, F: quartolet, D: Quartole, NL: kwartool,
DK: kvartol, S: kvartol, FI: kvartoli.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quarter note,  Next: quarter rest,  Prev: quadruplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.185 quarter note
==================

ES: negra, I: semiminima, nera, F: noire, UK: crotchet, D: Viertel,
Viertelnote, NL: kwartnoot, DK: fjerdedelsnode, S: fjärdedelsnot, FI:
neljännesosanuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quarter rest,  Next: quintuplet,  Prev: quarter note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.186 quarter rest
==================

ES: silencio de negra, I: pausa di semiminima, F: soupir, UK: crotchet
rest, D: Viertelpause, NL: kwart rust, DK: fjerdedelspause, S:
fjärdedelspaus, FI: neljännesosatauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: quintuplet,  Next: rallentando,  Prev: quarter rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.187 quintuplet
================

ES: quintillo, I: quintina, F: quintolet, D: Quintole, NL: kwintool,
DK: kvintol, S: kvintol, FI: kvintoli.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: rallentando,  Next: relative key,  Prev: quintuplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.188 rallentando
=================

ES: rallentando, I: rallentando, F: rallentando, D: rallentando,
langsamer werden, NL: rallentando, DK: rallentando, S: rallentando, FI:
rallerdando, hidastuen.

   Abbreviation "rall.".  -> *Note *ritardando*: ritardando..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: relative key,  Next: repeat,  Prev: rallentando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.189 relative key
==================

ES: relativa, I: tonalit�  relativa, F: tonalité relative, D:
Paralleltonart, NL: paralleltoonsoort, DK: paralleltoneart, S:
parallelltonart, FI: rinnakkaissävellaji.

   -> *Note *major*: major. and -> *Note *minor*: minor. -> *Note
*key*: key.  with the same -> *Note *key signature*: key signature..

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: repeat,  Next: rest,  Prev: relative key,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.190 repeat
============

ES: barra de repetición, I: ritornello, F: barre de reprise, D:
Wiederholung, NL: herhaling, DK: gentagelse, S: repris, FI: toisto.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: rest,  Next: rhythm,  Prev: repeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.191 rest
==========

ES: silencio, I: pausa, F: silence, D: Pause, NL: rust, DK: pause, S:
paus, FI: tauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: rhythm,  Next: ritardando,  Prev: rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.192 rhythm
============

ES: ritmo, I: ritmo, F: rythme, D: Rhythmus, NL: ritme, DK: rytme, S:
rytm, FI: rytmi.

   (a) Metrical rhythm in which every time value is a multiple or
fraction of a fixed unit of time, called -> *Note *beat*: beat., and in
which the normal -> *Note *accent*: accent. recurs in regular
intervals, called -> *Note *measure*: measure..  The basic scheme of
time values is called -> *Note *meter*: meter..  (b) Measured rhythm
which lacks regularly recurrent accent.  In modern notation such music
appears as a free alternation of different measures.  (c) Free rhythm,
i.e., the use of temporal values having no common metrical unit (beat).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ritardando,  Next: ritenuto,  Prev: rhythm,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.193 ritardando
================

ES: retardando, I: ritardando, F: ritardando, D: Ritardando, langsamer
werden, NL: ritardando, DK: ritardando, S: ritardando, FI: ritardando,
hidastuen,

   Gradually slackening in speed.  Mostly abbreviated to rit. or ritard.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: ritenuto,  Next: scale,  Prev: ritardando,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.194 ritenuto
==============

ES: ritenuto, I: ritenuto, F: ritenuto, D: Ritenuto, NL: ritenuto, DK:
ritenuto, S: ritenuto, FI: ritenuto, hidastaen.

   Immediate reduction of speed.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: scale,  Next: scale degree,  Prev: ritenuto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.195 scale
===========

ES: escala, I: scala, F: gamme, D: Tonleiter, NL: toonladder, DK: Skala,
S: skala, FI: asteikko, sävelasteikko.

