PCAP-FILTER(3)

NAME
pcap-filter - packet filter syntax

DESCRIPTION

pcap_compile() is used to compile a string into a filter program. The resulting filter program can then be applied to some stream of packets to determine which packets will be supplied to pcap_loop(), pcap_dispatch(), pcap_next(), or pcap_next_ex().

The filter expression consists of one or more primitives. Primitives usually consist of an id (name or number) preceded by one or more qualifiers. There are three different kinds of qualifier:

type
    qualifiers say what kind of thing the id name or number refers to. Possible types are host, net , and port . E.g., `host foo', `net 128.3', `port 20'. If there is no type qualifier, host is assumed.

dir qualifiers specify a particular transfer direction to and/or from id. Possible directions are src, dst, src or dst, src and dst, ra, ta, addr1, addr2, addr3, and addr4. E.g., `src foo', `dst net 128.3', `src or dst port ftp-data'. If there is no dir qualifier, src or dst is assumed. The ra, ta, addr1, addr2, addr3, and addr4 qualifiers are only valid for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN link layers. For some link layers, such as SLIP and the ``cooked'' Linux capture mode used for the ``any'' device and for some other device types, the inbound and outbound qualifiers can be used to specify a desired direction.

proto
    qualifiers restrict the match to a particular protocol. Possible protos are: ether, fddi, tr, wlan, ip, ip6, arp, rarp, decnet, tcp and udp. E.g., `ether src foo', `arp net 128.3', `tcp port 21' `wlan addr2 0:2:3:4:5:6'. If there is no proto qualifier, all protocols consistent with the type are assumed. E.g., `src foo' means `(ip or arp or rarp) src foo' (except the latter is not legal syntax), `net bar' means `(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' and `port 53' means `(tcp or udp) port 53'.

[`fddi' is actually an alias for `ether'; the parser treats them identically as meaning ``the data link level used on the specified network interface.'' FDDI headers contain Ethernet-like source and destination addresses, and often contain Ethernet-like packet types, so you can filter on these FDDI fields just as with the analogous Ethernet fields. FDDI headers also contain other fields, but you cannot name them explicitly in a filter expression.

Similarly, `tr' and `wlan' are aliases for `ether'; the previous paragraph's statements about FDDI headers also apply to Token Ring and 802.11 wireless LAN headers. For 802.11 headers, the destination address is the DA field and the source address is the SA field; the BSSID, RA, and TA fields aren't tested.]

In addition to the above, there are some special `primitive' keywords that don't follow the pattern: gateway, broadcast, less, greater and arithmetic expressions. All of these are described below.

More complex filter expressions are built up by using the words and, or and not to combine primitives. E.g., `host foo and not port ftp and not port ftp-data'. To save typing, identical qualifier lists can be omitted. E.g., `tcp dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain' is exactly the same as `tcp dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain'.

Allowable primitives are:

dst host host
    True if the IPv4/v6 destination field of the packet is host, which may be either an address or a name.

src host host
    True if the IPv4/v6 source field of the packet is host.

host host
    True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination of the packet is host.

    Any of the above host expressions can be prepended with the keywords, ip, arp, rarp, or ip6 as in:
    ip host host
    which is equivalent to:
    ether proto \ip and host host
    If host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each address will be checked for a match.

ether dst ehost
    True if the Ethernet destination address is ehost. Ehost may be either a name from /etc/ethers or a number (see ethers(3N) for numeric format).

ether src ehost
    True if the Ethernet source address is ehost.

ether host ehost
    True if either the Ethernet source or destination address is ehost.

gateway host
    True if the packet used host as a gateway. I.e., the Ethernet source or destination address was host but neither the IP source nor the IP destination was host. Host must be a name and must be found both by the machine's host-name-to-IP-address resolution mechanisms (host name file, DNS, NIS, etc.) and by the machine's host-name-to-Ethernet-address resolution mechanism (/etc/ethers, etc.). (An equivalent expression is
    ether host ehost and not host host
    which can be used with either names or numbers for host / ehost.) This syntax does not work in IPv6-enabled configuration at this moment.

