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<!ENTITY gnomeversion "2.14">
<!ENTITY manrevision "2.14.0">
<!ENTITY date "February 2006">
<!ENTITY LEGAL SYSTEM "legal.xml">
<!ENTITY dtconfig SYSTEM "dtconfig.xml">
<!ENTITY keynav SYSTEM "keynav.xml">
<!ENTITY themes SYSTEM "themes.xml">
<!ENTITY preface SYSTEM "preface.xml">
<!ENTITY accessintro SYSTEM "accessintro.xml">
<!ENTITY sysadmin SYSTEM "sysadmin.xml">
<!ENTITY ats SYSTEM "ats.xml">
<!ENTITY author1 "Sun">
<!ENTITY author2 "Java Desktop System Documentation Team">
]>
<book id="index" lang="en_GB"> 
  <title>GNOME 2.14 Desktop Accessibility Guide</title> 
  <bookinfo> 
    <abstract role="description">
    <para>The GNOME Accessibility Guide is for users, system administrators, and anyone who is interested in how the GNOME Desktop supports people with disabilities and addresses the requirements of Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act.</para>
    </abstract>
	 <copyright> 
           <year>2006</year>
           <holder>Don Scorgie</holder>
	 </copyright>
	 <copyright> 
           <year>2006</year>
           <holder>Brent Smith</holder>
	 </copyright>
	 <copyright> 
		<year>2005</year>
		<year>2004</year>
		<year>2003</year>
		<year>2002</year>
		<holder>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</holder> 
	 </copyright><copyright><year>2007</year><holder>David Lodge (dave@cirt.net)</holder></copyright>

<!--  translators: uncomment this:
  <copyright>
   <year>2002</year>
   <holder>ME-THE-TRANSLATOR (Latin translation)</holder>
  </copyright>
-->
	 <publisher role="maintainer"> 
		<publishername>GNOME Documentation Project</publishername> 
	 </publisher>   <legalnotice id="legalnotice">
	<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation Licence (GFDL), Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. You can find a copy of the GFDL at this <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:fdl">link</ulink> or in the file COPYING-DOCS distributed with this manual.</para>
         <para>This manual is part of a collection of GNOME manuals distributed under the GFDL. If you want to distribute this manual separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the licence to the manual, as described in section 6 of the licence.</para>

	<para>Many of the names used by companies to distinguish their products and services are claimed as trademarks. Where those names appear in any GNOME documentation, and the members of the GNOME Documentation Project are made aware of those trademarks, then the names are in capital letters or initial capital letters.</para>

	<para>DOCUMENT AND MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THE DOCUMENT ARE PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THE GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENCE WITH THE FURTHER UNDERSTANDING THAT: <orderedlist>
		<listitem>
		  <para>DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES THAT THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS FREE OF DEFECTS MERCHANTABLE, FIT FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGING. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY, ACCURACY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS WITH YOU. SHOULD ANY DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION PROVE DEFECTIVE IN ANY RESPECT, YOU (NOT THE INITIAL WRITER, AUTHOR OR ANY CONTRIBUTOR) ASSUME THE COST OF ANY NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. THIS DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY CONSTITUTES AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THIS LICENCE. NO USE OF ANY DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT IS AUTHORISED HEREUNDER EXCEPT UNDER THIS DISCLAIMER; AND</para>
		</listitem>
		<listitem>
		  <para>UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL THEORY, WHETHER IN TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), CONTRACT OR OTHERWISE, SHALL THE AUTHOR, INITIAL WRITER, ANY CONTRIBUTOR OR ANY DISTRIBUTOR OF THE DOCUMENT OR MODIFIED VERSION OF THE DOCUMENT OR ANY SUPPLIER OF ANY OF SUCH PARTIES, BE LIABLE TO ANY PERSON FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY CHARACTER INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF GOODWILL, WORK STOPPAGE, COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION, OR ANY AND ALL OTHER DAMAGES OR LOSSES ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO USE OF THE DOCUMENT AND MODIFIED VERSIONS OF THE DOCUMENT, EVEN IF SUCH PARTY SHALL HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.</para>
		</listitem>
	  </orderedlist></para>
  </legalnotice>

 

	 <authorgroup> 
                <author>
                  <firstname>Don</firstname>
                  <surname>Scorgie</surname>
                  <affiliation>
                    <orgname>GNOME Documentation Project</orgname>
                  </affiliation>
                </author>
                <author>
                  <firstname>Brent</firstname>
                  <surname>Smith</surname>
                  <affiliation>
                    <orgname>GNOME Documentation Project</orgname>
                  </affiliation>
                </author>
		<author> 
		  <firstname>Sun</firstname> 
		  <surname>Java Desktop System Documentation Team</surname> 
		  <affiliation> 
			 <orgname>Sun Microsystems, Inc.</orgname>  
		  </affiliation> 
		</author> 
	 </authorgroup>

	 <revhistory>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.14 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.14.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>February 2006</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.10 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.10.1</revnumber> 
		  <date>July 2005</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Java Desktop System Documentation Team</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.10 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.10.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>March 2005</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Java Desktop System Documentation Team</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.8 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.8.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>September 2004</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Java Desktop System Documentation Team</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.6 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.6.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>March 2004</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.4 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.4.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>October 2003</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
	   <revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.2 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.2.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>February 2003</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
		<revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.0 Desktop for the Solaris Operating Environment Accessibility Guide V2.1</revnumber> 
		  <date>January 2003</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>
		<revision> 
		  <revnumber>GNOME 2.0 Desktop for the Solaris Operating Environment Accessibility Guide V2.0</revnumber> 
		  <date>December 2002</date> 
		  <revdescription> 
			 <para role="author">Sun Microsystems</para> 
			 <para role="publisher">GNOME Documentation Project</para> 
		  </revdescription> 
		</revision>  
	 </revhistory> 
	 <releaseinfo>This manual describes version 2.14 of the GNOME Desktop.</releaseinfo> 
	 <legalnotice> 
		<title>Feedback</title> 
		<para>To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the GNOME Desktop or this manual, follow the directions in the <ulink url="ghelp:gnome-feedback" type="help">GNOME Feedback Page</ulink>.</para>
	 </legalnotice> 
  </bookinfo>
<preface id="preface-0">
  <title>Preface</title>
  <para>The <citetitle>GNOME 2.14.0 Desktop Accessibility Guide</citetitle> describes how to configure, customise, and use the accessibility features of the GNOME 2.14.0 Desktop.</para>
  <sect1 id="preface-1">
    <title>Who Should Read This Guide</title>
    <para>This guide is for users, system administrators, and anyone who is interested in how the GNOME 2.14 Desktop supports people with disabilities and addresses the requirements of Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act.</para>
  </sect1>
  <sect1 id="preface-2">
    <title>How This Guide Is Organised</title>
    <para>This guide is structured in the following manner:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><xref linkend="accessintro-1"/> introduces you to accessibility in the GNOME Desktop.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><xref linkend="dtconfig-0"/> describes how to configure the mouse and keyboard to make these devices accessible to more users.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><xref linkend="keynav-0"/> describes how to navigate the GNOME Desktop from the keyboard.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><xref linkend="themes-0"/> describes the methods you can use to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual impairments.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><xref linkend="ats-0"/> introduces you to the assistive technologies that are available from the GNOME Desktop.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><xref linkend="sysadmin-0"/> describes the system administrator tasks that you need to perform before you can use the assistive technologies for the GNOME Desktop.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>
  <sect1 id="preface-3">
    <title>Related Documentation</title>
    <para>The following manuals are related to this guide:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <citetitle>GNOME 2.14.0 Desktop System Administration Guide</citetitle>
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <citetitle>GNOME 2.14.0 Desktop User Guide</citetitle>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </sect1>
</preface>

<chapter id="accessintro-1">
<title>Introduction to Accessibility</title>
<para>This chapter introduces you to accessibility in the GNOME Desktop.</para>
<sect1 id="accessintro-2">
<title>Overview of Accessibility</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Section 508</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>All software products should incorporate accessibility features to enable people with disabilities to use the software easily and efficiently. Recent legislation such as Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act heightens awareness of the need to provide accessible software.</para>
<para>The GNOME Desktop is easy to use and incorporates many accessibility features. Every supported application and utility in the GNOME Desktop is designed with accessibility and usability in mind. Users with physical disabilities such as low vision or impaired motor skills can use all of the functionality of the GNOME Desktop thanks to the customisation tools that are available. The customisation tools enable you to customise the appearance and behavior of the desktop.</para>
<para>The ability to easily customise the GNOME Desktop contributes greatly to the accessibility of the desktop. This guide describes the various customisation options that you can use to tailor the desktop to suit your particular needs.</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>

