\HeaderA{dcf}{Read and Write Data in DCF Format}{dcf}
\aliasA{read.dcf}{dcf}{read.dcf}
\aliasA{write.dcf}{dcf}{write.dcf}
\keyword{print}{dcf}
\keyword{file}{dcf}
\begin{Description}\relax
Reads or writes an \R{} object from/to a file in Debian Control File
format.
\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
read.dcf(file, fields = NULL, all = FALSE)

write.dcf(x, file = "", append = FALSE,
          indent = 0.1 * getOption("width"),
          width = 0.9 * getOption("width"))
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Arguments}
\begin{ldescription}
\item[\code{file}] either a character string naming a file or a connection.
\code{""} indicates output to the console.  For \code{read.dcf} this
can name a \code{gzip}-compressed file.
\item[\code{fields}] Fields to read from the DCF file.  Default is to read all
fields.
\item[\code{all}] a logical indicating whether in case of multiple
occurrences of a field in a record, all these should be gathered.
If \code{all} is false (default), only the last such occurrence is
used.
\item[\code{x}] the object to be written, typically a data frame.  If not, it
is attempted to coerce \code{x} to a data frame.
\item[\code{append}] logical.  If \code{TRUE}, the output is appended to the
file.  If \code{FALSE}, any existing file of the name is destroyed.
\item[\code{indent}] a positive integer specifying the indentation for
continuation lines in output entries.
\item[\code{width}] a positive integer giving the target column for wrapping
lines in the output.
\end{ldescription}
\end{Arguments}
\begin{Details}\relax
DCF is a simple format for storing databases in plain text files that
can easily be directly read and written by humans.  DCF is used in
various places to store \R{} system information, like descriptions and
contents of packages.

The DCF rules as implemented in \R{} are:
\Enumerate{
\item A database consists of one or more records, each with one or
more named fields.  Not every record must contain each field.
Fields may appear more than once in a record.
\item Regular lines start with a non-whitespace character.
\item Regular lines are of form \code{tag:value}, i.e., have a name
tag and a value for the field, separated by \code{:} (only the first
\code{:} counts).  The value can be empty (=whitespace only).
\item Lines starting with whitespace are continuation lines (to the
preceding field) if at least one character in the line is
non-whitespace.  Continuation lines where the only non-whitespace
character is a \samp{.} are taken as blank lines (allowing for
multi-paragraph field values).
\item Records are separated by one or more empty (=whitespace only)
lines.
}

By default, \code{read.dcf} returns a character matrix with one row
per record and one column per field.  Leading and trailing whitespace
of field values is ignored.  If a tag name is specified, but the
corresponding value is empty, then an empty string is returned.  If
the tag name of a field is never used in a record, then \code{NA} is
returned.  If fields are repeated within a record, the last one
encountered is returned.  Malformed lines lead to an error.  If
\code{all} is true, a data frame is returned, again with one row per
record and one column per field, and columns lists of character
vectors for fields with multiple occurrences, and character vectors
otherwise.

\code{write.dcf} does not write \code{NA} fields.
\end{Details}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\LinkA{write.table}{write.table}}.
\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
## Create a reduced version of the 'CONTENTS' file in package 'splines'
x <- read.dcf(file = system.file("CONTENTS", package = "splines"),
              fields = c("Entry", "Description"))
write.dcf(x)
\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