dst net net
    True if the IPv4/v6 destination address of the packet has a network number of net. Net may be either a name from the networks database (/etc/networks, etc.) or a network number. An IPv4 network number can be written as a dotted quad (e.g., 192.168.1.0), dotted triple (e.g., 192.168.1), dotted pair (e.g, 172.16), or single number (e.g., 10); the netmask is 255.255.255.255 for a dotted quad (which means that it's really a host match), 255.255.255.0 for a dotted triple, 255.255.0.0 for a dotted pair, or 255.0.0.0 for a single number. An IPv6 network number must be written out fully; the netmask is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, so IPv6 "network" matches are really always host matches, and a network match requires a netmask length.

src net net
    True if the IPv4/v6 source address of the packet has a network number of net.

net net
    True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination address of the packet has a network number of net.

net net mask netmask
    True if the IPv4 address matches net with the specific netmask. May be qualified with src or dst. Note that this syntax is not valid for IPv6 net.

net net/len
    True if the IPv4/v6 address matches net with a netmask len bits wide. May be qualified with src or dst.

dst port port
    True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp, ip6/tcp or ip6/udp and has a destination port value of port. The port can be a number or a name used in /etc/services (see tcp(4) and udp(4)). If a name is used, both the port number and protocol are checked. If a number or ambiguous name is used, only the port number is checked (e.g., dst port 513 will print both tcp/login traffic and udp/who traffic, and port domain will print both tcp/domain and udp/domain traffic).

src port port
    True if the packet has a source port value of port.

port port
    True if either the source or destination port of the packet is port.

less length
    True if the packet has a length less than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:
    len <= length.

greater length
    True if the packet has a length greater than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:
    len >= length.

ip proto protocol
    True if the packet is an IPv4 packet (see ip(4P)) of protocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names icmp, icmp6, igmp, igrp, pim, ah, esp, vrrp, udp, or tcp. Note that the identifiers tcp, udp, and icmp are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\), which is \\ in the C-shell. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.

ip6 proto protocol
    True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of protocol type protocol. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.

ether broadcast
    True if the packet is an Ethernet broadcast packet. The ether keyword is optional.

ip broadcast
    True if the packet is an IPv4 broadcast packet. It checks for both the all-zeroes and all-ones broadcast conventions, and looks up the subnet mask on the interface on which the capture is being done.

    If the subnet mask of the interface on which the capture is being done is not available, either because the interface on which capture is being done has no netmask this check will not work correctly.

ether multicast
    True if the packet is an Ethernet multicast packet. The ether keyword is optional. This is shorthand for `ether[0] & 1 != 0'.

ip multicast
    True if the packet is an IPv4 multicast packet.

ip6 multicast
    True if the packet is an IPv6 multicast packet.

ether proto protocol
    True if the packet is of ether type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, decnet, sca, lat or stp. Note these identifiers are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (\).

    [In the case of FDDI (e.g., `fddi protocol arp') and IEEE 802.11 wireless LANS (e.g., `wlan protocol arp'), for most of those protocols, the protocol identification comes from the 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, which is usually layered on top of the FDDI or 802.11 header.

    When filtering for most protocol identifiers on FDDI or 802.11, the filter checks only the protocol ID field of an LLC header in so-called SNAP format with an Organizational Unit Identifier (OUI) of 0x000000, for encapsulated Ethernet; it doesn't check whether the packet is in SNAP format with an OUI of 0x000000. The exceptions are:

    iso the filter checks the DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) and SSAP (Source Service Access Point) fields of the LLC header;

    stp the filter checks the DSAP of the LLC header;

    atalk
        the filter checks for a SNAP-format packet with an OUI of 0x080007 and the AppleTalk etype.