<chapter id="dtconfig-0">
<title>Configuring the Mouse and Keyboard</title>
<para>This chapter describes how to configure the mouse and keyboard to make these devices accessible to more users.</para>
<sect1 id="dtconfig-1">
<title>Configuring the Mouse</title>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference tool to configure the mouse to suit your needs. To open the <guilabel>Mouse</guilabel> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialogue is displayed.</para>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-2">
<title>To Configure the Behaviour of the Mouse</title>
<para>The following sections describe how to modify the behaviour of the mouse to suit your needs.</para>
<sect3 id="dtconfig-3">
<title>To Configure the Mouse for Left-Handed Use</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse</primary>
<secondary>left-handed</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure the mouse for left-handed use, click on the <guilabel>Buttons</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialogue, then select the <guilabel>Left-handed mouse</guilabel> option. When you select this option, the system swaps the functions of the left mouse button and the right mouse button immediately.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="dtconfig-4">
<title>To Configure the Double-Click Behavior</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse</primary>
<secondary>double-click behavior</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you have difficulty double-clicking, you can increase the period of time that the system allows to elapse between the first click and the second click of a double-click. For example, if the double-click timeout setting is 0.4 seconds, you must perform the second click of a double-click within 0.4 seconds of the first click. If the second click occurs more than 0.4 seconds after the first click, the system interprets the two clicks as two single clicks.</para>
<para>To configure the double-click timeout setting, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Buttons</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Timeout</guilabel> slider to specify the timeout in seconds that the system allows between the two clicks of a double-click. Moving the slider to the right will increase the timeout interval in 0.1 second intervals. In the same manner, moving the slider to the left will decrease the timeout in 0.1 second intervals.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Double-click on the light bulb to the right of the slider to test the setting. If you perform the two clicks of the double-click within the timeout specified, the light bulb lights up fully to display a yellow glow around the bulb. If you do not double-click within the timeout specified, the light bulb does not light fully. You should increase the timeout setting and try again. When the light bulb lights, the timeout setting is suitable for your needs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="dtconfig-20">
<title>To Change the Size of the Mouse Pointer</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse</primary>
<secondary>pointer size</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>pointer</primary>
<secondary>size</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To change the size of the mouse pointer that is displayed on the desktop, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>This will display a list of pointer themes and sizes available.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>By default, GNOME does not include mouse pointer themes. Information about installing and using pointer themes can be found in the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?goscustdesk-54">User Guide</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<!-- GNOME does not currently ship with default pointers.  When it does, this needs updated. -->
<note>
<para>On some platforms you must log out and log in again for this setting to take effect.</para>
</note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="dtconfig-6">
<title>To Locate the Mouse Pointer</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse</primary>
<secondary>locating pointer</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you have difficulty locating the mouse pointer on the screen, you can enable an option to highlight the pointer when you press the <keycap>Control</keycap> key. To enable this option, click on the <guilabel>Pointers</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialogue, then select the <guilabel>Highlight the pointer when you press Ctrl</guilabel> option. When you press <keycap>Control</keycap>, the system displays an animation around the pointer to highlight the pointer.</para>
<note>
<para>On some platforms, you must log out and log in again before this setting takes effect.</para>
</note>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="dtconfig-5">
<title>To Configure the Speed and Sensitivity of the Mouse</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse</primary>
<secondary>speed and sensitivity</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure the speed and sensitivity of the mouse, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Motion</guilabel> tab in the <guilabel>Mouse Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Configure the following options:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Acceleration</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use the slider to specify the speed at which the mouse pointer moves around the screen when you move your mouse.</para>
<para>If you select a low setting, the mouse pointer moves at a speed similar to the speed at which you are physically moving the mouse. This means that you need to physically move the mouse larger distances to cover the screen area. If you select a high setting, the mouse pointer moves at a faster speed than the speed at which you physically move the mouse. This means that you need to physically move the mouse small distances to cover the screen area.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Sensitivity</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use the slider to specify how responsive the mouse pointer is to movements of your mouse. Moving the slider to the right will increase the sensitivity and moving it to the left will decrease the sensitivity.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Threshold</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use the slider to specify the distance that you must move an item before the system interprets the move action as a drag-and-drop action.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-7">
<title>To Configure the Cursor</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>cursor</primary>
<secondary>stop blinking</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following section describes how to modify the display characteristics of the cursor.</para>
<sect3 id="dtconfig-9">
<title>To Stop the Cursor Blinking</title>
<para>To stop the cursor blinking in text boxes and fields, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice> to start the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Keyboard</guilabel> tabbed section, deselect the <guilabel>Cursor blinks in text boxes and fields</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-10">
<title>To Use the Keyboard to Emulate the Mouse</title>
<para>If you have difficulty using a mouse, you can use the keyboard to emulate the mouse functions. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-14"/> of this guide for more information.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dtconfig-11">
<title>Configuring the Keyboard</title>
<para>Use the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool, to configure the keyboard accessibility options. To open the <application>Keyboard</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. Accessibility options can be enabled by selecting <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel>. This will open a new dialogue, <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences</application>, also known as <application>AccessX</application>.</para>
<note>
<para>Before you can use the <application>Keyboard Accessibility</application> preference tool on Solaris systems, you must follow the steps outlined in <xref linkend="sysadmin-55"/> of this guide.</para>
</note>
<para>The <guilabel>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</guilabel> dialogue enables you to customise your keyboard in the following ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>To use the numeric keypad to emulate mouse actions. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-14"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To specify the duration for which you must press-and-hold a key before the system accepts the keypress. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-15"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To ignore rapid, repeated keypresses of the same key. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-16"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To accept key combinations in sequence rather than simultaneously. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-17"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To emit an audible notification when a user activates or deactivates a toggle key. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-18"/>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To ignore long keypresses of the same key and control the repeat rate of a keypress. See <xref linkend="dtconfig-19"/>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-13">
<title>To Activate the Keyboard Accessibility Options</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard accessibility options</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To activate the keyboard accessibility options, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice> and select <guilabel>Accessibility</guilabel></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable keyboard accessibility features</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from keyboard</guilabel> option to receive an audible notification each time a user enables or disables a keyboard accessibility option using the following keyboard shortcuts:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> for eight seconds to enable or disable the slow keys feature.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times to enable or disable the sticky keys feature.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To automatically disable the keyboard accessibility options if the options are not used for a specified number of seconds, select the <guilabel>Disable if unused for X seconds</guilabel> option. Use the slider to specify the number of seconds of keyboard idle time required before the system disables the keyboard accessibility options.</para>
<para>This option is intended for computers that are shared by a number of different users, some of whom require the keyboard accessibility options.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Changes made will be instantly applied.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-14">
<title>To Enable the Keyboard to Emulate the Mouse</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>mouse keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The mouse keys feature enables you to use the numeric keypad on the keyboard to emulate mouse actions. This feature benefits users who have difficulty using a mouse or other pointing device. To enable and configure the mouse keys feature, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialogue, select the <guilabel>Mouse Keys</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Mouse Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Configure the following options to determine the behaviour of the mouse pointer when you control the pointer from the numeric keypad:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Maximum pointer speed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this spin box to specify the maximum speed, in pixels per second, at which the pointer moves around the screen.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Time to accelerate to maximum speed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this spin box to specify the duration, in milliseconds, before the pointer accelerates to the maximum pointer speed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Delay between keypress and pointer movement</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Use this spin box to specify the interval, in milliseconds, between a keypress and the time when the pointer starts to move.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>When you enable mouse keys, the keys on the numeric keypad have the following functions:</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-1">
<title>Numeric Keypad to Mouse Function Mapping</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Numeric Keypad Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Move the mouse pointer around the screen</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>5</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button click</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>0</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button toggle</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>/</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Primary mouse button</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>*</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Secondary mouse button</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>-</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Tertiary mouse button</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>

<para>The toggle mouse button key enable the currently selected mouse button until the <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> key is pressed. This allows you to perform drag and drop operations.</para>

<para>The <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> emulates the currently selected mouse button. Pressing <keycap>/</keycap>, <keycap>*</keycap> or <keycap>-</keycap> will change the behaviour of this. The currently selected mouse button can be seen in the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application> panel application, discussed in <xref linkend="dtconfig-21"/>.</para>

<note>
<para>The <guilabel>Primary mouse button</guilabel> is the left mouse button for right handed people. The <guilabel>Secondary mouse button</guilabel> is the right mouse button and the <guilabel>Tertiary mouse button</guilabel> is the middle mouse button.</para>
</note>

