MYSQLDUMP(1)

NAME
mysqldump - a database backup program

SYNOPSIS

mysqldump [options] [db_name [tbl_name ...]]

DESCRIPTION

The mysqldump client is a backup program originally written by Igor Romanenko. It can be used to dump a database or a collection of databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump typically contains SQL statements to create the table, populate it, or both. However, mysqldump can also be used to generate files in CSV, other delimited text, or XML format.

If you are doing a backup on the server and your tables all are MyISAM tables, consider using the mysqlhotcopy instead because it can accomplish faster backups and faster restores. See mysqlhotcopy(1).

There are three general ways to invoke mysqldump:

    shell> mysqldump [options] db_name [tables]
    shell> mysqldump [options] --databases db_name1 [db_name2 db_name3...]
    shell> mysqldump [options] --all-databases

If you do not name any tables following db_name or if you use the --databases or --all-databases option, entire databases are dumped.

mysqldump does not dump the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database. If you name that database explicitly on the command line, mysqldump silently ignores it.

To get a list of the options your version of mysqldump supports, execute mysqldump --help.

Some mysqldump options are shorthand for groups of other options. --opt and --compact fall into this category. For example, use of --opt is the same as specifying --add-drop-table --add-locks --create-options --disable-keys --extended-insert --lock-tables --quick --set-charset. Note that all of the options that --opt stands for also are on by default because --opt is on by default.

To reverse the effect of a group option, uses its --skip-xxx form (--skip-opt or --skip-compact). It is also possible to select only part of the effect of a group option by following it with options that enable or disable specific features. Here are some examples:

•   To select the effect of --opt except for some features, use the --skip option for each feature. For example, to disable extended inserts and memory buffering, use --opt --skip-extended-insert --skip-quick. (As of MySQL 5.0, --skip-extended-insert --skip-quick is sufficient because --opt is on by default.)

•   To reverse --opt for all features except index disabling and table locking, use --skip-opt --disable-keys --lock-tables.

When you selectively enable or disable the effect of a group option, order is important because options are processed first to last. For example, --disable-keys --lock-tables --skip-opt would not have the intended effect; it is the same as --skip-opt by itself.

mysqldump can retrieve and dump table contents row by row, or it can retrieve the entire content from a table and buffer it in memory before dumping it. Buffering in memory can be a problem if you are dumping large tables. To dump tables row by row, use the --quick option (or --opt, which enables --quick). The --opt option (and hence --quick) is enabled by default in MySQL 5.0; to enable memory buffering, use --skip-quick.

If you are using a recent version of mysqldump to generate a dump to be reloaded into a very old MySQL server, you should not use the --opt or --extended-insert option. Use --skip-opt instead.

Before MySQL 4.1.2, out-of-range numeric values such as -inf and inf, as well as NaN (not-a-number) values are dumped by mysqldump as NULL. You can see this using the following sample table:

    mysql> CREATE TABLE t (f DOUBLE);
    mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(1e+111111111111111111111);
    mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(-1e111111111111111111111);
    mysql> SELECT f FROM t;
    +------+
    | f    |
    +------+
    |  inf |
    | -inf |
    +------+

For this table, mysqldump produces the following data output:

    --
    -- Dumping data for table `t`
    --
    INSERT INTO t VALUES (NULL);
    INSERT INTO t VALUES (NULL);

The significance of this behavior is that if you dump and restore the table, the new table has contents that differ from the original contents. This problem is fixed as of MySQL 4.1.2; you cannot insert inf in the table, so this mysqldump behavior is only relevant when you deal with old servers.

mysqldump supports the following options:

•   --help, -?

    Display a help message and exit.

•   --add-drop-database

    Add a DROP DATABASE statement before each CREATE DATABASE statement.

•   --add-drop-table

    Add a DROP TABLE statement before each CREATE TABLE statement.

•   --add-locks

    Surround each table dump with LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES statements. This results in faster inserts when the dump file is reloaded. See Section 2.19, “Speed of INSERT Statements”.