    In the case of Ethernet, the filter checks the Ethernet type field for most of those protocols. The exceptions are:

    iso and stp
        the filter checks for an 802.3 frame and then checks the LLC header as it does for FDDI and 802.11;

    atalk
        the filter checks both for the AppleTalk etype in an Ethernet frame and for a SNAP-format packet as it does for FDDI, Token Ring, and 802.11;

decnet src host
True if the DECNET source address is
    host, which may be an address of the form ``10.123'', or a DECNET host name. [DECNET host name support is only available on ULTRIX systems that are configured to run DECNET.]

decnet dst host
    True if the DECNET destination address is host.

decnet host host
    True if either the DECNET source or destination address is host.

ifname interface
    True if the packet was logged as coming from the specified interface (applies only to packets logged by pf(4)).

on interface
    Synonymous with the ifname modifier.

rnr num
    True if the packet was logged as matching the specified PF rule number (applies only to packets logged by pf(4)).

rulenum num
    Synonymous with the rnr modifier.

reason code
    True if the packet was logged with the specified PF reason code. The known codes are: match, bad-offset, fragment, short, normalize, and memory (applies only to packets logged by pf(4)).

rset name
    True if the packet was logged as matching the specified PF ruleset name of an anchored ruleset (applies only to packets logged by pf(4)).

ruleset name
    Synonymous with the rset modifier.

srnr num
    True if the packet was logged as matching the specified PF rule number of an anchored ruleset (applies only to packets logged by pf(4)).

subrulenum num
    Synonymous with the srnr modifier.

action act
    True if PF took the specified action when the packet was logged. Known actions are: pass and block and, with later versions of pf(4)), nat, rdr, binat and scrub (applies only to packets logged by pf(4)).

ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, decnet, iso, stp
    Abbreviations for:
    ether proto p
    where p is one of the above protocols.

lat, moprc, mopdl
    Abbreviations for:
    ether proto p
    where p is one of the above protocols. Note that not all applications using pcap(3) currently know how to parse these protocols.

type wlan_type
    True if the IEEE 802.11 frame type matches the specified wlan_type. Valid wlan_types are: mgt, ctl and data.

type wlan_type subtype wlan_subtype
    True if the IEEE 802.11 frame type matches the specified wlan_type and frame subtype matches the specified wlan_subtype.

    If the specified wlan_type is mgt, then valid wlan_subtypes are: assoc-req, assoc-resp, reassoc-req, reassoc-resp, probe-req, probe-resp, beacon, atim, disassoc, auth and deauth.

    If the specified wlan_type is ctl, then valid wlan_subtypes are: ps-poll, rts, cts, ack, cf-end and cf-end-ack.

    If the specified wlan_type is data, then valid wlan_subtypes are: data, data-cf-ack, data-cf-poll, data-cf-ack-poll, null, cf-ack, cf-poll, cf-ack-poll, qos-data, qos-data-cf-ack, qos-data-cf-poll, qos-data-cf-ack-poll, qos, qos-cf-poll and qos-cf-ack-poll.

subtype wlan_subtype
    True if the IEEE 802.11 frame subtype matches the specified wlan_subtype and frame has the type to which the specified wlan_subtype belongs.

dir dir
    True if the IEEE 802.11 frame direction matches the specified dir. Valid directions are: nods, tods, fromds, dstods, or a numeric value.

vlan [vlan_id]
    True if the packet is an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN packet. If [vlan_id] is specified, only true if the packet has the specified vlan_id. Note that the first vlan keyword encountered in expression changes the decoding offsets for the remainder of expression on the assumption that the packet is a VLAN packet. The vlan [vlan_id] expression may be used more than once, to filter on VLAN hierarchies. Each use of that expression increments the filter offsets by 4.