<para>Some Solaris systems also use the function keys to emulate the mouse buttons. The common function key to mouse button mappings are described in the following table.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-2">
<title>Function Key to Mouse Function Mapping on Solaris Systems</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Function Key</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>F2</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 1</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>F3</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 2</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>F4</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Mouse button 3</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-15">
<title>To Enable the Slow Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>slow keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The slow keys feature enables you to customise how the keyboard handles user input in the following ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the duration for which you must press-and-hold a key before the system accepts the keypress. This aspect of the feature benefits users who frequently press keys that they do not intend to press.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enable audible indications of keyboard input and acceptance. This aspect of the feature benefits users who cannot see the result of a keypress.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>To enable and configure the slow keys feature, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialogue, select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
<tip>
<para>To select or deselect the slow keys feature from the keyboard, press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> for eight seconds. This will present a dialog confirming that you with slow keys enabled. The <keycap>Shift</keycap> keyboard shortcut automatically selects all of the slow keys options. If you selected the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from the keyboard</guilabel> option in the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab, after four seconds the system beeps three times to indicate that the system is about to select or deselect the feature.</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Only accept keys held for</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the duration, in milliseconds, for which you must press-and-hold a key before the system accepts the keypress. Use the <guilabel>Type to test settings</guilabel> text box to test the slow keys setting and modify the setting as required.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To enable audible indications of keyboard input and acceptance, select the following options:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is pressed</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Select this option to hear a beep when you press a key.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is accepted</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Select this option to hear a beep when the system accepts a keypress.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Beep when key is rejected</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Select this option to hear a beep when the system rejects a keypress. The system rejects a keypress if you do not press-and-hold the key for the duration that is specified in the <guilabel>Only accept keys held for</guilabel> spin box.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-16">
<title>To Enable the Bounce Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>bounce keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The bounce keys feature enables you to customise the keyboard to ignore rapid, repeated keypresses of the same key. For example, users with impaired motor skills might press the same key several times when they intend to press the key once. This feature enables you to customize the keyboard to ignore repeated keypresses.</para>
<para>To enable and configure the bounce keys feature, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> dialog select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Bounce Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Ignore duplicate keypresses within</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the duration in milliseconds (ms) after the first keypress for which the system ignores repeated keypresses of the same key. For example, if you select a duration of 500 ms, the system ignores all repeated keypresses of the same key that occur within 500 ms of the first keypress.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Beep if key is rejected</guilabel> option to hear an audible indication when the system ignores a key.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<note>
<para>If you want to enable the bounce keys feature, ensure that the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option is deselected. The slow keys feature requires you to press a key for a specified duration before the system accepts the keypress as a valid keypress. If you cannot press the key for the duration that is specified by the slow keys setting, deselect the <guilabel>Enable Slow Keys</guilabel> option to enable the system to accept your input.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-17">
<title>To Enable the Sticky Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>sticky keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The sticky keys feature enables you to press the keys in a key combination in sequence rather than simultaneously. This feature is designed for users who are unable to press two or more keys simultaneously.</para>
<para>To enable and configure the sticky keys feature, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> select the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Sticky Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
<tip>
<para>To enable the sticky keys feature from the keyboard, press <keycap>Shift</keycap> five times. This will present a dialogue confirming that you with to enable sticky keys. The <keycap>Shift</keycap> keyboard shortcut automatically selects all of the sticky keys options. If you selected the <guilabel>Beep when features turned on or off from the keyboard</guilabel> option, the system beeps to indicate that the system is about to select or deselect the feature. When active, pressing <keycap>shift</keycap> five times in a row will present a dialogue asking if you want to disable sticky keys.</para>
</tip>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Beep when modifier is pressed</guilabel> option to receive an audible indication each time you press a modifier key such as <keycap>Ctrl</keycap>, <keycap>Alt</keycap>, or <keycap>Shift</keycap>. This option is useful to remind you whether a modifier key is active or inactive.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Selecting the <guilabel>Disable if two keys pressed together</guilabel> option will present a dialogue with the option to disable sticky keys if two keys are pressed at the same time.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>You can use the sticky keys feature in latch or lock mode. The following table describes how to choose a mode and the difference between the two modes.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-3">
<title>Sticky Keys Latch or Lock Mode</title>
<tgroup cols="3" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="52.78*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec2" colwidth="47.22*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>To use the sticky keys feature in...</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Press the modifier key...</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>The modifier key remains active until...</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Latch mode</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Once.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>You press a non-modifier key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>Lock mode</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Twice in quick succession.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec2" valign="top">
<para>You press the modifier key again.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Example 1: If you want to press <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo>, do the following:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Alt</keycap> to latch the modifier key. The <keycap>Alt</keycap> key remains active.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>F1</keycap>. The key combination is now complete. After you press <keycap>F1</keycap>, the <keycap>Alt</keycap> modifier key is no longer active.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Example 2: If you want to press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>, do the following:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> twice to lock the modifier key. The <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key remains active.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Alt</keycap>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Tab</keycap>. The key combination is now complete.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To unlock the modifier key, press <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> again.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-18">
<title>To Enable Audible Notifications for Toggle Keys</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>toggle keys</primary>
<secondary>enabling audio notifications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A toggle key is any key on the keyboard that can switch between two states. The <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>, and <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> keys are toggle keys. Most toggle keys have an associated light emitting diode (LED) on the keyboard that lights when the toggle key is active. To assist users with visual impairments, you can customise the keyboard to emit an audible notification when a user presses a toggle key. For example, when you press <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, you can determine whether the key is toggled or not toggled by the sound that the keyboard emits.</para>
<para>To enable accessible toggle keys, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccesX)</application> select the <guilabel>Filters</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Toggle Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>When you activate the <keycap>Num Lock</keycap>, <keycap>Caps Lock</keycap>, or <keycap>Scroll Lock</keycap> keys, the system beeps once. When you deactivate a toggle key, the system beeps twice.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="dtconfig-19">
<title>To Enable the Repeat Keys Feature</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>repeat keys</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The repeat keys feature enables you to repeat a keystroke multiple times without pressing the key more than once. This feature is designed for users who cannot release keys quickly, for example users who operate a mouth stick. When you enable repeat keys, you can specify the duration for which you must press a key before the key starts to repeat.</para>
<para>To enable and configure the repeat keys feature, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Preferences (AccessX)</application> select the <guilabel>Basic</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Enable Repeat Keys</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Delay</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the duration for which you must press a key before the keyboard interprets the action as a repeat key. If you have difficulty releasing keys, select a long time delay.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Speed</guilabel> slider or spin box to specify the speed at which the keyboard repeats the keypress as input.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="dtconfig-21">
<title>Using the Keyboard Accessibility Status Panel Application</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Keyboard Accessibility Status panel application</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application> panel application shows you the status of the keyboard accessibility features. This panel application displays icons to indicate which keyboard accessibility features are enabled in the <application>Keyboard Accessibility</application> preference tool.</para>
<para>To add the <application>Keyboard Accessibility Status</application> panel application to a panel, right-click on the panel, then choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Add to Panel</guimenu></menuchoice> and select the <guimenuitem>Keyboard Accessibility Status</guimenuitem>.</para>
<para>The following table describes the icons that the panel application displays and the status that each icon represents.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="dtconfig-TBL-25">
<title>Keyboard Accessibility Status Icons</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="21.97*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="78.03*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry>
<para>Icon</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>Keyboard Accessibility Status</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/accessx.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Keyboard Accessibility Features enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>Keyboard accessibility in general is available but none of the individual key features are enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/bouncekeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Bounce keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The bounce keys feature is enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/mousekeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Mouse keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The mouse keys feature is enabled. The dot in the mouse button shows which button is currently associated with the <guilabel>Mouse button click</guilabel> key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/slowkeys.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Slow keys enabled icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The slow keys feature is enabled.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyaltlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Alt key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Alt</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyaltlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Alt key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Alt</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyctrllatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Ctrl key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyctrllock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Ctrl key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyshiftlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Shift key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Shift</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickyshiftlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Shift key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Shift</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickywindowlatch.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Super/Windows key latched icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Super</keycap>/<keycap>Windows</keycap> key is latched.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/stickywindowlock.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Super/Windows key locked icon</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="middle">
<para>The sticky keys feature is enabled and the <keycap>Super</keycap>/<keycap>Windows</keycap> key is locked.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>


