#### A.2.1 Getting Started with Mex-Files

The basic command to build a mex-file is either `mkoctfile --mex` or `mex`. The first can either be used from within Octave or from the commandline. However, to avoid issues with the installation of other products, the use of the command `mex` is limited to within Octave.

— Function File: mex [options] file ...

> Compile source code written in C, C++, or Fortran, to a MEX file. This is equivalent to `mkoctfile --mex [options] file`.

> See also: mkoctfile.

— Function File: mexext ()

> Return the filename extension used for MEX files.

One important difference between the use of mex with other products and with Octave is that the header file "matrix.h" is implicitly included through the inclusion of "mex.h". This is to avoid a conflict with the Octave file "Matrix.h" with operating systems and compilers that don't distinguish between filenames in upper and lower case

Consider the short example

         /*

         Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 John W. Eaton

         This file is part of Octave.

         Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
         modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
         as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
         version 3  of the License, or (at your option) any later
         version.

         Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
         but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
         of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
         See the GNU General Public License for more details.

         You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
         License along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not,
         see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

         */

         #include "mex.h"

         void
         mexFunction (int nlhs, mxArray *plhs[], int nrhs,
         	     const mxArray *prhs[])
         {
           mxArray *v = mxCreateDoubleMatrix (1, 1, mxREAL);
           double *data = mxGetPr (v);
           *data = 1.23456789;
           plhs[0] = v;
         }

This simple example demonstrates the basics of writing a mex-file. The entry point into the mex-file is defined by `mexFunction`. Note that the function name is not explicitly included in the `mexFunction` and so there can only be a single `mexFunction` entry point per-file. Also the name of the function is determined by the name of the mex-file itself. Therefore if the above function is in the file `firstmexdemo.c`, it can be compiled with

         mkoctfile --mex firstmexdemo.c

which creates a file `firstmexdemo.mex`. The function can then be run from Octave as

         firstmexdemo()
         => 1.2346

It should be noted that the mex-file contains no help string for the functions it contains. To document mex-files, there should exist an m-file in the same directory as the mex-file itself. Taking the above as an example, we would therefore have a file `firstmexdemo.m` that might contain the text

         %FIRSTMEXDEMO Simple test of the functionality of a mex-file.

In this case, the function that will be executed within Octave will be given by the mex-file, while the help string will come from the m-file. This can also be useful to allow a sample implementation of the mex-file within the Octave language itself for testing purposes.

Although we can not have multiple entry points into a single mex-file, we can use the `mexFunctionName` function to determine what name the mex-file was called with. This can be used to alter the behavior of the mex-file based on the function name. For example if

         /*

         Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 John W. Eaton

         This file is part of Octave.

         Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
         modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
         as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
         version 3  of the License, or (at your option) any later
         version.

         Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
         but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
         of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
         See the GNU General Public License for more details.

         You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
         License along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not,
         see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

         */

         #include "mex.h"

         void
         mexFunction (int nlhs, mxArray *plhs[], int nrhs,
         	     const mxArray *prhs[])
         {
           const char *nm;
           nm = mexFunctionName ();
           mexPrintf ("You called function: %s\n", nm);
           if (strcmp (nm, "myfunc") == 0)
             mexPrintf ("This is the principal function\n", nm);
           return;
         }

is in file `myfunc.c`, and it is compiled with

         mkoctfile --mex myfunc.c
         ln -s myfunc.mex myfunc2.mex

Then as can be seen by

         myfunc()
         => You called function: myfunc
             This is the principal function
         myfunc2()
         => You called function: myfunc2

the behavior of the mex-file can be altered depending on the functions name.

Allow the user should only include `mex.h` in their code, Octave declares additional functions, typedefs, etc, available to the user to write mex-files in the headers `mexproto.h` and `mxarray.h`.