<!-- ==================== GRAMMAR_USAGE Pat Costello wrote this section ================ -->
<chapter id="grammar"> 
  <title>Grammar and Usage Guidelines</title> 
  <para> This chapter contains an alphabetical list of grammar and usage
	 guidelines for use in GNOME documentation. Many of these guidelines are only
	 applicable to English-language usage, see the 
	 <ulink url="http://www.bartleby.com/61/"> 
		<citetitle>American Heritage Dictionary </citetitle></ulink> and the 
	 <ulink
	  url="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/cmosfaq.html"> 
		<citetitle>Chicago Manual of Style</citetitle></ulink>. </para> 
  <variablelist> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Abbreviations</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2" align="left"><colspec colname="col1"
				colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*"
				align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> A shortened form of a word or phrase that takes the
						  place of the full word or phrase, for example Dr., a.m., p.m., and so on.
						  </para> 
						<para> Apply the following rules when you use abbreviations:
						  </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Avoid creating new abbreviations. Unfamiliar
								abbreviations can confuse rather than clarify a concept. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not explain or expand familiar abbreviations.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not include familiar abbreviations in the
								glossary of your manual. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Adjectives</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" colsep="0" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" valign="top" align="left"> 
						<para> Use adjectives with caution. If an adjective is
						  necessary to differentiate between items, then use adjectives. In all cases,
						  test whether the phrase can stand alone without the adjective. </para> </entry>
					 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Acronyms</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> A term that represents a multi-word term. Typically,
						  acronyms are formed in the following ways: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> From the first letters of each word in a compound
								term, for example Table of Contents (TOC). </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> From recognizable parts of a compound term, such
								as GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME). </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist> 
						<para> Apply the following rules when you use acronyms:
						  </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> On the first occurrence of an acronym, spell out
								the full term, with the acronym in parentheses. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not spell out the full compound for well-known
								acronyms, unless you think the information is useful for readers. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Avoid creating new acronyms. Unfamiliar acronyms
								can confuse rather than clarify a concept. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Write the acronym in uppercase letters, unless
								there is a compelling case for lowercase. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Include the acronym and the full term in the
								glossary of your manual. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Adverbs</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" colsep="0" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" valign="top" align="left"> 
						<para> Use adverbs with caution. If an adverb is necessary to
						  qualify the function of a component, then use an adverb. In all cases, test
						  whether the phrase can stand alone without the adverb. Classic superfluous
						  adverbs are: <emphasis>simply, easily, quickly</emphasis>. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Anthropomorphism</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not apply emotions, desires, or opinions to
								software applications. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not apply a sense of location or dimension to a
								software application. You can not be <emphasis>in</emphasis> a text editor.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Apostrophe</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use apostrophes to denote possession.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use apostrophes to denote contractions.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use apostrophes to denote plurals. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Articles</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use the definite article
						  <emphasis>the</emphasis> to begin any of the following items: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Manual titles </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Chapter titles </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Headings </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Figure captions </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Table captions </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Callouts </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Brackets</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use brackets [such as these] as a
								substitute for parentheses (such as these). </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use brackets for optional command line entries.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use angle brackets to indicate variables in
								text, instead use the <emphasis>replaceable</emphasis> tag. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Capitalization</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> Capitalize in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> All letters in acronyms, unless the acronym is a
								well-known exception</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial letter of the first word in a list</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial letter of the first word in a
								callout</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial letter of a key name, such as the 
								<keycap>Shift</keycap> key</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial letter of a sentence. Avoid starting a
								sentence with a command name or application name that has a lowercase initial
								letter</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial letter of a complete sentence after a
								colon</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist> 
						<para> Do not capitalize in the following situations: </para>
						
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> A compound term that is followed by an
								abbreviation or an acronym</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> When you want to emphasize something</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Variable names</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> The initial letter of the first word following a
								colon, if the word is part of an incomplete sentence</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Captions</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" colsep="0" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" colsep="0" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" valign="top" align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use the same rules as for headings, for all
								captions accompanying figures and tables.</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not put a period at the end of a
								caption.</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Colon</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> Use a colon in the following situations: 
						  <itemizedlist> 
							 <listitem> 
								<para> To introduce a list </para> 
							 </listitem> 
							 <listitem> 
								<para> Before an explanation </para> 
							 </listitem> 
							 <listitem> 
								<para> After an introduction </para> 
							 </listitem> 
						  </itemizedlist> </para> 
						<para> Do not use a colon in the following situations: 
						  <itemizedlist> 
							 <listitem> 
								<para> To introduce a figure or a table </para> 
							 </listitem> 
							 <listitem> 
								<para> To introduce headings </para> 
							 </listitem> 
							 <listitem> 
								<para> At the end of an introduction to a procedure
								  </para> 
							 </listitem> 
						  </itemizedlist> </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Column headings</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" colsep="0" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" colsep="0" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" valign="top" align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use the same rules as for headings. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Comma</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2">
				<colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" align="left"/>
				<colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> Use commas in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To separate items in a series </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To separate the parts of a sentence </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To separate nonrestrictive phrases </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Instead of dashes to set off appositives </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With <emphasis>for example</emphasis> and similar
								expressions </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist> 
						<para> Do not use commas in the following situations: </para>
						