</sect1>
</chapter>

<chapter id="keynav-0">
<title>Using the Keyboard to Navigate the Desktop</title>
<para>This chapter describes how to navigate the GNOME Desktop from the keyboard only. Users who have difficulty using a mouse or other pointing device can navigate and use the desktop from the keyboard.</para>
<sect1 id="keynav-1">
<title>Introduction to Keyboard Navigation</title>
<para>This section describes the essential keyboard shortcuts to enable you to navigate the desktop from the keyboard.</para>
<para>You can customize some of the keyboard shortcuts that are described in this chapter. The text indicates the shortcuts that you can customise. See <xref linkend="keynav-36"/> for information about how to customise keyboard shortcuts.</para>
<sect2 id="keynav-2">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>essential</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>caret navigation mode</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the desktop. The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate specific elements and controls are described in the appropriate sections of this chapter.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next element or control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reverse the navigation direction and give focus to the previous element or control. In general, the <keycap>Shift</keycap> key reverses the navigation direction.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next element or control, if the <keycap>Tab</keycap> key has a specific purpose in a control. For example, if you press <keycap>Tab</keycap> in a text box, the system inserts a tab space.</para>
<para>To give focus to the previous element or control, press <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate within an element or control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the element or control that has focus. For example, if the current control is a button, this action is the equivalent of clicking on the button with a mouse.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close a window, menu, or drawer.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>F7</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Switch to caret navigation mode. Caret navigation mode enables you to use the keyboard to select text. For more information about caret navigation mode, see <xref linkend="keynav-52"/>.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-3">
<title>Global Keyboard Shortcuts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>global</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use from any part of the GNOME Desktop.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Main Applications Menu</guimenu>.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the <guilabel>Run Application </guilabel>dialogue.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Print Screen</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Start the screenshot application and take a screenshot of the entire screen.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Print Screen</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Start the screenshot application and take a screenshot of the window that currently has focus.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F1</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the focused element is an application window or dialogue, this keyboard shortcut opens the Help for the application.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F1</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the focused element is a panel or application window, this keyboard shortcut switches the display of tooltips for the window or panel objects on and off.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open a popup menu for the element that has focus, if a popup menu exists.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-4">
<title>Navigating the Desktop Background</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for desktop background</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The desktop background is the part of the GNOME Desktop where there are no interface items or applications, such as panels and windows. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the desktop background and the desktop background objects. A desktop background object is an icon on the desktop background that you can use to open files, folders, or applications.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Temporarily hide all windows and give focus to the desktop background.</para>
<para>To restore the windows, press <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>D</keycap></keycombo> again.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Display a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background and the panels. Press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to switch the focus between the desktop background and the panels.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When the desktop background or
a desktop background object has focus, give focus to the next desktop background
object in alphabetical order.</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When the desktop background or a desktop background object has focus, give focus to a neighboring desktop background object.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>A sequence of characters that matches the first n characters of a desktop background object name.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When the desktop background has focus, give focus to the desktop background object whose name starts with the specified sequence of characters.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F2</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Rename the desktop background object that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the popup menu for the desktop background object that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Desktop Background</guimenu> menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-5">
<title>Navigating Panels</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for panels</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A panel is an area from which you can run special programs, applications, and panel applications. The most common panel is the panel that stretches the full width of the bottom edge of the desktop. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate panels and panel objects.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to a panel. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background, panels, and drawers. Press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to switch the focus between the desktop background, panels, and drawers.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next object on the panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu when the Menu Panel has focus. Continue to press <keycap>F10</keycap> to switch focus between the <guimenu>Applications</guimenu> menu and the window list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate a panel object, for example, open a menu or start a launcher.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the panel object popup menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the panel popup menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<sect2 id="keynav-6">
<title>To Move a Panel Object</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>to move a panel object</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>You can move a focused panel object to a different location on a panel or drawer, or you can move the object to the next panel. To move a panel object, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to give focus to the object.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo> to open the panel object popup menu.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the arrow keys to select the <guimenuitem>Move</guimenuitem> menu item.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to perform the move operation.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Move the object left and right on a horizontal panel or up and down on a vertical panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the object and push any objects that you encounter in front of the object.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the object and swap position with any objects that you encounter in the move.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the object to the next panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Complete the move operation.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The following examples demonstrate the effect of different move operations on the objects in a panel.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Illustration</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Description</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_before.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Help icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Shows a panel with three panel objects before a move operation takes place.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_arrows.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Help icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Shows the effect of using the arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the arrow keys to move the panel application left or right until you meet the next panel object.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_push.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and Help icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Shows the effect of using using <keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the <keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys to push the <application>Volume Control</application> and <application>Help</application> panel objects ahead of the object that you are moving.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/move_object_jump.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Volume Control icon, Help icon, and geyes icon.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Shows the effect of using <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys to move the <application>Geyes</application> panel application on the panel. You can use the <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys to swap position with the <application>Volume Control</application> and <application>Help</application> panel objects as you meet the objects.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<note>
<para>Panel applications that are <guilabel>Locked</guilabel> cannot be moved. To unlock a panel application, use the <guimenu>panel object</guimenu> menu and unselect <guimenuitem>Lock to Panel</guimenuitem>.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-7">
<title>To Navigate Drawers</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for drawers</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A drawer is a collapsible extension of a panel. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate into and out of drawers. When you open a drawer, you can navigate the contents of the drawer in the same way as you navigate a panel. See <xref linkend="keynav-5"/> for information about how to navigate a panel.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open or close the drawer that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate into the drawer that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the drawer and give focus to the drawer object on the panel.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give
focus to the drawer object on the panel and leave the drawer open.</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-8">
<title>To Navigate Menus on Panels</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for menus on panels</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate menus on panels.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the menu that has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate the menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select a menu item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the popup menu associated with a menu item, if one exists.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close a menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-9">
<title>To Navigate Panel Applications</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for panel applications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A panel application is a small application that resides on a panel. You can navigate to all panel applications and open the panel application popup menu from the keyboard. However, if the panel application does not contain controls that you can give focus to, you cannot navigate the controls in the panel application. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate panel applications.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Activate the panel application control that has focus, if applicable. Not all panel applications contain controls that you can activate. If the panel application does not contain a control that you can activate, the <keycap>spacebar</keycap> does nothing.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Navigate the controls on the panel application.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the panel application popup menu. To navigate the menu, use the standard keyboard shortcuts for navigating menus. See <xref linkend="keynav-24"/> for information about how to navigate menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-10">
<title>Navigating Your Workspaces</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for workspaces</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A workspace is a discrete area in which you can work. You can have many workspaces on your desktop and you can switch from one workspace to another. Each workspace can contain different windows and processes. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate workspaces.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next or previous workspace. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the workspaces. Press and hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> and continue to press the arrow keys to switch the focus between the workspaces.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap></keycombo> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the window that has focus to the next or previous workspace.</para>
<para>You can customise this keyboard shortcut.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-11">
<title>Navigating Windows</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for windows</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following sections describe the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate windows. A window is a rectangular frame on your screen that displays an application.</para>
<note>
<para>You can customise all of the keyboard shortcuts that are associated with navigating windows. See <xref linkend="keynav-10"/> for more information.</para>
</note>
<sect2 id="keynav-12">
<title>To Give Focus to a Window</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>to give focus to a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Before you can use or modify a window, you must give focus to the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to give focus to a window.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Display a popup window with icons that represent each window. Press-and-hold <keycap>Alt</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Tab</keycap> to move through the windows until you reach the window to which you want to give focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Esc</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Raise each window in turn until you reach the window to which you want to give focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-13">
<title>To Control a Window</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>to control a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>When a window has focus, you can perform various actions on the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to control the window that has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>spacebar</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the <guimenu>Window</guimenu> Menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F4</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
<keycap>Open</keycap>
</para>
<para><emphasis>Linux:</emphasis><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F9</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Minimise the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Maximise the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F5</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Restore a maximised window to the original size of the window.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-14">
<title>To Move a Window</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>to move a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>When a window has focus, you can move the window around the screen. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to move a window.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F7</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Start the move operation. The mouse pointer changes to a cross.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the window 10 pixels at a time in the direction of the arrow key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the window one pixel at a time in the direction of the arrow key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the window in the direction of the arrow key to align it with the edge of the nearest window, panel, or screen edge.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Complete the move operation and leave the window in the current position.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Cancel the move operation and restore the window to the original position.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-15">
<title>To Resize a Window</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>to resize a window</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>When a window has focus, you can increase or decrease the size of the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to resize the window that has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F8</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Start the resize operation.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Resize the window in the direction of the arrow keys.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Complete the resize operation and leave the window at the current size.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Cancel the resize operation and restore the window to the original size.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-16">
<title>To Navigate Paned Windows</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for paned windows</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A paned window is a window that is split into two or more panes. The Help browser is an example of an application that uses paned windows.</para>
<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate windows with panes.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F6</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next pane. The system gives focus to the control that last had focus in the pane.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F8</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the first resize handle in the window. The resize handle is displayed between the panes and enables you to resize the panes. Press <keycap>F8</keycap> again to give focus to the next resize handle.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>When the resize handle has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to modify the paned window.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the resize handle by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the resize handle by a large amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reduce the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle for vertical panes, or above the resize handle for horizontal panes, to the minimum size allowed.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Increase the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle for vertical panes, or above the resize handle for horizontal panes, to the maximum size allowed.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Set the position of the resize handle and return the focus to the last control that had focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Reset the position of the resize handle to the original position and return the focus to the last control that had focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-17">
<title>Navigating Applications</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for applications</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>An application is any program, utility, or other software package that you run on your desktop. Applications comprise the following standard user interface components:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Windows</term>
<listitem>
<para>A window is a rectangular frame on your screen that displays an application. See <xref linkend="keynav-11"/> for information about how to navigate windows.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Dialogues</term>
<listitem>
<para>A dialogue is a popup window in which you enter information or commands. See <xref linkend="keynav-19"/> for information about how to navigate dialogues.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Controls</term>
<listitem>
<para>A control is an instrument that you use to operate or guide the user interface. For example, buttons, check boxes, menus, and text boxes are controls. See <xref linkend="keynav-23"/> for detailed information about how to navigate the different types of controls that are available.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>This section of the manual describes the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to start using applications and dialogues.</para>
<sect2 id="keynav-18">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts for Navigating Applications</title>
<anchor id="keynav-22"/>
<para>Since there are many applications that you can use in the GNOME Desktop, this manual does not describe the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate all of the different applications. However, the basic keyboard shortcuts are common to all applications. Access keys also provide an efficient way to navigate an application from the keyboard. An access key is identified by an underlined letter on a menu or control. In some cases, you must press <keycap>Alt</keycap> in combination with the access key to perform an action.</para>
<para>The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate applications.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F10</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the first menu on the application menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Alt</keycap> + access key</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the menu that is associated with the access key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>access keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the menu item that is associated with the access key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap> and <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Switch focus between the menus on the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>up arrow</keycap> and <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move focus into a menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the open menus and give focus to the control that had focus before the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>O</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Open the file selector dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Open the Save dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>L</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Open a Location dialogue to enable you to type the name of the file that you want to open or save.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-19">
<title>Essential Keyboard Shortcuts for Navigating Dialogues</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for dialogues</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate dialogs.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>access key</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Activate or select a control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If a tab name has focus, move to the next tabbed section of the dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>When a tab name has focus, move to the previous tabbed section of the dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Return</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Perform the default action for the dialogue. The default action is usually to apply the changes and close the dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-20">
<title>Navigating the File Manager</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for file manager</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>By default, the file manager operates in <guilabel>Spatial</guilabel> mode. This mode uses separate windows for each folder. A separate mode, called <guilabel>Browser</guilabel> mode, exists that uses the same window for each folder.</para>
<note>
<para>For more information about different modes for the file manager, see <ulink url="ghelp:user-guide?nautilus-presentation">the user guide</ulink>.</para>
</note>
<sect2 id="keynav-spatial">
<title>To Navigate a Folder</title>
<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that enable you to navigate folders in the file manager.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the next or previous file or folder in the direction of the arrow key.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next or previous file or folder but do not select the item. This allows multiple files to be selected.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the focused file or folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + <keycap>spacebar</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the item that currently has focus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>A sequence of characters that matches the first <replaceable>n</replaceable> characters of a filename.</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first file or folder that starts with the specified sequence of characters.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first file or folder within the current folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the last file or folder within the current folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>backspace</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the current folder's parent folder.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-navigational">
<title>To Navigate Browser Window Components</title>
<anchor id="keynav-21"/>
<para>When operating in browser mode, the file manager window contains several components and there are different keyboard shortcuts defined to navigate each component.</para>