   -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: scale degree,  Next: score,  Prev: scale,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.196 scale degree
==================

ES: grados de la escala, I: grado della scala, F: degré [de la gamme],
D: Tonleiterstufe, NL: trap [van de toonladder], DK: skalatrin, S:
skalsteg (?), FI: sävelaste, asteikon sävel.

   Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the
scale as roots of chords.  The most important are degrees I = tonic
(T), IV = subdominant (S) and V = dominant (D).

[image of music]

   -> *Note *functional harmony*: functional harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: score,  Next: second,  Prev: scale degree,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.197 score
===========

ES: partitura, I: partitura, F: partition, D: Partitur (full score),
Klavierauszug (vocal score) NL: partituur, DK: partitur, S: partitur,
FI: partituuri.

   A copy of orchestral, choral, or chamber music showing what each
instrument is to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged
one underneath the other on different staves -> *Note *staff*: staff..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: second,  Next: semitone,  Prev: score,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.198 second
============

ES: segunda, I: secunda, F: seconde, D: Sekund(a), NL: secunde, DK:
sekund, S: sekund, FI: sekunti.

   The -> *Note *interval*: interval. between two neigbouring tones of
a scale.  A -> *Note *diatonic scale*: diatonic scale. consists of
alternating -> *Note *semitone*: semitone.s and -> *Note *whole tone*:
whole tone.s, hence the size of a second depends on the scale degrees
in question.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: semitone,  Next: seventh,  Prev: second,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.199 semitone
==============

ES: semitono, I: semitono, F: demi-ton, D: Halbton, NL: halve toon, DK:
halvtone, S: halvton, FI: puolisävel.

   The -> *Note *interval*: interval. of a minor second.  The (usually)
smallest interval in European composed music.  The interval between two
neighbouring tones on the piano keyboard - including black and white
keys - is a semitone.  An octave may be divided into 12 semitones.  ->
*Note *interval*: interval., -> *Note *chromatic scale*: chromatic
scale..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: seventh,  Next: sextolet,  Prev: semitone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.200 seventh
=============

ES: séptima, I: settima, F: septième, D: Septime, NL: septiem, DK:
septim, S: septim, FI: septimi.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sextolet,  Next: sextuplet,  Prev: seventh,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.201 sextolet
==============

-> *Note *sextuplet*: sextuplet.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sextuplet,  Next: shake,  Prev: sextolet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.202 sextuplet
===============

I: sestina, F: sextolet, D: Sextole, NL: sextool, DK: sekstol, S:
sextol, FI: sekstoli.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: shake,  Next: sharp,  Prev: sextuplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.203 shake
===========

-> *Note *trill*: trill..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sharp,  Next: short appoggiatura,  Prev: shake,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.204 sharp
===========

ES: sostenido, I: diesis, F: dièse, D: Kreuz, NL: kruis, DK: kryds, S:
korsförtecken, FI: korotusmerkki.

   -> *Note *accidental*: accidental..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: short appoggiatura,  Next: sixteenth note,  Prev: sharp,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.205 short appoggiatura
========================

-> *Note *appoggiatura*: appoggiatura..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixteenth note,  Next: sixteenth rest,  Prev: short appoggiatura,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.206 sixteenth note
====================

ES: semicorchea, I: semicroma, F: double croche, UK: semiquaver, D:
Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote, NL: zestiende noot, DK: sekstendedelsnode,
S: sextondelsnot, FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixteenth rest,  Next: sixth,  Prev: sixteenth note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.207 sixteenth rest
====================

ES: silencia de semicorchea, I: pausa di semicroma, F: quart de soupir,
UK: semiquaver rest, D: Sechzehntelpause, NL: zestiende rust, DK:
sekstendedelspause, S: sextondelspaus, FI: kuudesosatauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixth,  Next: sixty-fourth note,  Prev: sixteenth rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.208 sixth
===========