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> In a series of adjectives used as one modifier
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Between two short independent clauses </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Commands</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use commands as verbs. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Contractions</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					  align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					  align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use contractions such as
						  <emphasis>can't</emphasis>, <emphasis>don't</emphasis>, or
						  <emphasis>isn't</emphasis>. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Dash</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use the em dash or the en dash. Use a paragraph
						  break or a colon instead, where you want to create an introductory piece of
						  text. If you have several items that you want to introduce, then you can use a
						  variable list. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Ellipsis</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use an ellipsis in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To show that you have omitted something from a
								sentence </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To indicate a pause when you quote displayed text
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Fractions</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use numerals for fractions in tables and in units
								of measurement, but spell out fractions in prose. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use a space between a numeral and a related
								fraction, if there is a possible ambiguity. For example: 1 1/2 instead of 11/2.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> If a fraction is used in a compound modifier,
								insert a hyphen between the fraction and the unit of measurement. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Gender</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> See <xref linkend="fundamentals-9"/>. </para> </entry>
					 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Grammar</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"/><colspec
				colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0"> 
						<para> Use standard American English grammar rules, see the 
						  <ulink
						  url="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/cmosfaq.html"> 
							 <citetitle>Chicago Manual of
								Style</citetitle></ulink>.</para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Headings</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use the following capitalization rules in headings:
						  </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial uppercase letter for the first word and the last word, regardless of part of
speech </para> 
						  </listitem>
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial uppercase letter for all nouns, adjectives, and verbs </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial uppercase letter for conjunctions of four
								letters or longer </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial uppercase letter for prepositions of four
								letters or longer </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Initial uppercase letter for prepositions that are part of a 
								phrasal verb </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> All lowercase letters for conjunctions, articles,
								and prepositions of less than four letters </para> 
						  </listitem> 


						</itemizedlist> 
						<para> See <xref linkend="infodesign-2"/> for more
						  information about headings. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Hyphen</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use hyphens in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With a numeral in a compound modifier </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To prevent ambiguity </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With some standard prefixes and suffixes. Use the 
								<ulink url="http://www.bartleby.com/61/"> 
								  <citetitle>American Heritage
									 Dictionary</citetitle></ulink> for guidance </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> In spelled-out fractions </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> In variable names of two or more words, such as 
								<replaceable> directory-name</replaceable>. Note: 
								<replaceable>filename</replaceable> is an exception.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist> 
						<para> Do not use hyphens in the following situations:
						  </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> For industry-accepted terms </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To construct verbs </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With an adverb ending in <emphasis>ly</emphasis>
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With numerals as single modifiers </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With a word that is listed as unhyphenated in the 
								<ulink url="http://www.bartleby.com/61/"> 
								  <citetitle>American Heritage
									 Dictionary</citetitle></ulink>, and that uses a common prefix </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> With trademarked terms </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Latin terms</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use Latin terms. Use an equivalent English term
						  instead. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Like</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use the term <emphasis>like</emphasis> to
						  denote equivalence or similarity. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Lists</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Introduce a list with a complete sentence that ends
						  with a colon. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Numbers</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Spell out numbers in the following situations: </para>
						
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Numbers from zero through nine unless the number
								is part of a measurement. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Approximations. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Extreme values such as
								<emphasis>million</emphasis>, but precede the value with a numeral </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Any number that begins a sentence </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> A number that is immediately followed by a
								numeral, for example: two 10 MB files </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Numerals</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use numerals in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> The number 10 or greater </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Negative numbers </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Most fractions </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Percentages </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Decimals </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Measurements </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Units of time smaller than one second </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> References to bits and bytes </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Parentheses</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use parentheses in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To contain the abbreviation of a term on the first
								occurrence of the full term </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> In man page references, specifically the section
								number </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Period</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use a period in the following situations: </para> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> To end a sentence </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> In file and directory names </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> In abbreviations that can be mistaken for words,
								such as a.m. and U.S. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Punctuation</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use standard American English punctuation rules. In
						  addition to the specific points of punctuation in this section, see also the 
						  <ulink
						  url="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/cmosfaq.html"> 
							 <citetitle>Chicago Manual of Style</citetitle></ulink>.
						  </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Punctuation in numbers</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use a comma in numerals of four digits.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use a comma in numerals of more than four digits.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Quotation marks</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use quotation marks to indicate material that is
								taken verbatim from another source. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Do not use quotation marks to excuse terms from
								legitimacy. If the term is not legitimate, then use another term. If you must
								use that term, declare the term in the glossary and make the term legitimate.
								</para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Semicolon</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Do not use semicolons. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Spelling</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<para> Use standard American English spelling rules, see the 
						  <ulink url="http://www.bartleby.com/61/"> 
							 <citetitle>American Heritage
								Dictionary</citetitle></ulink> for guidelines. </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Titles</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*" colsep="0"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" colsep="0"
				align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" valign="top" align="left"> 
						<para> For manual titles use the same rules as for headings.
						  </para> </entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
	 <varlistentry> 
		<term>Units</term> 
		<listitem> 
		  <informaltable frame="none"> 
			 <tgroup cols="2"><colspec colname="col1" colwidth="0.32*"
				align="left"/><colspec colname="col2" colwidth="1.68*" align="left"/> 
				<tbody> 
				  <row valign="top"> 
					 <entry colname="col1" colsep="0" rowsep="0"
					 align="left" valign="top"> 
						<para> Rules: </para> </entry> 
					 <entry colname="col2" colsep="0" rowsep="0" valign="top"
					 align="left"> 
						<itemizedlist> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use standard abbreviations for units of
								measurements, do not invent your own abbreviations. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> See <xref linkend="units"/> for a list of units
								relevant to the GNOME Desktop. For further guidelines, see the 
								<citetitle>IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and
								  Electronics Terms</citetitle>. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Use periods for abbreviated units that might be
								mistaken for a word. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Most standard abbreviations of units account for
								both singular and plural usage. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						  <listitem> 
							 <para> Insert a space between the numeral and the unit of
								measurement. </para> 
						  </listitem> 
						</itemizedlist></entry> 
				  </row> 
				</tbody> 
			 </tgroup> 
		  </informaltable> 
		</listitem> 
	 </varlistentry> 
  </variablelist> 
</chapter> 