<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that enable you to navigate between the components.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>F6</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Switch focus between the side pane and the view pane.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>F10</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Open the side pane popup menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-52">
<title>Navigating Help Content in Caret Navigation Mode</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for Help content</secondary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>caret navigation mode</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table describes how to navigate HTML-based help content in caret navigation mode in the <application>Yelp</application> help browser. Caret navigation is a mode of operation in an application which enables you to use the keyboard to select text.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>F7</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Switch to caret navigation mode.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>left arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move one character to the left.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>right arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move one character to the right.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>up arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move up one line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>down arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move down one line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + left arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the beginning of the previous word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + right arrow</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the end of the next word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Scroll up one page of content.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Scroll down one page of content.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the beginning of the current line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move to the end of the current line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move from the current position to the destination position and select all text between the two positions.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move focus to the next focusable control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Move focus to the previous focusable control.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para>
<keycap>Enter</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Activate a button or submit a form.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-23">
<title>Navigating Standard Elements and Controls</title>
<para>The following sections describe how to navigate and use standard user interface elements and controls from the keyboard.</para>
<sect2 id="keynav-24">
<title>To Navigate Menus</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for menus</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate menus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>up arrow</keycap> and <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next or previous menu item on a menu.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>right arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the menu item that has focus is a submenu, open the submenu and give focus to the first menu item on the submenu.</para>
<para>If the menu item that has focus is not a submenu, open the next menu on the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>left arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>If the menu item that has focus is a submenu item, switch the focus back to the submenu.</para>
<para>If the menu item that has focus is not a submenu item, open the previous menu on the menubar.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Return</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the focused menu item and close the open menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>access key</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the menu item that is associated with the access key and close the open menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the focused menu item and close the open menus except when the menu item is a check box or radio button. If the menu item is a check box or radio button, the menu does not close.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the open menus.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-25">
<title>To Navigate Buttons</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for buttons</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A button is a control that you use to start an action. Most buttons are rectangular and contain a text label.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-39">
<title>Sample Button</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/button.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Close button.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate buttons.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Activate the button that has focus. This is the equivalent of clicking on the button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Return</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the button that has focus or, if no button has focus, perform the default action for the dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-26">
<title>To Navigate Radio Buttons</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for radio buttons</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A radio button is a control that you use to select one of several mutually-exclusive options.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-40">
<title>Sample Radio Button</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/radio_button.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Two sample radio buttons.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a set of radio buttons.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the next or previous radio button and deselect the other radio buttons in the group.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-27">
<title>To Navigate Check Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for check boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A check box is a control that you use to select or deselect an option.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-41">
<title>Sample Check Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/check_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample check box.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a check box.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select or deselect the check box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-28">
<title>To Navigate Text Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for text boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Text boxes are controls in which you type text.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-42">
<title>Sample Single Line Text Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/text_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample text box with one input line.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a single line text box.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>left arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one character to the left.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>right arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one character to the right.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>left arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the current word. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>left arrow</keycap> to position the cursor at the start of the previous word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>right arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the current word. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>right arrow</keycap> to position the cursor at the end of the next word.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>left arrow</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select one character at a time to the left or right of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>left arrow</keycap></keycombo> or <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select one word at a time to the left or right of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all text to the left of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all text to the right of the cursor.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all text in the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>In addition to the keyboard shortcuts listed in the previous table, use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate multi-line text boxes.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the top of the current view. Press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> again to position the cursor at the top of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the current view. Press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> again to position the cursor at the end of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>up arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the current paragraph. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press the <keycap>up arrow</keycap> key to position the cursor at the start of the previous paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the current paragraph. Press-and-hold <keycap>Ctrl</keycap> and continue to press the <keycap>down arrow</keycap> key to position the cursor at the end of the next paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one view width to the left.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor one view width to the right.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the start of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Position the cursor at the end of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next control on the dialogue.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the current view. Press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> to extend the selection to the start of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the current view. Press-and-hold <keycap>Shift</keycap> and continue to press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> to extend the selection to the end of the next view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the line.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>up arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the paragraph, then to the start of the previous paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the paragraph, then to the end of the next paragraph.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the start of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the text to the end of the text box.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-29">
<title>To Navigate Spin Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for spin boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A spin box is a control that allows you to type a numeric value or select a value from a list of all possible values.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-43">
<title>Sample Spin Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/spin_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample spin box. Contains a text box and up and down arrows.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the text box area of a spin box are listed in <xref linkend="keynav-28"/>. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the up and down arrows in the spin box.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>up arrow</keycap> or <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Page Up</keycap> or <keycap>Page Down</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a large amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-30">
<title>To Navigate Drop-Down Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for drop-down lists</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A drop-down list is a control that you use to select one of several available items. The drop-down list contains a button that you use to display the available items.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-44">
<title>Sample Drop-Down List</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/dropdown_list_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample drop-down list.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a drop-down list.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>This key performs one of the following functions:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If the drop-down list is not open, this key opens the drop-down list.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the drop-down list is open, this key accepts the current selection and closes the list.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>up arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the previous list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>down arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the next list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Esc</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Close the list without changing the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-31">
<title>To Navigate Drop-Down Combination Boxes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for drop-down combination boxes</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A drop-down combination box is a text box with a drop-down list attached.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-45">
<title>Sample Drop-Down Combination Box</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/dropdown_combination_box.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample drop-down combination box. Contains a text box and an arrow button that you click to display the drop-down list.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>When the text box has focus, use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in <xref linkend="keynav-28"/> to navigate the text box area. When the text box has focus, you can also use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate the drop-down list area.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>up arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the previous item from the drop-down list without displaying the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>down arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the next item from the drop-down list without displaying the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow</keycap></keycombo> (Solaris only)</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Open the drop-down list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>When the drop-down list has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to navigate the drop-down list.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>up arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the previous list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>down arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the next list item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first item on the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the last item on the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the item at the top of the current list view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the item at the bottom of the current list view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Accept the current selection and close the drop-down list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Scroll to the left of the list, if required.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Scroll to the right of the list, if required.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-32">
<title>To Navigate Sliders</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for sliders</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>A slider is a control that you use to set a value in a continuous range of values.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-46">
<title>Sample Slider</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/slider.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Sample slider. Displays a slider control that you can move left or right.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a slider.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap> or <keycap>up arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Move the slider left or up by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>right arrow</keycap> or <keycap>down arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider right or down by a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider left or up a large amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider right or down a small amount.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider to the maximum value.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Move the slider to the minimum value.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-33">
<title>To Navigate Tabbed Sections</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for tabbed sections</secondary>
</indexterm>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-47">
<title>Sample Dialogue with Tabbed Sections</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/tabbed_section.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Editing profile dialogue from the GNOME Terminal application. Contains six tabbed sections.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>Windows and dialogues are sometimes divided into logical sections that are displayed one section at a time on the window or dialogue. The divisions are called tabbed sections that are identified by a tab with a text label.</para>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialogue when a tab name has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>left arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the previous tabbed section.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>right arrow</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next tabbed section.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Tab</keycap> or<keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>down arrow</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the first control on the active tabbed section.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialogue when a control on a tabbed section has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the previous tabbed section.</para>
<para>This keyboard shortcut does not work if the focused control uses <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo> for another purpose.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo> or <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next tabbed section.</para>
<para>This keyboard shortcut does not work if the focused control uses <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo> for another purpose.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next control outside the tabbed sections.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-34">
<title>To Navigate Lists</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>for lists</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate multi-column lists when a column header has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>left arrow</keycap> or <keycap>right arrow</keycap></para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the previous or next column header.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>spacebar</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the header. This action usually sorts the list by the column header.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Tab</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the list contents.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate lists when the contents of the list has focus.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Select the next or previous row or column.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Up</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the top row of the list contents that are in view. Press <keycap>Page Up</keycap> again to select the top row of the previous view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Page Down</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the bottom row of the list contents that are in view. Press <keycap>Page Down</keycap> again to select the bottom row of the next view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Home</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the first row in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>End</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the last row in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Shift</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>For lists that support multi-line selections, add the next or previous row or column to the current selection.</para>
<para>For lists that only allow single line selections, select the next or previous row or column.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the top row of the view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the bottom row of the view.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the first row in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select all the rows between the current selection and the last row in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>Ctrl</keycap> + arrow keys</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the next row or column but do not extend the selection. Further items can be selected by pressing the <keycap>spacebar</keycap></para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Up</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the top row in the view but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Page Down</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the bottom row in the view but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Home</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the first row in the list but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>End</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the last row in the list but do not extend the selection.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Return</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Activate the item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>For lists that support multiline selections, select all rows in the list.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Tab</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Give focus to the column header, if applicable.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-35">
<title>To Navigate Trees</title>
<para>A tree is a user interface control that contains sections that you can expand and collapse. A tree usually represents a hierarchical structure.</para>
<figure id="keynav-FIG-48">
<title>Sample Tree Structure</title>
<screenshot>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="figures/tree.png" format="PNG"/>
</imageobject>
<textobject>
<phrase>Categories tree from the gedit Preferences dialogue. Contains three subcategories.</phrase>
</textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>
</figure>
<para>To navigate trees, you can use the same keyboard shortcuts that are listed in <xref linkend="keynav-34"/>. In addition, the following table lists the keyboard shortcuts you can use for the tree items.</para>
<informaltable frame="topbot">
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="67*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Keys</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Function</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para><keycap>+</keycap> (plus)</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Expand the focused item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para><keycap>-</keycap> (minus)</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Collapse the focused item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<keycap>Back Space</keycap>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Select the parent item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0">
<para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>F</keycap></keycombo></para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1">
<para>Display a search dialogue if the tree supports searching. You can type the name of the tree item that you want to find.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keynav-36">
<title>Customising Your Keyboard Shortcuts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>keyboard shortcuts</primary>
<secondary>customising</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Use the <application>Keyboard Shortcuts</application> preference tool to display the default keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the GNOME Desktop. You can customise the default keyboard shortcuts to meet your requirements. You can also create hot keys. Hot keys are keyboard shortcuts that start applications.</para>
<para>To start the <application>Keyboard Shortcuts</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Keyboard Shortcuts</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>Desktop shortcuts</guilabel> table lists the keyboard shortcut that is associated with each action.</para>
<sect2 id="keynav-49">
<title>To Customise Keyboard Shortcuts on Solaris Systems</title>
<para>To customise a keyboard shortcut on a Solaris system, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to customise the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the keyboard shortcut in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column. The text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press the keys that you want to associate with the action. The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the keyboard shortcut in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column. The text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Back Space</keycap>. The keyboard shortcut is disabled.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="keynav-50">
<title>To Customise Keyboard Shortcuts on Linux Systems</title>
<para>To customise a keyboard shortcut on a Linux system, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to customise the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press the keys that you want to associate with the action. The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the <guilabel>Shortcut</guilabel> column.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text <quote>Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear</quote> is displayed in the Shortcut column.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>Back Space</keycap>. The keyboard shortcut is disabled.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>

<chapter id="themes-0">
<title>Customising the Appearance of the Desktop</title>
<para>This chapter describes the methods you can use to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual impairments.</para>
<sect1 id="themes-1">
<title>Customisation Options</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customising the desktop appearance</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>There are a number of methods to enable you to customise the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to suit your specific needs, as follows:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Themes</term>
<listitem>
<para>Themes are the most effective way to change the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. See <xref linkend="themes-2"/> for more information about themes and how to use themes to achieve the type of desktop environment that you require.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Desktop and application-specific configuration settings</term>
<listitem>
<para>You can customise different components of the desktop individually to achieve the display settings that you require. You can configure the desktop and applications in addition to using themes or as an alternative to using themes. See <xref linkend="themes-7"/> for more information.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The following table summarises the changes that you can make to the GNOME Desktop and where you can make the changes. This guide does not provide detailed instructions about how to customise the desktop. For detailed instructions about how to use the customisation tools that the desktop provides, refer to the Help for each tool or to the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?prefs">User Guide</ulink>.</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="themes-TBL-1">
<title>Quick Reference to Customising the Appearance of the Desktop</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="33.04*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="14.50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>To change the...</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Use...</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Overall appearance of the desktop to use high contrast colours, low contrast colours, or large print.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <application>Theme</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Appearance of the desktop background only.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool and the file manager <guilabel>Backgrounds and Emblems</guilabel> menu item.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Font displayed on the desktop background and in all desktop applications.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>The <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Default font settings of the <application>Text Editor</application>, <application>Terminal</application> or <application>Help</application> application.</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>By default, these applications use the default application font that is specified in the <application>Font</application> preference tool but can be overridden in the <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialogue for the application.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="themes-2">
<title>Using Themes to Customise the Desktop</title>
<para>This section describes how to use themes to customise the appearance of the GNOME Desktop.</para>
<sect2 id="themes-3">
<title>Introduction to Themes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>themes</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies how a desktop component or a group of desktop components appears. You can use themes to modify and control the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. When you apply a theme, the system modifies many desktop components simultaneously to achieve the desired effect. For example, if you apply a theme that increases the font size across the desktop, the theme also modifies the size of panels and icons on the desktop for optimum compatibility with the font size.</para>
<para>A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the desktop as follows:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Controls</term>
<listitem>
<para>The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of all windows, applications, panels, and panel applications. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, applications, panels, and panel applications, such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the controls options that are available in the desktop are designed for special accessibility needs.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Window border</term>
<listitem>
<para>The window frame setting determines the appearance of the border around windows only.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Icon</term>
<listitem>
<para>The icon setting determines the appearance of icons on panels and on the desktop background.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-4">
<title>To Choose a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>themes</primary>
<secondary>desktop</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To choose a theme, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Theme</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The themes are listed on the left side of the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on a theme in the list box to choose a new theme. The system automatically applies the theme to the desktop.</para>
<para>There are several themes available that suit different accessibility needs, as described in the following table:</para>
<table frame="topbot" id="themes-TBL-2">
<title>Themes Designed for Accessibility Requirements</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Theme Name</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Description</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high contrast colours.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Inverse</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Provides light text on a dark background using high contrast colours.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>Large Print</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt. The background and foreground colors are the same as those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> desktop theme. To apply the suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Large Print</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt using dark text on a light background. To apply the suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>High Contrast Large Print Inverse</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt using light text on a dark background. To apply the suggested font, click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>To view the controls, window frame, and icon settings that are associated with a theme, select a theme in the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialogue, then click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialog contains a tabbed section for each setting category. Each tabbed section lists the options that are available and the current setting for the theme is highlighted.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-20">
<title>To Modify the Controls Setting for a Theme</title>
<para>To modify the controls setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialogue, select the theme that you want to modify.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialogue is displayed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Controls</guilabel> tab to display the controls options that are available.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the controls option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The following table lists the controls options that are suitable for accessibility needs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<table frame="topbot">
<title>Controls Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Control Option</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Description</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrast</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high contrast colours.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastInverse</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Provides light text on a dark background using high contrast colours.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrast</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses low contrast colours for the background and foreground text.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LargePrint</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool. The background and foreground colours are the same as those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel> desktop theme.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrint</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high contrast colours. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrintInverse</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides light text on a dark background using high contrast colours. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrastLargePrint</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses low contrast colours for the background and foreground text. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-5">
<title>To Modify the Window Border Setting for a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>themes</primary>
<secondary>window border</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To modify the window border setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialogue, select the theme that you want to modify.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialogue is displayed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Window Border</guilabel> tab to display the window frame options that are available.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the window frame option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The <guilabel>Atlanta</guilabel> option is an accessible option.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-19">
<title>To Modify the Icon Setting for a Theme</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>themes</primary>
<secondary>icon</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To modify the icon setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Theme Preferences</guilabel> dialogue, select the theme that you want to modify.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Theme Details</guibutton> button. The <guilabel>Theme Details</guilabel> dialogue is displayed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Icons</guilabel> tab to display the icon options that are available.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the icon option that you want to associate with the theme from the list box, then click <guibutton>Close</guibutton>. The following table lists the icon options that are suitable for accessibility needs.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<table frame="topbot">
<title>Icon Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements</title>
<tgroup cols="2" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
<colspec colname="colspec0" colwidth="50*"/>
<colspec colname="colspec1" colwidth="50*"/>
<thead>
<row rowsep="1">
<entry valign="top">
<para>Icon Option</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Description</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrast</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark on light icons using high contrast colours.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastInverse</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Provides light on dark icons using high contrast colours.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrast</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses low contrast colours for the background and foreground text.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<!--<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LargePrint</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>The background and foreground
colors are the same as those specified by the <guilabel>Default</guilabel>
desktop theme. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrint</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides dark text on a light background using high
contrast colors. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>HighContrastLargePrintInverse</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry valign="top">
<para>Provides light text on a dark background using high
contrast colors. To increase the font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry colname="colspec0" valign="top">
<para>
<guilabel>LowContrastLargePrint</guilabel>
</para>
</entry>
<entry colname="colspec1" valign="top">
<para>Uses
low contrast colors for the background and foreground text. To increase the
font size, you must use the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</entry>
</row>-->
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-6">
<title>To Create Your Own Themes</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>themes</primary>
<secondary>creating your own</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>For information about how to create your own themes, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:system-admin-guide?themes-0">System Administration Guide</ulink>.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="themes-7">
<title>Customising Specific Components of the Desktop</title>
<para>This section describes how to customise specific components of the desktop individually.</para>
<sect2 id="themes-8">
<title>To Customise the Desktop Background</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customising the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>desktop background</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The themes do not affect the desktop background. Therefore to modify the desktop background to complement your desktop, you must customize the desktop background separately using the <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool. To start the <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool,choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Desktop Background</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-9">
<title>To Customise Desktop Background Objects</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customising the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>desktop background objects</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The size of the icons that are displayed on the desktop background is controlled by the <application>File Management</application> preference tool. To change the size of the icons, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>From the <application>File Manager</application> window, choose the <menuchoice><guimenu>Edit</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu></menuchoice> menu item.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Views</guilabel> tabbed section.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Icon View Defaults</guilabel> group, select the zoom level that you require in the <guilabel>Default zoom level</guilabel> drop-down list.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-10">
<title>To Customise Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customising the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>fonts</secondary>
</indexterm>
<anchor id="themes-13"/>
<anchor id="themes-14"/>
<para>This section describes how to customise the font settings for the desktop and frequently-used applications.</para>
<para>If you have difficulty with the default font type and font size that is used on the desktop and desktop background, you can customise the font settings to suit your needs.</para>
<para>You can specify individual font settings for the following desktop components and applications:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Entire desktop excluding the desktop background</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Desktop background only</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Terminal</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Text editor</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Help</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Web Browser</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect3 id="themes-11">
<title>To Customise the Desktop Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customising the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>desktop fonts</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>Font</application> preference tool allows you to specify the default fonts for the desktop.</para>
<para>To start the <application>Font</application> preference tool, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Font</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. The <guilabel>Font Preferences</guilabel> dialogue contains the following options:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Application font</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a default font to use for the text that is displayed on the desktop, including the text displayed on the windows and dialogues associated with GNOME-compliant applications and panel applications.</para>
<note>
<para>If you use the <application>Theme</application> preference tool to select a theme and you click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button, the font that is associated with the theme overrides the font that you select using the <application>Font</application> preference tool.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Document font</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a font to use for displaying documents.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<guilabel>Desktop font</guilabel>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed on the desktop background only.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Window title font</guilabel></term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed in titlebars of your windows.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Fixed width font</guilabel></term>
<listitem>
<para>Click on this button to select a font to use for editing documents.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><guilabel>Font rendering</guilabel></term>
<listitem>
<para>To specify how to render fonts on the desktop, select one of the following options:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Monochrome</guilabel>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Best shapes</guilabel>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Best contrast</guilabel>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<guilabel>Subpixel smoothing</guilabel>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<note>
<para>If you use large fonts, you may need to change the size of panes in applications that use panes such as, the file manager and the Help browser.</para>
</note>
<para>For more information about the <application>Font</application> preference tool, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide?prefs-font">User Guide</ulink>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="themes-cust">
<title>To Customise Application Fonts</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>customising the desktop appearance</primary>
<secondary>individual font</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>By default, GNOME applications use the default font specified in the <application>Font</application> preference tool. Some applications allow this default font to be customized. These applications are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:user-guide#yelp">Help Browser</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gedit?gedit-prefs-fontsandcolors">Text Editor</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gnome-terminal#gnome-terminal-prefs-general">Terminal</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink type="help" url="ghelp:epiphany#ephy-customize">Web Browser</ulink></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="themes-15">
<title>Meeting Specific Accessibility Needs</title>
<para>The following sections summarise the steps you need to take to improve the accessibility of the desktop in a particular area.</para>
<sect2 id="themes-16">
<title>To Achieve a High or Low Contrast Desktop</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>high contrast desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>low contrast desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To achieve a high or low contrast desktop, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <application>Theme</application> preference tool to select the high contrast or low contrast desktop theme that you require.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <application>Desktop Background</application> preference tool to customise your desktop background as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Set the <guilabel>Desktop Wallpaper</guilabel> to <guilabel>No Wallpaper</guilabel>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Set the <guilabel>Desktop Colors</guilabel> to <guilabel>Solid Colour</guilabel>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select a background colour that suits your needs.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <application>Terminal</application> application, ensure that the <guilabel>Use colours from system theme</guilabel> option is selected in the <guilabel>Colours</guilabel> tabbed section of the <guilabel>Editing Profile</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <application>gedit</application> application, ensure that the <guilabel>Use default theme colours</guilabel> option is selected in the <guilabel>Fonts &amp; Colours</guilabel> tabbed section of the <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="themes-17">
<title>To Achieve a Large Print Desktop</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>large print desktop</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To achieve a large print desktop, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <application>Theme</application> preference tool to select the <guilabel>Large Print</guilabel> theme.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Apply Font</guibutton> button to increase the size of the font that is used on the desktop and on window frames.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <guilabel>Desktop font</guilabel> option in the <application>Font</application> preference tool to increase the font that is displayed on desktop background objects.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the <application>Terminal</application> application window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the <guilabel>Use default theme font</guilabel> option is selected in the <application>gedit</application><guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialog, <application>gedit</application> uses the font size that is specified in the large print theme that you selected. However, if the <guilabel>Use default theme font</guilabel> option is not selected, increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the <application>gedit</application> text editor window. See the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gedit?gedit-prefs-fontsandcolors"> gedit manual</ulink> for more information.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you use applications that use panes, such as the file manager and the Help browser, you may need to change the size of panes to accommodate the large print. See the online help for the appropriate application for more information.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>

<chapter id="ats-0">
<title>Using the Assistive Technologies</title>
<para>The GNOME Desktop contains the following applications to enable users with a physical disability to use the desktop:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>Before you can use the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> and <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> on Solaris systems, you must follow the steps outlined in <xref linkend="sysadmin-55"/> of this guide.</para>
</note>
<sect1 id="ats-1">
<title>On-Screen Keyboard</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>On-Screen Keyboard</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>GOK</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application displays virtual keyboards on your desktop. You can use the standard mouse pointer or alternative pointing device to operate the virtual keyboards. <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> displays the following types of keyboards:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Compose keyboards that enable you to compose text. To type alphanumeric characters, you select the characters on the compose keyboard.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Dynamic keyboards that <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> generates to reflect the applications that are currently running on the desktop. For example, <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> generates keyboards that contain keys to represent the applications that are running on your desktop or the menus that are contained in an application.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>To start <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessibility</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>On-Screen Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. For more information about the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gok"> Help for <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application></ulink>.</para>
<sect2 id="ats-5">
<title>Maximizing Application Windows for On-Screen Keyboard Users</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>maximizing Terminal for On-Screen Keyboard users</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you are an <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> user, you cannot use any application in Full Screen mode because the application window obscures the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> display.</para>
<para>To resize the window for use with the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Do not enable the Full Screen mode in the application.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Give focus to the application window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Press <keycap>F10</keycap> to maximise the application.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="ats-2">
<title>Screen Reader and Magnifier</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Screen Reader and Magnifier</primary>
</indexterm>
<indexterm>
<primary>Gnopernicus</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> application enables users with limited vision, or no vision, to use the GNOME Desktop and associated applications. <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> provides the following functionality:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Screen reader</para>
<para>The screen reader enables non-visual access to standard applications in the GNOME Desktop, using speech and Braille output.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Magnifier</para>
<para>The magnifier provides automated focus tracking and fullscreen magnification to aid low-vision users.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>To start <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>, choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessibility</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Screen Reader and Magnifier</guimenuitem></menuchoice>. For more information about the application, see the <ulink type="help" url="ghelp:gnopernicus">online Help for <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application></ulink>.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="ats-6">
<title>Disabling the Screensaver</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Screen Reader and Magnifier</primary>
<secondary>disabling screensaver</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Before you use <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> or <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>, you must disable the screensaver. To disable the screensaver, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Screensaver</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Deselect the <guilabel>Activate screensaver when session is idle</guilabel> checkbox.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect1>
</chapter>


<appendix id="sysadmin-0">
<title>System Administration</title>
<para>This appendix describes some tasks that a system administrator needs to perform to enable accessible login and to facilitate the use of the assistive technologies that are available in the GNOME Desktop.</para>
<sect1 id="sysadmin-27">
<title>Configuring the Desktop for Accessible Login</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>accessible login feature</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>The GNOME Desktop includes an Accessible Login feature. The Accessible Login feature enables users to:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in to the desktop even if the user cannot easily use the screen, mouse, or keyboard in the usual way.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Launch assistive technologies at login time by associating a user action with an assistive technology application. The user can perform the user action from the standard keyboard, or from a keyboard, pointing device, or switch device that is attached to the USB or PS/2 mouse port. These user actions are called gestures.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change the visual appearance of the login dialogue before the user logs in, for example, to use a high contrast theme for better visibility.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-34">
<title>To Enable Accessible Login</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>GDM</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To enable the Accessible Login feature for the GNOME Desktop, you must configure the desktop to use the GNOME Display Manager (GDM) as the login manager. GDM is the default login manager on Linux systems but not on Solaris systems, therefore the instructions to enable Accessible Login differ depending on the platform you are using.</para>
<sect3 id="sysadmin-38">
<title>To Enable and Configure GDM on Solaris Systems</title>
<para>To enable and configure GDM as the login manager on Solaris systems, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the file <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Search the file for the following line:</para>
<para>
<literal>#AddGtkModules=false</literal>
</para>
<para>and replace the line with the following:</para>
<para>
<literal>AddGtkModules=true</literal>
</para>
<para>This step enables the GtkModules.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Search the file for the following line:</para>
<para>
<literal>#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<para>and delete the <literal>#</literal> from the start of the line so that the line reads:</para>
<para>
<literal>GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<note>
<para>The above lines must be displayed as single lines in the <filename>gdm.conf</filename> file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide may display the lines over two lines.</para>
</note>
<para>This step loads all of the GtkModules to enable assistive technologies such as <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> and <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>. You can edit the line above further to load only the GtkModules that you require to support the user base. For example:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If you need to use the <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>, include <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you need to use a pointing device without buttons or switches, include <literal>gail</literal>, <literal>atk-bridge</literal>, and<literal>dwellmouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you use pointing devices with switches, alternative physical keyboards, or switch and button devices, include <literal>keymouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> can operate without <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal> but with a reduced feature set.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>For optimum accessibility, include <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command to stop the <application>dtlogin</application> manager:</para>
<para>
<command>/usr/dt/bin/dtconfig -d</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following commands to configure GDM as the login manager:</para>
<para>
<command>svccfg import /var/svc/manifest/application/gdm2-login.xml</command>
</para>
<para>
<command>svcadm enable application/gdm2-login</command>
</para>
<note>
<para>If you make any changes to the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file after you enable GDM, you can execute the following command to restart GDM and activate the changes:</para>
<para>
<command>gdm-restart</command>
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> to append the following to the end of the <literal>gdm</literal> line:</para>
<para>
<literal>:/etc/X11/gdm/home</literal>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Create the <literal>/etc/X11/gdm/home</literal> directory and assign ownership of the directory to the <literal>gdm</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Restart your system.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="sysadmin-39">
<title>To Configure GDM on Linux Systems</title>
<para>To configure GDM on Linux systems, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the file <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Search the file for the following line:</para>
<para>
<literal>#AddGtkModules=false</literal>
</para>
<para>and replace the line with the following:</para>
<para>
<literal>AddGtkModules=true</literal>
</para>
<para>This step enables the GtkModules.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Search the file for the following line:</para>
<para>
<literal>#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<para>and delete the <literal>#</literal> from the start of the line so that the line reads:</para>
<para>
<literal>GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener</literal>
</para>
<note>
<para>The above lines must be displayed as single lines in the <filename>gdm.conf</filename> file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide may display the lines over two lines.</para>
</note>
<para>This step loads all of the GtkModules to enable assistive technologies such as <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> and <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>. You can edit the line above further to load only the GtkModules that you require to support the user base. For example:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If you need to use the <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>, include <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you need to use a pointing device without buttons or switches, include <literal>gail</literal>, <literal>atk-bridge</literal>, and <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you use pointing devices with switches, alternative physical keyboards, or switch and button devices, include <literal>keymouselistener</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> can operate without <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal> but with a reduced feature set.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>For optimum accessibility, include <literal>gail</literal> and <literal>atk-bridge</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file.</para>
<note>
<para>If you make any changes to the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file after you enable GDM, you can execute the following command to restart GDM and activate the changes:</para>
<para>
<command>gdm-restart</command>
</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the file <filename>/etc/group</filename> and append the following to the <literal>audio</literal> line:</para>
<para>
<literal>,gdm</literal>
</para>
<para>This step ensures that speech works with GDM.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Restart your system.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-29">
<title>To Start Assistive Technologies at Login</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>gestures</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you load the <literal>keymouselistener</literal> and <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal> GtkModules in the GDM configuration file, you can assign user actions to launch specific assistive technologies at login time. These user actions are called gestures. The gesture associations are contained in the following GDM configuration files:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<filename>/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<filename>/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessDwellMouseEvents</filename>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>If you modify these files, you must restart your system before the changes take effect.</para>
</note>
<para>The following sections contain examples of the gestures that you can add to the GDM configuration files.</para>
<note>
<para>The gestures must be contained in a single line in the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide might display the examples in the following sections over two lines.</para>
</note>
<sect3 id="sysadmin-30">
<title>To Start Screen Reader Using a Keyboard Shortcut</title>
<para>Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate keyboard shortcuts with assistive technologies. For example, the following line enables you to press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>S</keycap></keycombo> for one second to start <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> in speech and Braille mode:</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;s 1 1000 10000 /usr/sfw/bin/srcore --login --disable-magnifier --enable-speech --enable-braille</literal>
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Linux:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;s 1 1000 10000 srcore --login --disable-magnifier --enable-speech --enable-braille</literal>
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="sysadmin-41">
<title>To Start Magnifier Using a Keyboard Shortcut</title>
<para>Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate keyboard shortcuts with assistive technologies. For example, the following line enables you to press-and-hold <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>M</keycap></keycombo> for one second to start <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> in magnifier mode:</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;m 1 1000 10000 /usr/sfw/bin/srcore --login --enable-magnifier --disable-speech</literal>
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Linux:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Control&gt;m 1 1000 10000 srcore --login --enable-magnifier --disable-speech</literal>
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="sysadmin-31">
<title>To Start On-Screen Keyboard Using a Switch or Button Gesture</title>
<para>Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate switch, key, or button gestures with assistive technologies. Since the primary input device for many <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> users is a switch or button, this is a good way to enable users to start <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> at login time.</para>
<para>If there is a tendency for a user to start an application unintentionally, you can associate the gestures with multiple switch presses or minimum durations. For example, the following line starts <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> in inverse scanning mode when the user presses the switch that is defined as Switch 2 three times within two seconds, for a minimum of 100 milliseconds for each press:</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch2&gt;3 100 2000 /usr/sfw/bin/gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2</literal>
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Linux:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch2&gt;3 100 2000 gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2</literal>
</para>
<para>Users who use single switches may prefer to start <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> in automatic scanning mode. The following line starts <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> in automatic scanning mode when the user presses the switch on an alternative access device for more than four seconds:</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch&gt;1 4000 5000 /usr/sfw/bin/gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1</literal>
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Linux:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>&lt;Switch&gt;1 4000 5000 gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1</literal>
</para>
<para>For information about the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> operating modes, see the online Help for <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>.</para>
</sect3>
<sect3 id="sysadmin-32">
<title>To Start On-Screen Keyboard Using a Motion-only Gesture</title>
<para>You can define gestures that involve only the motion of a pointing device such as a mouse, or an alternative pointing device, such as a head pointer or trackball. The syntax of the gesture does not change depending on whether you are using a mouse or an alternative pointing device. Edit the <filename>AccessKeyMouseEvents</filename> file to associate motion gestures with assistive technologies.</para>
<para>If the <literal>dwellmouselistener</literal> GtkModule is loaded, alternative pointing devices are temporarily latched to the core pointer. This means that if the user moves the alternative pointing device, the onscreen pointer moves.</para>
<para>For example, the following line starts <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> in dwell mode when the user moves the onscreen pointer from inside the login dialogue through the top edge, back into the dialogue through the top edge, out of the dialog through the left edge, back into the dialogue through the left edge, and similarly through the bottom and right edges of the dialogue in a cross pattern:</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Solaris:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>TTLLBBRR O 10000 /usr/sfw/bin/gok --login --access-method=dwellselection --input-device=MOUSE[3]</literal>
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>Linux:</emphasis>
</para>
<para>
<literal>TTLLBBRR O 10000 gok --login --access-method=dwellselection --input-device=MOUSE[3]</literal>
</para>
<para>Note that the <literal>--input-device</literal> parameter specified in the gesture must match the name of the extended user input device, such as a head pointer or trackball, as specified in <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>.</para>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-33">
<title>Additional Requirements for Accessible Login</title>
<para>To enable the Accessible Login feature to use alternative pointing devices and switch devices such as sip-and-puff switches, wheelchair-mounted switches, or trackballs, you might need to modify your X server system configuration to recognise these devices. You can use most devices that emulate mouse buttons with the Accessible Login feature and <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>, including USB single switches and mouse-like pointing devices.</para>
<note>
<para>You should not configure an alternative input device to control the primary on screen pointer. This might result in undesirable behaviour or cause situations from which the user of the alternate input device cannot recover without using the primary keyboard or mouse. To prevent this problem, please remove any occurrences of the attributes <literal>SendCore</literal> or <literal>AlwaysCore</literal> from any of <literal>InputDevice</literal> lines in the X Server configuration file.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="sysadmin-7">
<title>Configuring the Java Environment for Accessibility on Solaris Systems</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Java environment, configuring</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure the Java environment on Solaris systems for accessibility, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user to the base directory of the Java SDK installation.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>cd jre/lib</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>ln -s /usr/share/jar/accessibility.properties</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>cd ext</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>ln -s /usr/share/jar/gnome-java-bridge.jar</command>
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="sysadmin-55">
<title>Enabling XKB on Solaris Systems</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>XKB</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>If you are using the desktop for the Solaris operating system on a SPARC platform, you must enable XKB on your system before you can use the <application>AccessX</application> preference tool, <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application>, or <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application>.</para>
<note>
<para>XKB is not currently supported on Sun Ray systems.</para>
</note>
<para>To enable XKB on a non-Sun Ray Solaris system, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Check if the path and file <filename>/etc/dt/config/Xservers</filename> exists on your system.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the <filename>/etc/dt/config</filename> directory does not exist, enter the following command:</para>
<screen>
<command>mkdir -p /etc/dt/config</command>
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the <filename>Xservers</filename> file is not present, enter the following command:</para>
<screen>
<command>cp /usr/dt/config/Xservers /etc/dt/config/Xservers</command>
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the <filename>Xservers</filename> file in a text editor and scroll to the end of the file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Append the following to the command line at the end of the file:</para>
<screen>
<userinput>+kb</userinput>
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save and close the <filename>Xservers</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command at a command line:</para>
<screen>
<command>pkill -HUP dtlogin</command>
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the <filename>/etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf</filename> file in a text editor.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Scroll towards the end of the file until you see the line <literal>[server - standard]</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the <literal>command</literal> line in this section to append the following to the end of the line:</para>
<para>
<command>+accessx +kb</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save and close the <filename>gdm.conf</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Log out of your session and log in again.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>To verify if XKB is running, execute the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>xdpyinfo</command>
</para>
<para>then search for XKEYBOARD in the extensions list.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="sysadmin-6">
<title>Enabling Full Screen Magnification</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Screen Reader and Magnifier</primary>
<secondary>enabling full screen magnification</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>The following sections describe the methods to enable full screen magnification.</para>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-48">
<title>To Enable Full Screen Magnification Using Two Video Cards</title>
<para>To enable full screen magnification in <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> using two physical video cards, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Configure two video cards as :0.0 and :0.1.</para>
<note>
<para>It is not essential that both video cards have the same resolution and bit depth. However, if the resolutions and bit depths of both cards differ greatly, the apparent magnification factor may differ slightly from the nominal magnification factor.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessibility</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Screen Reader and Magnifier</guimenuitem></menuchoice>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> in the <guilabel>Gnopernicus</guilabel> menu window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>Magnifier</guilabel> to open the <guilabel>Magnifier Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Add/Modify</guibutton> button to display the <guilabel>Zoomer Options</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Display Screen</guilabel> section, type <userinput>:0.0</userinput> in the <guilabel>Source</guilabel> text box.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Display Screen</guilabel> section, type <userinput>:0.1</userinput> in the <guilabel>Target</guilabel> text box.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Set the Zoomer Placement values to be <literal>[0,0,1023,767]</literal>.</para>
<note>
<para>These instructions assume a video resolution of 1024x768.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> and <guibutton>Close</guibutton> to close the <guilabel>Zoomer Options</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
<para>The magnified view is displayed on the second display 0.1.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-49">
<title>To Enable Full Screen Magnification Using One Video Card on Linux Systems</title>
<para>To enable full screen magnification on Linux systems using one physical video card and one virtual video card, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Open the file <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Create a new section at the end of the file as follows:</para>
<literallayout>Section "Device"
Boardname "dummy"
Driver "dummy"
Identifier "dummy"
VendorName "dummy"
EndSection </literallayout>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Copy the <literal>Monitor</literal> section and paste it at the end of the file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the new <literal>Monitor</literal> section, edit the <literal>Identifier</literal> line as follows:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>Identifier "MonitorD"</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Copy the <literal>Screen</literal> section and paste it at the end of the file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the new <literal>Screen</literal> section, edit the <literal>Device</literal>, <literal>Identifier</literal>, and <literal>Monitor</literal> lines as follows:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>Device "dummy"
Identifier "Screen[D]"
Monitor "MonitorD"</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the <literal>ServerLayout</literal> section to change the <literal>Screen</literal> line as follows:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>Screen "Screen[0]" 0 0</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Insert the following line in the <literal>ServerLayout</literal> section:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>Screen "Screen[D]" RightOf "Screen[0]"</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save the <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Restart the X Server.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Start the <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> application.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>Startup Mode</guilabel> in the <guilabel>Gnopernicus</guilabel> menu window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Select the <guilabel>Magnifier</guilabel> option in the <guilabel>Startup Mode</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> in the <guilabel>Gnopernicus</guilabel> menu window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>Magnifier</guilabel> to open the <guilabel>Magnifier Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guibutton>Add/Modify</guibutton> button to display the <guilabel>Zoomer Options</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Display Screen</guilabel> section, type <userinput>:0.1</userinput> in the <guilabel>Source</guilabel> text box.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Zoomer Placement</guilabel> section, set the value of the <guilabel>Left</guilabel> spin box to <userinput>0</userinput>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click <guibutton>Apply</guibutton>.</para>
<para>The <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> user interface is no longer visible.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Log out of your session.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Log in to a new session.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command to start <application>Screen Reader and Magnifier</application> in full screen magnification mode:</para>
<para>
<command>gnopernicus -display :0.1</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>When you log out of your session, select the <guilabel>Save current setup</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="sysadmin-52">
<title>Enabling Braille</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>Braille, enabling</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>To enable your system to support Braille output, you must configure the access rights to the serial port to which the Braille device is connected. The following sections describe the steps that you need to perform depending on your operating system.</para>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-53">
<title>To Enable Braille on Solaris Systems</title>
<para>To configure the serial port to which the Braille device is connected on Solaris systems, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>chmod 777 /dev/cua/a</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>chmod 777 /dev/cua/b</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Change the permissions to <literal>777</literal> on the devices to which the symbolic links <literal>/dev/cua/a</literal> and <literal>/dev/cua/b</literal> point.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<note>
<para>If your system uses <command>/dev/cua/a</command> for system log messages, Braille will not work on that serial port. Use <command>/dev/cua/b</command> instead.</para>
</note>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-54">
<title>To Enable Braille on Linux Systems</title>
<para>To configure the serial port to which the Braille device is connected on Linux systems, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Log in as the <literal>root</literal> user.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>chmod 777 /dev/ttyS0</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command:</para>
<para>
<command>chmod 777 /dev/ttyS1</command>
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="sysadmin-37">
<title>Configuring Alternative Pointer Devices</title>
<para>The following sections describe how to configure your system to use a standard physical mouse and another pointer device such as a single switch device or head tracker device, and how to configure <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> to use the second pointer device.</para>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-45">
<title>To Configure Alternative Pointer Devices on Solaris Systems</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>configuring two pointer devices</primary>
<secondary>on Solaris systems</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure an alternative pointer device on a Solaris system, perform the following steps:</para>
<note>
<para>This procedure does not work on all Solaris platforms.</para>
</note>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Before you connect the alternative pointer device to your system, enter the following command to list the existing devices:</para>
<para>
<command>ls -l /dev/usb/hid*</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Connect the alternative pointer device to your system.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command again to list the new device:</para>
<para>
<command>ls -l /dev/usb/hid*</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the file <filename>/usr/openwin/server/etc/OWconfig</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add the following lines to the <filename>OWconfig</filename> file:</para>
<para>
<literallayout># Sun Mouse module
class="XINPUT" name="IMOUSE2"
dev="/dev/usb/hid2" strmod="usbms"
ddxHandler="ddxSUNWmouse.so.1"
ddxInitFunc="ddxSUNWmouseProc";</literallayout>
</para>
<para>where:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the <literal>name</literal> option starts with the string <literal>IMOUSE</literal> but is extended to form a unique string, such as <literal>IMOUSE2</literal> or <literal>IMOUSE3</literal>, depending on the number of existing devices.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the <literal>dev</literal> option specifies the device name that you identified in Step 3.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Remove the following lines from the <filename>OWconfig</filename> file:</para>
<para>
<literallayout># Null Mouse module
class="XINPUT" name="NMOUSE"
ddxHandler="ddxSUNWmouse.so.1"
ddxInitFunc="ddxnullmouseProc";</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save the <filename>/usr/openwin/server/etc/OWconfig</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Restart the X Server.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-46">
<title>To Configure Alternative Pointer Devices on Linux Systems</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>configuring two pointer devices</primary>
<secondary>on Linux systems</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure an alternative pointer device on a Linux system, perform the following steps:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Before you connect the alternative pointer device to your system, enter the following command to list the existing devices:</para>
<para>
<command>ls -l /dev/usb/hid*</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Connect the alternative pointer device to your system.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Enter the following command again to list the new device:</para>
<para>
<command>ls -l /dev/usb/hid*</command>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Open the file <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the <literal>InputDevice</literal> section where the <literal>Driver</literal> value is set to <literal>mouse</literal> as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Change the <literal>Option Device</literal> line to the following:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>Option "Device" "/dev/input/mouse0"</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Comment out the <literal>Option Protocol</literal> line as follows:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>#Option "Protocol" "explorerps/2"</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>If you are not using USB connections for your primary mouse device and other pointer device, you do not need to carry out this step.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Create a new <literal>InputDevice</literal> section as follows:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>Section "InputDevice"
Driver "mouse"
Identifier "Mouse[3]"
Option "Device" "/dev/input/mouse1"
Option "Name" "Autodetection"
Option "Vendor" "Sysp"
EndSection</literallayout>
</para>
<note>
<para>If you are not using USB connections for your primary mouse device and other pointer device, you do not need to carry out this step.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the <literal>ServerLayout</literal> section as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Change the <literal>InputDevice "Mouse[1]"</literal> line to the following:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>InputDevice "Mouse[1]" "CorePointer"</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Create a new <literal>InputDevice</literal> line as follows:</para>
<para>
<literallayout>InputDevice "Mouse[3]"
</literallayout>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Remove any occurrences of the attributes <literal>SendCore</literal> or <literal>AlwaysCore</literal> from any of <literal>InputDevice</literal> lines.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<note>
<para>Ensure that only the device that you are using as the primary mouse device has the <literal>"CorePointer"</literal> attribute and ensure that the alternate input devices do not have the <literal>SendCore</literal> or <literal>AlwaysCore</literal> attributes.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Save the <filename>/etc/X11/XF86Config</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Restart the X Server.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="sysadmin-47">
<title>To Configure On-Screen Keyboard to Use an Alternative Pointer Device</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>On-Screen Keyboard</primary>
<secondary>configuring for two pointer devices</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>To configure the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application to use an alternative pointer device, perform the following steps.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Start the <application>On-Screen Keyboard</application> application.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>GOK</guilabel> in the <guilabel>GOK - main</guilabel> window.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> to open the <guilabel>Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click on the <guilabel>Actions</guilabel> tab.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In the <guilabel>Event Source</guilabel> options, select the <guilabel>Other input device</guilabel> option. <application>On-Screen Reader</application> displays the name of the input device that you configured in the text box next to the <guilabel>Other input device</guilabel> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Click <guibutton>OK</guibutton> to close the <guilabel>GOK Preferences</guilabel> dialogue.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</appendix>


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</book>