•   --all-databases, -A

    Dump all tables in all databases. This is the same as using the --databases option and naming all the databases on the command line.

•   --allow-keywords

    Allow creation of column names that are keywords. This works by prefixing each column name with the table name.

•   --character-sets-dir=path

    The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 2, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

•   --comments, -i

    Write additional information in the dump file such as program version, server version, and host. This option is enabled by default. To suppress this additional information, use --skip-comments.

•   --compact

    Produce less verbose output. This option enables the --skip-add-drop-table, --skip-add-locks, --skip-comments, --skip-disable-keys, and --skip-set-charset options.

    Note Prior to release 5.0.48, this option did not create valid SQL if the database dump contained views. The recreation of views requires the creation and removal of temporary tables and this option suppressed the removal of those temporary tables. As a workaround, use --compact with the --add-drop-table option and then manually adjust the dump file.

•   --compatible=name

    Produce output that is more compatible with other database systems or with older MySQL servers. The value of name can be ansi, mysql323, mysql40, postgresql, oracle, mssql, db2, maxdb, no_key_options, no_table_options, or no_field_options. To use several values, separate them by commas. These values have the same meaning as the corresponding options for setting the server SQL mode. See Section 1.7, “Server SQL Modes”.

    This option does not guarantee compatibility with other servers. It only enables those SQL mode values that are currently available for making dump output more compatible. For example, --compatible=oracle does not map data types to Oracle types or use Oracle comment syntax.

    This option requires a server version of 4.1.0 or higher. With older servers, it does nothing.

•   --complete-insert, -c

    Use complete INSERT statements that include column names.

•   --compress, -C

    Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

•   --create-options

    Include all MySQL-specific table options in the CREATE TABLE statements.

•   --databases, -B

    Dump several databases. Normally, mysqldump treats the first name argument on the command line as a database name and following names as table names. With this option, it treats all name arguments as database names. CREATE DATABASE and USE statements are included in the output before each new database.

•   --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]

    Write a debugging log. The debug_options string is often 'd:t:o,file_name'. The default value is 'd:t:o,/tmp/mysqldump.trace'.

•   --debug-info

    Print debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program exits. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.32.

•   --default-character-set=charset_name

    Use charset_name as the default character set. See Section 2, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”. If no character set is specified, mysqldump uses utf8, and earlier versions use latin1.

    This option has no effect for output data files produced by using the --tab option. See the description for that option.

•   --delayed-insert

    Write INSERT DELAYED statements rather than INSERT statements.

•   --delete-master-logs

    On a master replication server, delete the binary logs after performing the dump operation. This option automatically enables --master-data.

•   --disable-keys, -K

    For each table, surround the INSERT statements with /*!40000 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DISABLE KEYS */; and /*!40000 ALTER TABLE tbl_name ENABLE KEYS */; statements. This makes loading the dump file faster because the indexes are created after all rows are inserted. This option is effective only for non-unique indexes of MyISAM tables.

•   --dump-date

    mysqldump produces a -- Dump completed on DATE comment at the end of the dump if the --comments option is given. However, the date causes dump files for identical data take at different times to appear to be different. --dump-date and --skip-dump-date control whether the date is added to the comment. The default is --dump-date (include the date in the comment). --skip-dump-date suppresses date printing. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.52.

•   --extended-insert, -e

    Use multiple-row INSERT syntax that include several VALUES lists. This results in a smaller dump file and speeds up inserts when the file is reloaded.

•   --fields-terminated-by=..., --fields-enclosed-by=..., --fields-optionally-enclosed-by=..., --fields-escaped-by=...

    These options are used with the -T option and have the same meaning as the corresponding clauses for LOAD DATA INFILE. See Section 2.6, “LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax”.

•   --first-slave, -x

    Deprecated. Now renamed to --lock-all-tables.

•   --flush-logs, -F

    Flush the MySQL server log files before starting the dump. This option requires the RELOAD privilege. Note that if you use this option in combination with the --all-databases (or -A) option, the logs are flushed for each database dumped. The exception is when using --lock-all-tables or --master-data: In this case, the logs are flushed only once, corresponding to the moment that all tables are locked. If you want your dump and the log flush to happen at exactly the same moment, you should use --flush-logs together with either --lock-all-tables or --master-data.

•   --flush-privileges

    Emit a FLUSH PRIVILEGES statement after dumping the mysql database. This option should be used any time the dump contains the mysql database and any other database that depends on the data in the mysql database for proper restoration. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.26.

•   --force, -f

    Continue even if an SQL error occurs during a table dump.

    One use for this option is to cause mysqldump to continue executing even when it encounters a view that has become invalid because the definition refers to a table that has been dropped. Without --force, mysqldump exits with an error message. With --force, mysqldump prints the error message, but it also writes an SQL comment containing the view definition to the dump output and continues executing.

•   --host=host_name, -h host_name

    Dump data from the MySQL server on the given host. The default host is localhost.

•   --hex-blob

    Dump binary columns using hexadecimal notation (for example, 'abc' becomes 0x616263). The affected data types are BINARY, VARBINARY, and BLOB. As of MySQL 5.0.13, BIT columns are affected as well.

•   --ignore-table=db_name.tbl_name

    Do not dump the given table, which must be specified using both the database and table names. To ignore multiple tables, use this option multiple times.

•   --insert-ignore

    Write INSERT statements with the IGNORE option.

•   --lines-terminated-by=...

    This option is used with the -T option and has the same meaning as the corresponding clause for LOAD DATA INFILE. See Section 2.6, “LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax”.

•   --lock-all-tables, -x

    Lock all tables across all databases. This is achieved by acquiring a global read lock for the duration of the whole dump. This option automatically turns off --single-transaction and --lock-tables.

•   --lock-tables, -l

    Lock all tables before dumping them. The tables are locked with READ LOCAL to allow concurrent inserts in the case of MyISAM tables. For transactional tables such as InnoDB and BDB, --single-transaction is a much better option, because it does not need to lock the tables at all.

    Please note that when dumping multiple databases, --lock-tables locks tables for each database separately. Therefore, this option does not guarantee that the tables in the dump file are logically consistent between databases. Tables in different databases may be dumped in completely different states.

•   --log-error=file_name

    Append warnings and errors to the named file. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.42.

•   --master-data[=value]

    Use this option to dump a master replication server to produce a dump file that can be used to set up another server as a slave of the master. It causes the dump output to include a CHANGE MASTER TO statement that indicates the binary log coordinates (file name and position) of the dumped server. These are the master server coordinates from which the slave should start replicating.

    If the option value is 2, the CHANGE MASTER TO statement is written as an SQL comment, and thus is informative only; it has no effect when the dump file is reloaded. If the option value is 1, the statement takes effect when the dump file is reloaded. If the option value is not specified, the default value is 1.

    This option requires the RELOAD privilege and the binary log must be enabled.

    The --master-data option automatically turns off --lock-tables. It also turns on --lock-all-tables, unless --single-transaction also is specified, in which case, a global read lock is acquired only for a short time at the beginning of the dump (see the description for --single-transaction). In all cases, any action on logs happens at the exact moment of the dump.

    It is also possible to set up a slave by dumping an existing slave of the master. To do this, use the following procedure on the existing slave:

    1.  Stop the slave's SQL thread and get its current status:

        mysql> STOP SLAVE SQL_THREAD;
        mysql> SHOW SLAVE STATUS;

    2.  From the output of the SHOW SLAVE STATUS statement, get the binary log coordinates of the master server from which the new slave should start replicating. These coordinates are the values of the Relay_Master_Log_File and Exec_Master_Log_Pos values. Denote those values as file_name and file_pos.

    3.  Dump the slave server:

        shell> mysqldump --master-data=2 --all-databases > dumpfile

    4.  Restart the slave:

        mysql> START SLAVE;

    5.  On the new slave, reload the dump file:

        shell> mysql < dumpfile

    6.  On the new slave, set the replication coordinates to those of the master server obtained earlier:

        mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
            -> MASTER_LOG_FILE = 'file_name', MASTER_LOG_POS = file_pos;
    The CHANGE MASTER TO statement might also need other parameters, such as MASTER_HOST to point the slave to the correct master server host. Add any such parameters as necessary.

•   --no-autocommit

    Enclose the INSERT statements for each dumped table within SET autocommit = 0 and COMMIT statements.

•   --no-create-db, -n

    This option suppresses the CREATE DATABASE statements that are otherwise included in the output if the --databases or --all-databases option is given.

•   --no-create-info, -t

    Do not write CREATE TABLE statements that re-create each dumped table.

•   --no-data, -d

    Do not write any table row information (that is, do not dump table contents). This is very useful if you want to dump only the CREATE TABLE statement for the table.

•   --opt

    This option is shorthand; it is the same as specifying --add-drop-table --add-locks --create-options --disable-keys --extended-insert --lock-tables --quick --set-charset. It should give you a fast dump operation and produce a dump file that can be reloaded into a MySQL server quickly.

    The --opt option is enabled by default. Use --skip-opt to disable it. See the discussion at the beginning of this section for information about selectively enabling or disabling certain of the options affected by --opt.

•   --order-by-primary

    Sorts each table's rows by its primary key, or by its first unique index, if such an index exists. This is useful when dumping a MyISAM table to be loaded into an InnoDB table, but will make the dump itself take considerably longer.

•   --password[=password], -p[password]

    The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (-p), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the password value following the --password or -p option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

    Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.6, “Keeping Passwords Secure”.

•   --pipe, -W

    On Windows, connect to the server via a named pipe. This option applies only for connections to a local server, and only if the server supports named-pipe connections.

•   --port=port_num, -P port_num

    The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

•   --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}

    The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when the other connection parameters normally would cause a protocol to be used other than the one you want. For details on the allowable values, see Section 2.2, “Connecting to the MySQL Server”.

•   --quick, -q

    This option is useful for dumping large tables. It forces mysqldump to retrieve rows for a table from the server a row at a time rather than retrieving the entire row set and buffering it in memory before writing it out.

•   --quote-names, -Q

    Quote database, table, and column names within “`” characters. If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is enabled, names are quoted within “"” characters. This option is enabled by default. It can be disabled with --skip-quote-names, but this option should be given after any option such as --compatible that may enable --quote-names.

•   --result-file=file_name, -r file_name

    Direct output to a given file. This option should be used on Windows to prevent newline “\n” characters from being converted to “\r\n” carriage return/newline sequences. The result file is created and its contents overwritten, even if an error occurs while generating the dump. The previous contents are lost.

•   --routines, -R

    Dump stored routines (functions and procedures) from the dumped databases. Use of this option requires the SELECT privilege for the mysql.proc table. The output generated by using --routines contains CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION statements to re-create the routines. However, these statements do not include attributes such as the routine creation and modification timestamps. This means that when the routines are reloaded, they will be created with the timestamps equal to the reload time.

    If you require routines to be re-created with their original timestamp attributes, do not use --routines. Instead, dump and reload the contents of the mysql.proc table directly, using a MySQL account that has appropriate privileges for the mysql database.

    This option was added in MySQL 5.0.13. Before that, stored routines are not dumped. Routine DEFINER values are not dumped until MySQL 5.0.20. This means that before 5.0.20, when routines are reloaded, they will be created with the definer set to the reloading user. If you require routines to be re-created with their original definer, dump and load the contents of the mysql.proc table directly as described earlier.

•   --set-charset

    Add SET NAMES default_character_set to the output. This option is enabled by default. To suppress the SET NAMES statement, use --skip-set-charset.

•   --single-transaction

    This option issues a BEGIN SQL statement before dumping data from the server. It is useful only with transactional tables such as InnoDB and BDB, because then it dumps the consistent state of the database at the time when BEGIN was issued without blocking any applications.

    When using this option, you should keep in mind that only InnoDB tables are dumped in a consistent state. For example, any MyISAM or MEMORY tables dumped while using this option may still change state.

    The --single-transaction option and the --lock-tables option are mutually exclusive, because LOCK TABLES causes any pending transactions to be committed implicitly.

    While a --single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log position), no other connection should use the following statements: ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE. A consistent read is not isolated from those statements, so use of them on a table to be dumped can cause the SELECT performed by mysqldump to retrieve the table contents to obtain incorrect contents or fail.

    This option is not supported for MySQL Cluster tables; the results cannot be guaranteed to be consistent due to the fact that the NDBCLUSTER storage engine supports only the READ_COMMITTED transaction isolation level. You should always use NDB backup and restore instead.

    To dump large tables, you should combine this option with --quick.

•   --skip-comments

    See the description for the --comments option.

•   --skip-opt

    See the description for the --opt option.

•   --socket=path, -S path

    For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

•   --ssl*

    Options that begin with --ssl specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

•   --tab=path, -T path

    Produce tab-separated data files. For each dumped table, mysqldump creates a tbl_name.sql file that contains the CREATE TABLE statement that creates the table, and a tbl_name.txt file that contains its data. The option value is the directory in which to write the files.

    By default, the .txt data files are formatted using tab characters between column values and a newline at the end of each line. The format can be specified explicitly using the --fields-xxx and --lines-terminated-by options.

    Column values are dumped using the binary character set and the --default-character-set option is ignored. In effect, there is no character set conversion. If a table contains columns in several character sets, the output data file will as well and you may not be able to reload the file correctly.

    Note This option should be used only when mysqldump is run on the same machine as the mysqld server. You must have the FILE privilege, and the server must have permission to write files in the directory that you specify.

•   --tables

    Override the --databases or -B option. mysqldump regards all name arguments following the option as table names.

•   --triggers

    Dump triggers for each dumped table. This option is enabled by default; disable it with --skip-triggers. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.11. Before that, triggers are not dumped.

•   --tz-utc

    This option enables TIMESTAMP columns to be dumped and reloaded between servers in different time zones. mysqldump sets its connection time zone to UTC and adds SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' to the dump file. Without this option, TIMESTAMP columns are dumped and reloaded in the time zones local to the source and destination servers, which can cause the values to change. --tz-utc also protects against changes due to daylight saving time. --tz-utc is enabled by default. To disable it, use --skip-tz-utc. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.15.

•   --user=user_name, -u user_name

    The MySQL user name to use when connecting to the server.

•   --verbose, -v

    Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

•   --version, -V

    Display version information and exit.

•   --where='where_condition', -w 'where_condition'

    Dump only rows selected by the given WHERE condition. Quotes around the condition are mandatory if it contains spaces or other characters that are special to your command interpreter.

    Examples:

    --where="user='jimf'"
    -w"userid>1"
    -w"userid<1"

•   --xml, -X

    Write dump output as well-formed XML.

    NULL, 'NULL', and Empty Values: For some column named column_name, the NULL value, an empty string, and the string value 'NULL' are distinguished from one another in the output generated by this option as follows:
    Value: | XML Representation:
    NULL (unknown value) | <field name="column_name" xsi:nil="true" />
    '' (empty string) | <field name="column_name"></field>
    'NULL' (string value) | <field name="column_name">NULL</field>

    Beginning with MySQL 5.0.26, the output from the mysql client when run using the --xml option also follows these rules. (See the section called “MYSQL OPTIONS”.)

    Beginning with MySQL 5.0.40, XML output from mysqldump includes the XML namespace, as shown here:

    shell> mysqldump --xml -u root world City
    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <mysqldump xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <database name="world">
    <table_structure name="City">
    <field Field="ID" Type="int(11)" Null="NO" Key="PRI" Extra="auto_increment" />
    <field Field="Name" Type="char(35)" Null="NO" Key="" Default="" Extra="" />
    <field Field="CountryCode" Type="char(3)" Null="NO" Key="" Default="" Extra="" />
    <field Field="District" Type="char(20)" Null="NO" Key="" Default="" Extra="" />
    <field Field="Population" Type="int(11)" Null="NO" Key="" Default="0" Extra="" />
    <key Table="City" Non_unique="0" Key_name="PRIMARY" Seq_in_index="1" Column_name="ID" Collation="A" Cardinality="4079"
    Null="" Index_type="BTREE" Comment="" />
    <options Name="City" Engine="MyISAM" Version="10" Row_format="Fixed" Rows="4079" Avg_row_length="67" Data_length="27329
    3" Max_data_length="18858823439613951" Index_length="43008" Data_free="0" Auto_increment="4080" Create_time="2007-03-31 01:47:01" Updat
    e_time="2007-03-31 01:47:02" Collation="latin1_swedish_ci" Create_options="" Comment="" />
    </table_structure>
    <table_data name="City">
    <row>
    <field name="ID">1</field>
    <field name="Name">Kabul</field>
    <field name="CountryCode">AFG</field>
    <field name="District">Kabol</field>
    <field name="Population">1780000</field>
    </row>
    ...
    <row>
    <field name="ID">4079</field>
    <field name="Name">Rafah</field>
    <field name="CountryCode">PSE</field>
    <field name="District">Rafah</field>
    <field name="Population">92020</field>
    </row>
    </table_data>
    </database>
    </mysqldump>

You can also set the following variables by using --var_name=value syntax:

•   max_allowed_packet

    The maximum size of the buffer for client/server communication. The maximum is 1GB.

•   net_buffer_length

    The initial size of the buffer for client/server communication. When creating multiple-row-insert statements (as with option --extended-insert or --opt), mysqldump creates rows up to net_buffer_length length. If you increase this variable, you should also ensure that the net_buffer_length variable in the MySQL server is at least this large.

It is also possible to set variables by using --var_name=value. The --set-variable format is deprecated.

The most common use of mysqldump is probably for making a backup of an entire database:

    shell> mysqldump db_name > backup-file.sql

You can read the dump file back into the server like this:

    shell> mysql db_name < backup-file.sql

Or like this:

    shell> mysql -e "source /path-to-backup/backup-file.sql" db_name

mysqldump is also very useful for populating databases by copying data from one MySQL server to another:

    shell> mysqldump --opt db_name | mysql --host=remote_host -C db_name

It is possible to dump several databases with one command:

    shell> mysqldump --databases db_name1 [db_name2 ...] > my_databases.sql

To dump all databases, use the --all-databases option:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases > all_databases.sql

For InnoDB tables, mysqldump provides a way of making an online backup:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases --single-transaction > all_databases.sql

This backup acquires a global read lock on all tables (using FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK) at the beginning of the dump. As soon as this lock has been acquired, the binary log coordinates are read and the lock is released. If long updating statements are running when the FLUSH statement is issued, the MySQL server may get stalled until those statements finish. After that, the dump becomes lock-free and does not disturb reads and writes on the tables. If the update statements that the MySQL server receives are short (in terms of execution time), the initial lock period should not be noticeable, even with many updates.

For point-in-time recovery (also known as “roll-forward,” when you need to restore an old backup and replay the changes that happened since that backup), it is often useful to rotate the binary log (see Section 2.3, “The Binary Log”) or at least know the binary log coordinates to which the dump corresponds:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases --master-data=2 > all_databases.sql

Or:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases --flush-logs --master-data=2
                  > all_databases.sql

The --master-data and --single-transaction options can be used simultaneously, which provides a convenient way to make an online backup suitable for point-in-time recovery if tables are stored using the InnoDB storage engine.

For more information on making backups, see Section 1, “Database Backups”, and Section 2, “Example Backup and Recovery Strategy”.

If you encounter problems backing up views, please read the section that covers restrictions on views which describes a workaround for backing up views when this fails due to insufficient privileges. See Section 4, “Restrictions on Views”.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2007-2008 MySQL AB, 2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.

This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.

This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

SEE ALSO
For more information, please refer to the MySQL Reference Manual, which may already be installed locally and which is also available online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

AUTHOR
MySQL AB (http://www.mysql.com/).