ES: sexta, I: sesta, F: sixte, D: Sexte, NL: sext, DK: sekst, S: sext,
FI: seksti.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixty-fourth note,  Next: sixty-fourth rest,  Prev: sixth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.209 sixty-fourth note
=======================

ES: semifusa, I: semibiscroma, F: quadruple croche, UK:
hemidemisemiquaver, D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote, NL:
vierenzestigste noot, DK: fireogtredsindstyvendedelsnode, S:
sextiofjärdedelsnot, FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sixty-fourth rest,  Next: slur,  Prev: sixty-fourth note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.210 sixty-fourth rest
=======================

ES: silencia de semifusa, I: pausa di semibiscroma, F: seizième de
soupir, UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest, D: Vierundsechzigstelpause, NL:
vierenzestigste rust, DK: fireogtredsindstyvendedelspause, S:
sextiofjärdedelspaus, FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosatauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: slur,  Next: solmization,  Prev: sixty-fourth rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.211 slur
==========

ES: ligadura, I: legatura (di portamento or espressiva), F: liaison,
coulé, D: Bogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen, NL: fraseringsboog,
legatoboog, streekboog, DK: legatobue, fraseringsbue, S: båge, FI:
kaari.

   A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to be
played -> *Note *legato*: legato., e.g., with one stroke of the violin
bow or with one breath in singing.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: solmization,  Next: sonata,  Prev: slur,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.212 solmization
=================

I: solmisazione, F: solmisation, D: Solmisation, NL: solmizatie, DK:
solmisation, S: solmisation, FI: suhteelliset laulunimet.

   General term for systems of designating the degrees of the -> *Note
*scale*: scale., not by letters, but by syllables (_do_ (_ut_), _re_,
_mi_, _fa_, _sol_, _la_, _si_ (_ti_)).  -> *Note *scale degree*: scale
degree..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sonata,  Next: sonata form,  Prev: solmization,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.213 sonata
============

ES: sonata, I: sonata, F: sonate, D: Sonate, NL: sonate, DK: sonate, S:
sonat, FI: sonaatti.

   In its present-day meaning a sonata denotes an instrumental
composition for piano or for some other instrument with piano
accompaniment, which consists of three or four independant pieces,
called movements.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: sonata form,  Next: song texts,  Prev: sonata,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.214 sonata form
=================

ES: forma sonata, I: forma sonata, F: [en] forme de sonate, D:
Sonatenform, NL: hoofdvorm, sonatevorm, DK: sonateform, S: sonatform,
FI: sonaattimuoto.

   A form used frequently for single movements of the -> *Note
*sonata*: sonata., -> *Note *symphony*: symphony., quartet, etc.  A
movement written in sonata form falls into three sections called
_exposition_, _development_ and _recapitulation_.  In the exposition
the composer introduces some musical ideas, consisting of a number of
themes; in the development section the composer `develops' this
material, and in the recapitulation the composer repeats the
exposition, with certain modifications.  The exposition contains a
number of themes that fall into two groups, often called first and
second subject.  Other melodies occurring in each group are considered
as continuations of these two.  The second theme is in another key,
normally in the key of the -> *Note *dominant*: dominant. if the ->
*Note *tonic*: tonic. is -> *Note *major*: major., and in the -> *Note
*relative key*: relative key. if the tonic is -> *Note *minor*: minor..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: song texts,  Next: soprano,  Prev: sonata form,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.215 song texts
================

-> *Note *lyrics*: lyrics..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: soprano,  Next: staccato,  Prev: song texts,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.216 soprano
=============

ES: soprano, I: soprano, F: soprano, D: Sopran, NL: sopraan, DK: sopran,
S: sopran, FI: sopraano, korkea naisääni.

   The highest female voice.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: staccato,  Next: staff,  Prev: soprano,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.217 staccato
==============

ES: staccato, I: staccato, F: staccato, piqué, détaché, D: Staccato,
NL: staccato, DK: staccato, S: staccato, FI: staccato, lyhyesti,
terävästi.