    For example:
    vlan 100 && vlan 200
    filters on VLAN 200 encapsulated within VLAN 100, and
    vlan && vlan 300 && ip
    filters IPv4 protocols encapsulated in VLAN 300 encapsulated within any higher order VLAN.

tcp, udp, icmp
    Abbreviations for:
    ip proto p or ip6 proto p
    where p is one of the above protocols.

expr relop expr
    True if the relation holds, where relop is one of >, <, >=, <=, =, !=, and expr is an arithmetic expression composed of integer constants (expressed in standard C syntax), the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /, &, |, <<, >>], a length operator, and special packet data accessors. Note that all comparisons are unsigned, so that, for example, 0x80000000 and 0xffffffff are > 0. To access data inside the packet, use the following syntax:
    proto [ expr : size ]
    Proto is one of ether, fddi, tr, wlan, ppp, slip, link, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp, ip6 or radio, and indicates the protocol layer for the index operation. (ether, fddi, wlan, tr, ppp, slip and link all refer to the link layer. radio refers to the "radio header" added to some 802.11 captures.) Note that tcp, udp and other upper-layer protocol types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6 (this will be fixed in the future). The byte offset, relative to the indicated protocol layer, is given by expr. Size is optional and indicates the number of bytes in the field of interest; it can be either one, two, or four, and defaults to one. The length operator, indicated by the keyword len, gives the length of the packet. For example, `ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all multicast traffic. The expression `ip[0] & 0xf != 5' catches all IPv4 packets with options. The expression `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff = 0' catches only unfragmented IPv4 datagrams and frag zero of fragmented IPv4 datagrams. This check is implicitly applied to the tcp and udp index operations. For instance, tcp[0] always means the first byte of the TCP header, and never means the first byte of an intervening fragment. Some offsets and field values may be expressed as names rather than as numeric values. The following protocol header field offsets are available: icmptype (ICMP type field), icmpcode (ICMP code field), and tcpflags (TCP flags field). The following ICMP type field values are available: icmp-echoreply, icmp-unreach, icmp-sourcequench, icmp-redirect, icmp-echo, icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routersolicit, icmp-timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-tstampreply, icmp-ireq, icmp-ireqreply, icmp-maskreq, icmp-maskreply. The following TCP flags field values are available: tcp-fin, tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.

Primitives may be combined using:

    A parenthesized group of primitives and operators (parentheses are special to the Shell and must be escaped).

    Negation (`!' or `not').

    Concatenation (`&&' or `and').

    Alternation (`||' or `or').

Negation has highest precedence. Alternation and concatenation have equal precedence and associate left to right. Note that explicit and tokens, not juxtaposition, are now required for concatenation.

If an identifier is given without a keyword, the most recent keyword is assumed. For example,
not host vs and ace
is short for
not host vs and host ace
which should not be confused with
not ( host vs or ace )

EXAMPLES

To select all packets arriving at or departing from sundown:
    host sundown

To select traffic between helios and either hot or ace:
    host helios and \( hot or ace \)

To select all IP packets between ace and any host except helios:
    ip host ace and not helios

To select all traffic between local hosts and hosts at Berkeley:
    net ucb-ether

To select all ftp traffic through internet gateway snup:
    gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)

To select traffic neither sourced from nor destined for local hosts (if you gateway to one other net, this stuff should never make it onto your local net).
    ip and not net localnet

To select the start and end packets (the SYN and FIN packets) of each TCP conversation that involves a non-local host.
    tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-fin) != 0 and not src and dst net localnet

To select all IPv4 HTTP packets to and from port 80, i.e. print only packets that contain data, not, for example, SYN and FIN packets and ACK-only packets. (IPv6 is left as an exercise for the reader.)
    tcp port 80 and (((ip[2:2] - ((ip[0]&0xf)<<2)) - ((tcp[12]&0xf0)>>2)) != 0)

To select IP packets longer than 576 bytes sent through gateway snup:
    gateway snup and ip[2:2] > 576

To select IP broadcast or multicast packets that were not sent via Ethernet broadcast or multicast:
    ether[0] & 1 = 0 and ip[16] >= 224

To select all ICMP packets that are not echo requests/replies (i.e., not ping packets):
    icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echo and icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echoreply

SEE ALSO
pcap(3), tcpdump(8)

AUTHORS
The original authors are:

Van Jacobson, Craig Leres and Steven McCanne, all of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA.