PostgreSQL 8.3.7 Documentation
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# 21.2. Authentication methods

The following subsections describe the authentication methods in more detail.

## 21.2.1. Trust authentication

When `trust` authentication is specified, PostgreSQL assumes that anyone who can connect to the server is authorized to access the database with whatever database user name they specify (including superusers). Of course, restrictions made in the `database` and `user` columns still apply. This method should only be used when there is adequate operating-system-level protection on connections to the server.

`trust` authentication is appropriate and very convenient for local connections on a single-user workstation. It is usually not appropriate by itself on a multiuser machine. However, you might be able to use `trust` even on a multiuser machine, if you restrict access to the server's Unix-domain socket file using file-system permissions. To do this, set the `unix_socket_permissions` (and possibly `unix_socket_group`) configuration parameters as described in Section 18.3. Or you could set the `unix_socket_directory` configuration parameter to place the socket file in a suitably restricted directory.

Setting file-system permissions only helps for Unix-socket connections. Local TCP/IP connections are not restricted by it; therefore, if you want to use file-system permissions for local security, remove the `host ... 127.0.0.1 ...` line from `pg_hba.conf`, or change it to a non-`trust` authentication method.

`trust` authentication is only suitable for TCP/IP connections if you trust every user on every machine that is allowed to connect to the server by the `pg_hba.conf` lines that specify `trust`. It is seldom reasonable to use `trust` for any TCP/IP connections other than those from localhost (127.0.0.1).

## 21.2.2. Password authentication

The password-based authentication methods are `md5`, `crypt`, and `password`. These methods operate similarly except for the way that the password is sent across the connection: respectively, MD5-hashed, crypt-encrypted, and clear-text. A limitation is that the `crypt` method does not work with passwords that have been encrypted in `pg_authid`.

If you are at all concerned about password "sniffing" attacks then `md5` is preferred, with `crypt` to be used only if you must support pre-7.2 clients. Plain `password` should be avoided especially for connections over the open Internet (unless you use SSL, SSH, or another communications security wrapper around the connection).

PostgreSQL database passwords are separate from operating system user passwords. The password for each database user is stored in the `pg_authid` system catalog. Passwords can be managed with the SQL commands CREATE USER and ALTER USER, e.g., `CREATE USER foo WITH PASSWORD 'secret';`. By default, that is, if no password has been set up, the stored password is null and password authentication will always fail for that user.

## 21.2.3. GSSAPI authentication

GSSAPI is an industry-standard protocol for secure authentication defined in RFC 2743. PostgreSQL supports GSSAPI with Kerberos authentication according to RFC 1964. GSSAPI provides automatic authentication (single sign-on) for systems that support it. The authentication itself is secure, but the data sent over the connection will be in clear unless SSL is used.

When GSSAPI uses Kerberos, it uses a standard principal in format ``servicename`/`hostname`@`realm``. For information about the parts of the principal, and how to set up the required keys, see Section 21.2.5. GSSAPI support has to be enabled when PostgreSQL is built; see Chapter 15 for more information.

## 21.2.4. SSPI authentication

SSPI is a Windows technology for secure authentication with single sign-on. PostgreSQL will use SSPI in `negotiate` mode, which will use Kerberos when possible and automatically fall back to NTLM in other cases. SSPI authentication only works when both server and client are running Windows.

When using Kerberos authentication, SSPI works the same way GSSAPI does. See Section 21.2.3 for details.

## 21.2.5. Kerberos authentication

> Note: Native Kerberos authentication has been deprecated and should be used only for backward compatibility. New and upgraded installations are encouraged to use the industry-standard GSSAPI authentication (see Section 21.2.3) instead.

Kerberos is an industry-standard secure authentication system suitable for distributed computing over a public network. A description of the Kerberos system is far beyond the scope of this document; in full generality it can be quite complex (yet powerful). The Kerberos FAQ or MIT Kerberos page can be good starting points for exploration. Several sources for Kerberos distributions exist. Kerberos provides secure authentication but does not encrypt queries or data passed over the network; for that use SSL.

PostgreSQL supports Kerberos version 5. Kerberos support has to be enabled when PostgreSQL is built; see Chapter 15 for more information.

PostgreSQL operates like a normal Kerberos service. The name of the service principal is ``servicename`/`hostname`@`realm``.

`servicename` can be set on the server side using the krb_srvname configuration parameter, and on the client side using the `krbsrvname` connection parameter. (See also Section 30.1.) The installation default can be changed from the default `postgres` at build time using `./configure --with-krb-srvnam=whatever`. In most environments, this parameter never needs to be changed. However, to support multiple PostgreSQL installations on the same host it is necessary. Some Kerberos implementations might also require a different service name, such as Microsoft Active Directory which requires the service name to be in uppercase (`POSTGRES`).

`hostname` is the fully qualified host name of the server machine. The service principal's realm is the preferred realm of the server machine.

Client principals must have their PostgreSQL database user name as their first component, for example `pgusername@realm`. By default, the realm of the client is not checked by PostgreSQL. If you have cross-realm authentication enabled and need to verify the realm, use the krb_realm parameter.

Make sure that your server keytab file is readable (and preferably only readable) by the PostgreSQL server account. (See also Section 17.1.) The location of the key file is specified by the krb_server_keyfile configuration parameter. The default is `/usr/local/pgsql/etc/krb5.keytab` (or whichever directory was specified as `sysconfdir` at build time).

The keytab file is generated by the Kerberos software; see the Kerberos documentation for details. The following example is for MIT-compatible Kerberos 5 implementations:

    kadmin% ank -randkey postgres/server.my.domain.org
    kadmin% ktadd -k krb5.keytab postgres/server.my.domain.org

When connecting to the database make sure you have a ticket for a principal matching the requested database user name. For example, for database user name `fred`, both principal `fred@EXAMPLE.COM` and `fred/users.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM` could be used to authenticate to the database server.

If you use mod_auth_kerb and mod_perl on your Apache web server, you can use `AuthType KerberosV5SaveCredentials` with a mod_perl script. This gives secure database access over the web, no extra passwords required.

## 21.2.6. Ident-based authentication

The ident authentication method works by obtaining the client's operating system user name, then determining the allowed database user names using a map file that lists the permitted corresponding pairs of names. The determination of the client's user name is the security-critical point, and it works differently depending on the connection type.

### 21.2.6.1. Ident Authentication over TCP/IP

The "Identification Protocol" is described in RFC 1413. Virtually every Unix-like operating system ships with an ident server that listens on TCP port 113 by default. The basic functionality of an ident server is to answer questions like "What user initiated the connection that goes out of your port `X` and connects to my port `Y`?". Since PostgreSQL knows both `X` and `Y` when a physical connection is established, it can interrogate the ident server on the host of the connecting client and could theoretically determine the operating system user for any given connection this way.

The drawback of this procedure is that it depends on the integrity of the client: if the client machine is untrusted or compromised an attacker could run just about any program on port 113 and return any user name he chooses. This authentication method is therefore only appropriate for closed networks where each client machine is under tight control and where the database and system administrators operate in close contact. In other words, you must trust the machine running the ident server. Heed the warning:

| The Identification Protocol is not intended as an authorization or access control protocol. |
--RFC 1413 |

Some ident servers have a nonstandard option that causes the returned user name to be encrypted, using a key that only the originating machine's administrator knows. This option must not be used when using the ident server with PostgreSQL, since PostgreSQL does not have any way to decrypt the returned string to determine the actual user name.

### 21.2.6.2. Ident Authentication over Local Sockets

On systems supporting `SO_PEERCRED` requests for Unix-domain sockets (currently Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and BSD/OS), ident authentication can also be applied to local connections. In this case, no security risk is added by using ident authentication; indeed it is a preferable choice for local connections on such systems.

On systems without `SO_PEERCRED` requests, ident authentication is only available for TCP/IP connections. As a work-around, it is possible to specify the localhost address 127.0.0.1 and make connections to this address. This method is trustworthy to the extent that you trust the local ident server.

### 21.2.6.3. Ident Maps

When using ident-based authentication, after having determined the name of the operating system user that initiated the connection, PostgreSQL checks whether that user is allowed to connect as the database user he is requesting to connect as. This is controlled by the ident map argument that follows the `ident` key word in the `pg_hba.conf` file. There is a predefined ident map `sameuser`, which allows any operating system user to connect as the database user of the same name (if the latter exists). Other maps must be created manually.

Ident maps other than `sameuser` are defined in the ident map file, which by default is named `pg_ident.conf` and is stored in the cluster's data directory. (It is possible to place the map file elsewhere, however; see the ident_file configuration parameter.) The ident map file contains lines of the general form:

    map-name ident-username database-username

Comments and whitespace are handled in the same way as in `pg_hba.conf`. The `map-name` is an arbitrary name that will be used to refer to this mapping in `pg_hba.conf`. The other two fields specify which operating system user is allowed to connect as which database user. The same `map-name` can be used repeatedly to specify more user-mappings within a single map. There is no restriction regarding how many database users a given operating system user can correspond to, nor vice versa.

The `pg_ident.conf` file is read on start-up and when the main server process receives a SIGHUP signal. If you edit the file on an active system, you will need to signal the server (using `pg_ctl reload` or `kill -HUP`) to make it re-read the file.

A `pg_ident.conf` file that could be used in conjunction with the `pg_hba.conf` file in Example 21-1 is shown in Example 21-2. In this example setup, anyone logged in to a machine on the 192.168 network that does not have the Unix user name `bryanh`, `ann`, or `robert` would not be granted access. Unix user `robert` would only be allowed access when he tries to connect as PostgreSQL user `bob`, not as `robert` or anyone else. `ann` would only be allowed to connect as `ann`. User `bryanh` would be allowed to connect as either `bryanh` himself or as `guest1`.

Example 21-2. An example `pg_ident.conf` file

    # MAPNAME     IDENT-USERNAME    PG-USERNAME

    omicron       bryanh            bryanh
    omicron       ann               ann
    # bob has user name robert on these machines
    omicron       robert            bob
    # bryanh can also connect as guest1
    omicron       bryanh            guest1

## 21.2.7. LDAP authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to `password` except that it uses LDAP as the authentication method. LDAP is used only to validate the user name/password pairs. Therefore the user must already exist in the database before LDAP can be used for authentication. The server and parameters used are specified after the `ldap` key word in the file `pg_hba.conf`. The format of this parameter is:

    ldap[s]://servername[:port]/base dn[;prefix[;suffix]]

Commas are used to specify multiple items in an `ldap` component. However, because unquoted commas are treated as item separators in `pg_hba.conf`, it is wise to double-quote the `ldap` URL to preserve any commas present, e.g.:

    "ldap://ldap.example.net/dc=example,dc=net;EXAMPLE\"

If `ldaps` is specified instead of `ldap`, TLS encryption will be enabled for the connection. Note that this will encrypt only the connection between the PostgreSQL server and the LDAP server. The connection between the client and the PostgreSQL server is not affected by this setting. To make use of TLS encryption, you might need to configure the LDAP library prior to configuring PostgreSQL. Note that encrypted LDAP is available only if the platform's LDAP library supports it.

If no port is specified, the default port as configured in the LDAP library will be used.

The server will bind to the distinguished name specified as `base dn` using the user name supplied by the client. If `prefix` and `suffix` is specified, it will be prepended and appended to the user name before the bind. Typically, the prefix parameter is used to specify `cn=`, or `DOMAIN\` in an Active Directory environment.

## 21.2.8. PAM authentication

This authentication method operates similarly to `password` except that it uses PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) as the authentication mechanism. The default PAM service name is `postgresql`. You can optionally supply your own service name after the `pam` key word in the file `pg_hba.conf`. PAM is used only to validate user name/password pairs. Therefore the user must already exist in the database before PAM can be used for authentication. For more information about PAM, please read the Linux-PAM Page and the Solaris PAM Page.

> Note: If PAM is set up to read `/etc/shadow`, authentication will fail because the PostgreSQL server is started by a non-root user. However, this is not an issue with LDAP or other authentication methods.

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