   Playing the note(s) short.  Staccato is indicated by a dot above or
below the note head.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: staff,  Next: staves,  Prev: staccato,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.218 staff
===========

ES: pentagrama, I: pentagramma, rigo (musicale), F: portée, D:
Notenzeile, NL: (noten)balk, partij, DK: nodesystem, S: notsystem, FI:
nuottiviivasto.

   A staff (pl. staves) is a series of (normally five) horizontal lines
upon and between which the musical notes are written, thus indicating
(in connection with a -> *Note *clef*: clef.) their pitch.  Staves for
-> *Note *percussion*: percussion. instruments may have fewer lines.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: staves,  Next: stem,  Prev: staff,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.219 staves
============

-> *Note *staff*: staff..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: stem,  Next: strings,  Prev: staves,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.220 stem
==========

ES: plica, I: gamba, F: queue, D: Hals, Notenhals, Stiel, NL: stok, DK:
hals, S: skaft, FI: nuottipalkki.

   Vertical line above or below a -> *Note *note_head*: note head.
shorter than a whole note.  -> *Note *beam*: beam..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: strings,  Next: strong beat,  Prev: stem,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.221 strings
=============

ES: arcos, cuerdas, I: archi, F: cordes, D: Streicher, NL: strijkers,
DK: strygere, S: stråkar, FI: jouset.

   A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow.  Strings
commonly used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello,
and double bass.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: strong beat,  Next: subdominant,  Prev: strings,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.222 strong beat
=================

ES: tiempo fuerte, I: tempo forte, F: temps fort, D: betonter Taktteil
oder Taktschlag, NL: thesis, D: betonet taktslag, S: betonat taktslag,
FI: tahdin vahva isku.

   -> *Note *beat*: beat., -> *Note *accent*: accent., -> *Note
*measure*: measure., -> *Note *rhythm*: rhythm..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: subdominant,  Next: submediant,  Prev: strong beat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.223 subdominant
=================

ES: subdominante, I: sottodominante, F: sous-dominante, D: Subdominante,
NL: subdominant, DK: subdominant, S: subdominant, FI: subdominantti,
alidominantti.

   The fourth -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree..  -> *Note
*functional harmony*: functional harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: submediant,  Next: subtonic,  Prev: subdominant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.224 submediant
================

ES: superdominante, I: sopratonica, F: sous-médiante, D: Submediante,
NL: submediant, DK: Submediant, S: submediant, FI: alikeskisävel.

   The sixth -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: subtonic,  Next: superdominant,  Prev: submediant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.225 subtonic
==============

ES: sensible, I: sottotonica, F: sous-tonique, D: Subtonika, NL:
subtonica, DK: Subtonika, S: subtonika, FI: subtoonika, alitoonika.

   The seventh -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: superdominant,  Next: supertonic,  Prev: subtonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.226 superdominant
===================

ES: superdominante, I: sopradominante, F: sus-dominante, D:
Superdominante, NL: superdominant, DK: superdominant, S: superdominant,
FI: ylidominantti.

   The sixth -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: supertonic,  Next: symphony,  Prev: superdominant,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.227 supertonic
================

ES: supertónica, I: sopratonica, F: sus-tonique, D: Supertonika, NL:
supertonica, DK: supertonika, S: supertonika, FI: ylitoonika.

   The second -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: symphony,  Next: syncopation,  Prev: supertonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.228 symphony
==============

ES: sinfonía, I: sinfonia, F: symphonie, D: Sinfonie, Symphonie, NL:
symfonie, DK: symfoni, S: symfoni, FI: sinfonia.

   A symphony may be defined as a -> *Note *sonata*: sonata. for
orchestra.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: syncopation,  Next: syntonic comma,  Prev: symphony,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.229 syncopation
=================

ES: sincopado, I: sincope, F: syncope, D: Synkope, NL: syncope, DK:
synkope, S: synkop, FI: synkooppi.

