# Writing Clients

## Overview

Twisted is a framework designed to be very flexible, and let you write powerful clients. The cost of this flexibility is a few layers in the way to writing your client. This document covers creating clients that can be used for TCP, SSL and Unix sockets, UDP is covered in a different document.

At the base, the place where you actually implement the protocol parsing and handling, is the Protocol class. This class will usually be decended from `twisted.internet.protocol.Protocol`. Most protocol handlers inherit either from this class or from one of its convenience children. An instance of the protocol class will be instantiated when you connect to the server, and will go away when the connection is finished. This means that persistent configuration is not saved in the Protocol.

The persistent configuration is kept in a Factory class, which usually inherits from `twisted.internet.protocol.ClientFactory`. The default factory class just instantiate the Protocol, and then sets on it an attribute called `factory` which points to itself. This let the Protocol access, and possibly modify, the persistent configuration.

## Protocol

As mentioned above, this, and auxiliary classes and functions, is where most of the code is. A Twisted protocol handles data in an asynchronous manner. What this means is that the protocol never waits for an event, but rather responds to events as they arrive from the network.

Here is a simple example:

    from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol
    from sys import stdout

    class Echo(Protocol):
        def dataReceived(self, data):
            stdout.write(data)

This is one of the simplest protocols. It simply writes to standard output whatever it reads from the connection. There are many events it does not respond to. Here is an example of a Protocol responding to another event.

    from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol

    class WelcomeMessage(Protocol):
        def connectionMade(self):
            self.transport.write("Hello server, I am the client!\r\n")
            self.transport.loseConnection()

This protocol connects to the server, sends it a welcome message, and then terminates the connection.

The connectionMade event is usually where set up of the Protocol object happens, as well as any initial greetings (as in the WelcomeMessage protocol above). Any tearing down of Protocol-specific objects is done in connectionLost.

## Simple, single-use clients

In many cases, the protocol only needs to connect to the server once, and the code just wants to get a connected instance of the protocol. In those cases `twisted.internet.protocol.ClientCreator` provides the appropriate API.

    from twisted.internet import reactor
    from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ClientCreator

    class Greeter(Protocol):
        def sendMessage(self, msg):
            self.transport.write("MESSAGE %s\n" % msg)

    def gotProtocol(p):
        p.sendMessage("Hello")
        reactor.callLater(1, p.sendMessage, "This is sent in a second")
        reactor.callLater(2, p.transport.loseConnection)

    c = ClientCreator(reactor, Greeter)
    c.connectTCP("localhost", 1234).addCallback(gotProtocol)

## ClientFactory

We use reactor.connect* and a ClientFactory. The ClientFactory is in charge of creating the Protocol, and also receives events relating to the connection state. This allows it to do things like reconnect on the event of a connection error. Here is an example of a simple ClientFactory that uses the Echo protocol (above) and also prints what state the connection is in.

    from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ClientFactory
    from sys import stdout

    class Echo(Protocol):
        def dataReceived(self, data):
            stdout.write(data)

    class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory):
        def startedConnecting(self, connector):
            print 'Started to connect.'

        def buildProtocol(self, addr):
            print 'Connected.'
            return Echo()

        def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
            print 'Lost connection.  Reason:', reason

        def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):
            print 'Connection failed. Reason:', reason

To connect this EchoClientFactory to a server, you could use this code:

    from twisted.internet import reactor
    reactor.connectTCP(host, port, EchoClientFactory())
    reactor.run()

Note that `clientConnectionFailed` is called when a connection could not be established, and that `clientConnectionLost` is called when a connection was made and then disconnected.

### Reconnection

Many times, the connection of a client will be lost unintentionally due to network errors. One way to reconnect after a disconnection would be to call `connector.connect()` when the connection is lost:

    from twisted.internet.protocol import ClientFactory

    class EchoClientFactory(ClientFactory):
        def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
            connector.connect()

The connector passed as the first argument is the interface between a connection and a protocol. When the connection fails and the factory receives the clientConnectionLost event, the factory can call `connector.connect()` to start the connection over again from scratch.

However, most programs that want this functionality should implement `ReconnectingClientFactory` instead, which tries to reconnect if a connection is lost or fails, and which exponentially delays repeated reconnect attempts.

Here is the Echo protocol implemented with a ReconnectingClientFactory:

    from twisted.internet.protocol import Protocol, ReconnectingClientFactory
    from sys import stdout

    class Echo(Protocol):
        def dataReceived(self, data):
            stdout.write(data)

    class EchoClientFactory(ReconnectingClientFactory):
        def startedConnecting(self, connector):
            print 'Started to connect.'

        def buildProtocol(self, addr):
            print 'Connected.'
            print 'Resetting reconnection delay'
            self.resetDelay()
            return Echo()

        def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
            print 'Lost connection.  Reason:', reason
            ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason)

        def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):
            print 'Connection failed. Reason:', reason
            ReconnectingClientFactory.clientConnectionFailed(self, connector,
                                                             reason)

## A Higher-Level Example: ircLogBot

### Overview of ircLogBot

The clients so far have been fairly simple. A more complicated example comes with Twisted Words in the doc/examples directory.

