\HeaderA{sys.parent}{Functions to Access the Function Call Stack}{sys.parent}
\aliasA{parent.frame}{sys.parent}{parent.frame}
\aliasA{sys.call}{sys.parent}{sys.call}
\aliasA{sys.calls}{sys.parent}{sys.calls}
\aliasA{sys.frame}{sys.parent}{sys.frame}
\aliasA{sys.frames}{sys.parent}{sys.frames}
\aliasA{sys.function}{sys.parent}{sys.function}
\aliasA{sys.nframe}{sys.parent}{sys.nframe}
\aliasA{sys.on.exit}{sys.parent}{sys.on.exit}
\aliasA{sys.parents}{sys.parent}{sys.parents}
\aliasA{sys.status}{sys.parent}{sys.status}
\keyword{programming}{sys.parent}
\keyword{data}{sys.parent}
\begin{Description}\relax
These functions provide access to \code{\LinkA{environment}{environment}}s
(\sQuote{frames} in S terminology) associated with functions further
up the calling stack.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
sys.call(which = 0)
sys.frame(which = 0)
sys.nframe()
sys.function(which = 0)
sys.parent(n = 1)

sys.calls()
sys.frames()
sys.parents()
sys.on.exit()
sys.status()
parent.frame(n = 1)
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{which}] the frame number if non-negative, the number of frames
to go back if negative.
\item[\code{n}] the number of generations to go back. (See the
\sQuote{Details} section.)
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
\code{\LinkA{.GlobalEnv}{.GlobalEnv}} is given number 0 in the list of frames.
Each subsequent function evaluation increases the frame stack by 1
and the call, function definition and the environment for evaluation
of that function are returned by \code{sys.call}, \code{sys.function}
and \code{sys.frame} with the appropriate index.

\code{sys.call}, \code{sys.frame} and \code{sys.function} accept
integer values for the argument \code{which}.  Non-negative values of
\code{which} are frame numbers whereas negative values are
counted back from the frame number of the current evaluation.

The parent frame of a function evaluation is the environment in which
the function was called.  It is not necessarily numbered one less than
the frame number of the current evaluation, nor is it the environment
within which the function was defined.  \code{sys.parent} returns the
number of the parent frame if \code{n} is 1 (the default), the
grandparent if \code{n} is 2, and so on.  See also the Note.

\code{sys.nframe} returns an integer, the number of the current frame
as described in the first paragraph.

\code{sys.calls} and \code{sys.frames} give a pairlist of all the
active calls and frames, respectively, and \code{sys.parents} returns
an integer vector of indices of the parent frames of each of those
frames.

Notice that even though the \code{sys.}\emph{xxx} functions (except
\code{sys.status}) are interpreted, their contexts are not counted nor
are they reported.  There is no access to them.

\code{sys.status()} returns a list with components \code{sys.calls},
\code{sys.parents} and \code{sys.frames}, the results of calls to
those three functions (which this will include the call to
\code{sys.status}: see the first example).

\code{sys.on.exit()} returns the expression stored for use by
\code{\LinkA{on.exit}{on.exit}} in the function currently being evaluated.
(Note that this differs from S, which returns a list of expressions
for the current frame and its parents.)

\code{parent.frame(n)} is a convenient shorthand for
\code{sys.frame(sys.parent(n))} (implemented slightly more efficiently).
\end{Details}
\begin{Value}
\code{sys.call} returns a call, \code{sys.function} a function
definition, and \code{sys.frame} and \code{parent.frame} return an
environment.

For the other functions, see the \sQuote{Details} section.
\end{Value}
\begin{Note}\relax
Strictly, \code{sys.parent} and \code{parent.frame} refer to the
\emph{context} of the parent interpreted function.  So internal
functions (which may or may not set contexts and so may or may not
appear on the call stack) are not counted, and S3 methods can also do
surprising things.
\end{Note}
\begin{References}\relax
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988)
\emph{The New S Language}.
Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole. (not \code{parent.frame}.)
\end{References}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\LinkA{eval}{eval}} for a usage of \code{sys.frame} and \code{parent.frame}.
\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
require(utils)

## Note: the first two examples will give different results
## if run by example().
ff <- function(x) gg(x)
gg <- function(y) sys.status()
str(ff(1))

gg <- function(y) {
    ggg <- function() {
        cat("current frame is", sys.nframe(), "\n")
        cat("parents are", sys.parents(), "\n")
        print(sys.function(0)) # ggg
        print(sys.function(2)) # gg
    }
    if(y > 0) gg(y-1) else ggg()
}
gg(3)

t1 <- function() {
  aa <- "here"
  t2 <- function() {
    ## in frame 2 here
    cat("current frame is", sys.nframe(), "\n")
    str(sys.calls()) ## list with two components t1() and t2()
    cat("parents are frame numbers", sys.parents(), "\n") ## 0 1
    print(ls(envir=sys.frame(-1))) ## [1] "aa" "t2"
    invisible()
  }
  t2()
}
t1()

test.sys.on.exit <- function() {
  on.exit(print(1))
  ex <- sys.on.exit()
  str(ex)
  cat("exiting...\n")
}
test.sys.on.exit()
## gives 'language print(1)', prints 1 on exit

## An example where the parent is not the next frame up the stack
## since method dispatch uses a frame.
as.double.foo <- function(x)
{
    str(sys.calls())
    print(sys.frames())
    print(sys.parents())
    print(sys.frame(-1)); print(parent.frame())
    x
}
t2 <- function(x) as.double(x)
a <- structure(pi, class = "foo")
t2(a)
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