   Any deliberate upsetting of the normal pulse of -> *Note *meter*:
meter., -> *Note *accent*: accent., and -> *Note *rhythm*: rhythm..
The occidental system of musical rhythm rests upon the grouping of
equal beats into groups of two or three, with a regularly recurrent
accent on the first beat of each group.  Any deviation from this scheme
is felt as a disturbance or contradiction between the underlaying
(normal) pulse and the actual (abnormal) rhythm.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: syntonic comma,  Next: system,  Prev: syncopation,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.230 syntonic comma
====================

I: comma sintonico (o didimico), F: comma syntonique, D: syntonisches
Komma, NL: syntonische komma, DK: syntonisk komma, S: syntoniskt komma,
FI: syntoninen komma, terssien taajuusero luonnollisessa ja
Pytagorisessa viritysjärjestelmässä.

   Difference between the natural third and the third obtained by
Pythagorean tuning (-> *Note *Pythagorean comma*: Pythagorean comma.),
equal to 22 cents.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: system,  Next: temperament,  Prev: syntonic comma,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.231 system
============

I: accollatura, F: système, D: Notensystem, NL: systeem, DK: system,
S: system, FI: nuottijärjestelmä.

   The collection of staves -> *Note *staff*: staff., two or more, as
used for writing down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: temperament,  Next: tempo indication,  Prev: system,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.232 temperament
=================

ES: temperamento, I: temperamento, F: tempérament, D: Stimmung,
Temperatur, NL: stemming, temperatuur, DK: temperatur, S: temperatur,
FI: viritysjärjestelmä.

   Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the
acoustically pure intervals.  -> *Note *meantone temperament*: meantone
temperament., -> *Note *equal temperament*: equal temperament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tempo indication,  Next: tenor,  Prev: temperament,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.233 tempo indication
======================

ES: indicación de tempo, I: indicazione di tempo, F: indication de
temps, D: Zeitmaß, Tempobezeichnung, NL: tempo aanduiding, DK:
tempobetegelse, S: tempobeteckning, FI: tempomerkintä.

   The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging
from the slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as ->
*Note *largo*: largo., -> *Note *adagio*: adagio., -> *Note *andante*:
andante., -> *Note *allegro*: allegro., and -> *Note *presto*: presto..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tenor,  Next: tenth,  Prev: tempo indication,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.234 tenor
===========

ES: tenor, I: tenore, F: ténor, D: Tenor, NL: tenor, DK: tenor, S:
tenor, FI: tenori, korkea miesääni.

   The highest male voice (apart from -> *Note *counter tenor*: counter
tenor.).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tenth,  Next: tenuto,  Prev: tenor,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.235 tenth
===========

ES: décima, I: decima, F: dixième, D: Dezime, NL: deciem, DK: decim,
S: decima, FI: desimi.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tenuto,  Next: third,  Prev: tenth,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.236 tenuto
============

ES: tenuto, I: tenuto, F: tenue, tenuto, D: gehalten, tenuo, NL: tenuto,
DK: tenuto, S: tenuto, FI: viiva, tenuto.

   An indication that a particular note should be held for the whole
length, although this can vary depending on the composer and era.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: third,  Next: thirty-second note,  Prev: tenuto,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.237 third
===========

ES: tercera, I: terza, F: tierce, D: Terz, NL: terts, DK: terts, S:
ters, FI: terssi.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: thirty-second note,  Next: thirty-second rest,  Prev: third,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.238 thirty-second note
========================

ES: fusa, I: biscroma, F: triple croche, UK: demisemiquaver, D:
Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote, NL: twee-endertigste noot,
DK: toogtredivtedelsnode, S: trettiotvåondelsnot, FI:
kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosanuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: thirty-second rest,  Next: thorough bass,  Prev: thirty-second note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.239 thirty-second rest
========================

ES: silencio de fusa, I: pausa di biscroma, F: huitième de soupir, UK:
demisemiquaver rest, D: Zweiunddreissigstelpause, NL: 32e rust, DK:
toogtredivtedelspause, S: trettiotvåondelspaus, FI:
kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosatauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: thorough bass,  Next: tie,  Prev: thirty-second rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.240 thorough bass
===================

ES: bajo cifrado, I: basso continuo, basso numerato, F: basse chiffrée,
D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass, NL: basso continuo, becijferde bas
DK: generalbas, S: generalbas, FI: kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso.

   A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only,
together with figures designating the chief -> *Note *interval*:
interval.s and -> *Note *chord*: chord.s to be played above the bass
notes.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tie,  Next: time,  Prev: thorough bass,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.241 tie
=========

ES: ligadura de prolongación, I: legatura (di valore), F: liaison, D:
Haltebogen, NL: overbinding, bindingsboog, DK: bindebue, S: bindebåge,
överbindning, FI: sitominen.

   A curved line, identical in appearance with the -> *Note *slur*:
slur., which connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which
has the function of uniting them into a single sound (tone) equal to
the combined durations.

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: time,  Next: time signature,  Prev: tie,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.242 time
==========

-> *Note *meter*: meter..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: time signature,  Next: tone,  Prev: time,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.243 time signature
====================

ES: cifra indicadora de compás, I: segni di tempo, F: chiffrage
(chiffres indicateurs), signe de valeur, D: Taktangabe, Angabe der
Taktart, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktangivelse, S: taktartssignatur, FI:
tahtiosoitus.

   -> *Note *meter*: meter..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tone,  Next: tonic,  Prev: time signature,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.244 tone
==========

ES: sonido, I: suono, F: ton, D: Ton, NL: toon, DK: tone, S: ton, FI:
ääni.

   A sound of definite pitch and duration, as distinct from _noise_.
Tone is a primary building material of music.  Music from the 20th
century may be based on atonal sounds.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tonic,  Next: transposition,  Prev: tone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.245 tonic
===========

ES: tonica, I: tonica, F: tonique, D: Tonika, NL: tonica, DK: tonika,
S: tonika, FI: toonika.

   The first -> *Note *scale degree*: scale degree..  -> *Note
*functional harmony*: functional harmony..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: transposition,  Next: treble clef,  Prev: tonic,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.246 transposition
===================

ES: transposición, I: trasposizione, F: transposition, D:
Transposition, NL: transpositie, DK: transposition, S: transponering,
FI: transponointi.

   Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same
relative pitches.

[image of music]

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: treble clef,  Next: tremolo,  Prev: transposition,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.247 treble clef
=================

ES: clave de sol, I: chiave di violino, F: clé de sol, D:
Violinschlüssel, Sopranschlüssel, NL: viool sleutel,
DK: diskantnøgle, S: diskantklav, FI: diskanttiavain.

   -> *Note *G clef*: G clef..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tremolo,  Next: triad,  Prev: treble clef,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.248 tremolo
=============

ES: tremolo, I: tremolo, F: trémolo, D: Tremolo, NL: tremolo, DK:
tremolo, S: tremolo, FI: tremolo.

   On stringed instruments (-> *Note *strings*: strings.) the quick
reiteration of the same tone, produced by a rapid up-and-down movement
of the bow (a).  The term is also used for the rapid alternation (b)
between two notes of a -> *Note *chord*: chord., usually in the
distance of a third (-> *Note *interval*: interval.).

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: triad,  Next: trill,  Prev: tremolo,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.249 triad
===========

ES: tríada, I: triade, F: triade, accord parfait, accord de trois sons,
D: Dreiklang, NL: drieklank, DK: treklang, S: treklang, FI: kolmisointu.

   -> *Note *chord*: chord..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: trill,  Next: triple meter,  Prev: triad,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.250 trill
===========

ES: trino, I: trillo, F: trille, tremblement, battement (cadence), D:
Triller, NL: triller, DK: trille, S: drill, FI: trilli.

   -> *Note *ornament*: ornament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: triple meter,  Next: triplet,  Prev: trill,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.251 triple meter
==================

ES: compás compuesto, I: tempo ternario, F: mesure ternaire, D: in
drei, NL: driedelige maatsoort, DK: tredelt takt, S: tretakt, FI:
kolmijakoinen.

   -> *Note *meter*: meter..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: triplet,  Next: tritone,  Prev: triple meter,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.252 triplet
=============

ES: tresillo, I: terzina, F: triolet, D: Triole, NL: triool, DK: triol,
S: triol, FI: trioli.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tritone,  Next: tuning fork,  Prev: triplet,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.253 tritone
=============

ES: trítono, I: tritono, F: triton, D: Tritonus, NL: tritoon, DK:
tritonus, S: tritonus, FI: tritonus.

   -> *Note *interval*: interval..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: tuning fork,  Next: turn,  Prev: tritone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.254 tuning fork
=================

ES: diapasón, I: diapason, corista, F: diapason, D: Stimmgabel, NL:
stemvork, DK: stemmegaffel, S: stämgaffel, FI: viritysavain.

   A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate absolute pitch.
Tuning forks give the international pitch for the tone _a_ (440
vibrations per second).


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: turn,  Next: unison,  Prev: tuning fork,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.255 turn
==========

ES: grupo, I: gruppetto, F: grupetto, D: Doppelschlag, NL: dubbelslag,
DK: dobbeltslag, S: dubbelslag, FI: korukuvio.

   -> *Note *ornament*: ornament..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: unison,  Next: upbeat,  Prev: turn,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.256 unison
============

ES: unísono, I: unisono, F: unisson, D: unisono, NL: unisono, DK:
unison, S: unison, FI: unisono, yksiäänisesti.

   Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments
(voices) or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same
pitch or in a different octave.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: upbeat,  Next: voice,  Prev: unison,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.257 upbeat
============

ES: entrada anacrúsica, I: anacrusi, F: anacrouse, levée, D: Auftakt,
NL: opmaat, DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti.

   Initial note(s) of a melody occurring before the first bar line.  ->
*Note *measure*: measure., -> *Note *meter*: meter..

[image of music]


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: voice,  Next: weak beat,  Prev: upbeat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.258 voice
===========

ES: voz, I: voce, F: voix, D: Stimme, NL: stem, DK: stemme, S: stämma,
FI: ääni, lauluääni.

   1. Human voices: -> *Note *soprano*: soprano., -> *Note
*mezzo-soprano*: mezzo-soprano., -> *Note *contralto*: contralto., ->
*Note *tenor*: tenor., -> *Note *baritone*: baritone., -> *Note *bass*:
bass..  2. A melodic layer or part of a polyphonic composition.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: weak beat,  Next: whole note,  Prev: voice,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.259 weak beat
===============

ES: tiempo débil, I: tempo debole, arsi, F: temps faible, D:
unbetonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag, NL: arsis, DK: ubetonet taktslag,
S: obetonat taktslag, FI: tahdin heikko isku.

   -> *Note *beat*: beat., -> *Note *measure*: measure., -> *Note
*rhythm*: rhythm..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: whole note,  Next: whole rest,  Prev: weak beat,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.260 whole note
================

ES: redonda, I: semibreve, F: ronde, UK: semibreve, D: Ganze, ganze
Note, NL: hele noot, DK: helnode, S: helnot, FI: kokonuotti.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: whole rest,  Next: whole tone,  Prev: whole note,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.261 whole rest
================

ES: silencio de redonda, I: pausa di semibreve, F: pause, UK: semibreve
rest, D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause, NL: hele rust, DK:
helnodespause, S: helpaus, FI: kokotauko.

   -> *Note *note_value*: note value..


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: whole tone,  Next: woodwind,  Prev: whole rest,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.262 whole tone
================

ES: tono, I: tono intero, F: ton entier, D: Ganzton, NL: hele toon, DK:
heltone, S: helton, FI: kokoaskel.

   The -> *Note *interval*: interval. of a major second.  The interval
between two tones on the piano keyboard with exactly one key between
them - including black and white keys - is a whole tone.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: woodwind,  Prev: whole tone,  Up: Musical terms A-Z

1.263 woodwind
==============

ES: maderas, I: legni, F: les bois, D: Holzbläser, NL: houtblazers, DK
træblæsere, S: träblåsare, FI: puupuhaltimet.

   A family of blown wooden musical instruments.  Today some of these
instruments are actually made from metal.  The woodwind instruments
commonly used in a symphony orchestra are flute, oboe, clarinet,
saxophone, and bassoon.


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Duration names notes and rests,  Next: Pitch names,  Prev: Musical terms A-Z,  Up: Top

2 Duration names, notes and rests
*********************************

`DURATION NAMES, NOTES AND RESTS'

            *UK*                *I*                      *F (note name /
                                                         rest name)*
            *D*                 *NL*                     *DK*
            *S*                 *FI*                     *ES*

*longa*     longa               longa                    longa
            Longa               longa                    longa
            longa               longa                    longa

*breve*     breve               breve                    brève /
                                                         double-pause
            Brevis              brevis                   brevis
            brevis              brevis                   breve

*whole*     semibreve           semibreve                ronde / pause
            Ganze               hele                     hel
            hel                 kokonuotti/-tauko        redonda

*half*      minim               minima                   blanche /
                                                         demi-pause
            Halbe               halve                    halv
            halv                puolinuotti/-tauko       blanca

*quarter*   crotchet            semiminima               noire / soupir
            Viertel             kwart                    fjerdedel
            fjärdedel          neljännesosanuotti/-taukonegra

*eighth*    quaver              croma                    croche / semi-pause
            Achtel              achtste                  ottendedel
            åttondel           kahdeksasosanuotti/-taukocorchea

*sixteenth* semiquaver          semicroma                double croche /
                                                         quart de soupir
            Sechzehntel         zestiende                sekstendedel
            sextondel           kuudestoistaosanuotti/-taukosemicorchea

*thirty-second*demisemiquaver      biscroma                 triple croche /
                                                         huitième de soupir
            Zweiunddreissigstel tweeendertigste          toogtredivtedel
            trettiotvåondel    kolmaskymmeneskahdesosanuotti/-taukofusa

*sixty-fourth*hemidemisemiquaver  semibiscroma             quadruple croche /
                                                         seizième de soupir
            Vierundsechzigstel  vierenzestigste          fireogtredsindstyvendedel
            sextiofjärdedel    kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuotti/-taukosemifusa


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Pitch names,  Next: Literature used,  Prev: Duration names notes and rests,  Up: Top

3 Pitch names
*************

`PITCH NAMES'

         *ES*       *I*        *F*      *D*     *NL*    *DK*    *S*     *FI*

*c*      do         do         ut       C       c       c       c       c

*c-sharp*do diesis  do diesis  ut        Cis    cis      cis    cis     cis
                               dièse                                   

*d-flat* re         re         ré       Des    des      des    des     des
         bemolle    bemolle    bémol                                   

*d*      re         re         ré      D       d       d       d       d

*e*      mi         mi         mi       E       e       e       e       e

*f*      fa         fa         fa       F       f       f       f       f

*g*      sol        sol        sol      G       g       g       g       g

*a-flat* la bemol   la         la       As      as      as      as      as
                    bemolle    bémol                                   

*a*      la         la         la       A       a       a       a       a

*a-sharp*la         la diesis  la        Ais    ais      ais    ais     ais
         sostenido             dièse                                   

*b-flat* si bemol   si         si       B       bes     b       b       b
                    bemolle    bémol                                   

*b*      si         si         si       H       b       h       h       h


File: music-glossary.info,  Node: Literature used,  Prev: Pitch names,  Up: Top

Literature used
***************

   * The Harvard Dictionary of Music, London 1944.  Many more or less
     literal quotes from its articles have been included into the item
     explanation texts.

   * Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929.

   * Polyglottes Wörterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie, Kassel
     1980.

   * Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third
     Edition 1974.

   * Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield 1913.



Local Variables:
coding: utf-8
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