    # twisted imports
    from twisted.words.protocols import irc
    from twisted.internet import reactor, protocol
    from twisted.python import log

    # system imports
    import time, sys

    class MessageLogger:
        """
        An independent logger class (because separation of application
        and protocol logic is a good thing).
        """
        def __init__(self, file):
            self.file = file

        def log(self, message):
            """Write a message to the file."""
            timestamp = time.strftime("[%H:%M:%S]", time.localtime(time.time()))
            self.file.write('%s %s\n' % (timestamp, message))
            self.file.flush()

        def close(self):
            self.file.close()

    class LogBot(irc.IRCClient):
        """A logging IRC bot."""

        nickname = "twistedbot"

        def connectionMade(self):
            irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self)
            self.logger = MessageLogger(open(self.factory.filename, "a"))
            self.logger.log("[connected at %s]" %
                            time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time())))

        def connectionLost(self, reason):
            irc.IRCClient.connectionLost(self, reason)
            self.logger.log("[disconnected at %s]" %
                            time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time())))
            self.logger.close()

        # callbacks for events

        def signedOn(self):
            """Called when bot has succesfully signed on to server."""
            self.join(self.factory.channel)

        def joined(self, channel):
            """This will get called when the bot joins the channel."""
            self.logger.log("[I have joined %s]" % channel)

        def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg):
            """This will get called when the bot receives a message."""
            user = user.split('!', 1)[0]
            self.logger.log("<%s> %s" % (user, msg))

            # Check to see if they're sending me a private message
            if channel == self.nickname:
                msg = "It isn't nice to whisper!  Play nice with the group."
                self.msg(user, msg)
                return

            # Otherwise check to see if it is a message directed at me
            if msg.startswith(self.nickname + ":"):
                msg = "%s: I am a log bot" % user
                self.msg(channel, msg)
                self.logger.log("<%s> %s" % (self.nickname, msg))

        def action(self, user, channel, msg):
            """This will get called when the bot sees someone do an action."""
            user = user.split('!', 1)[0]
            self.logger.log("* %s %s" % (user, msg))

        # irc callbacks

        def irc_NICK(self, prefix, params):
            """Called when an IRC user changes their nickname."""
            old_nick = prefix.split('!')[0]
            new_nick = params[0]
            self.logger.log("%s is now known as %s" % (old_nick, new_nick))

    class LogBotFactory(protocol.ClientFactory):
        """A factory for LogBots.

        A new protocol instance will be created each time we connect to the server.
        """

        # the class of the protocol to build when new connection is made
        protocol = LogBot

        def __init__(self, channel, filename):
            self.channel = channel
            self.filename = filename

        def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
            """If we get disconnected, reconnect to server."""
            connector.connect()

        def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):
            print "connection failed:", reason
            reactor.stop()

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        # initialize logging
        log.startLogging(sys.stdout)

        # create factory protocol and application
        f = LogBotFactory(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])

        # connect factory to this host and port
        reactor.connectTCP("irc.freenode.net", 6667, f)

        # run bot
        reactor.run()

Source listing - ../../words/examples/ircLogBot.py

ircLogBot.py connects to an IRC server, joins a channel, and logs all traffic on it to a file. It demonstrates some of the connection-level logic of reconnecting on a lost connection, as well as storing persistent data in the Factory.

### Persistent Data in the Factory

Since the Protocol instance is recreated each time the connection is made, the client needs some way to keep track of data that should be persisted. In the case of the logging bot, it needs to know which channel it is logging, and where to log it to.

    from twisted.internet import protocol
    from twisted.protocols import irc

    class LogBot(irc.IRCClient):

        def connectionMade(self):
            irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self)
            self.logger = MessageLogger(open(self.factory.filename, "a"))
            self.logger.log("[connected at %s]" %
                            time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time())))

        def signedOn(self):
            self.join(self.factory.channel)

    class LogBotFactory(protocol.ClientFactory):

        protocol = LogBot

        def __init__(self, channel, filename):
            self.channel = channel
            self.filename = filename

When the protocol is created, it gets a reference to the factory as self.factory. It can then access attributes of the factory in its logic. In the case of LogBot, it opens the file and connects to the channel stored in the factory.

## Further Reading

The `Protocol` class used throughout this document is a base implementation of `IProtocol` used in most Twisted applications for convenience. To learn about the complete`IProtocol` interface, see the API documentation for `IProtocol`.

The `transport` attribute used in some examples in this document provides the `ITCPTransport` interface. To learn about the complete interface, see the API documentation for `ITCPTransport`.

Interface classes are a way of specifying what methods and attributes an object has and how they behave. See the Components: Interfaces and Adapters document.

Index

Version: 8.1.0